WWTPs in rock – an economical and environmental alternative

2000 ◽  
Vol 41 (9) ◽  
pp. 73-79
Author(s):  
C. Andersson ◽  
J. Hultgren
Keyword(s):  
Large Volume ◽  
Capital Cost ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fluidised Bed ◽  
Specific Cost ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Operation And Maintenance ◽  
Effluent Standards ◽  
Reasonable Cost ◽  
Specific Capital

To meet increased load or requirements on effluent standards the upgrading of a WWTP may be carried out with a large biological stage meaning higher investment costs but lower operation and maintenance (O&M) costs, or with a compact biological stage meaning lower investment costs but higher O&M costs. Henriksdal and Käppala WWTPs in Sweden, both built in rock with large biological reactors operated with pre-denitrification, show lower specific O&M costs than Himmerfjärden WWTP, operated with post-denitrification in a fluidised bed. It is the other way round for the specific capital costs. The total specific cost, which is the sum of the specific O&M and capital cost, is a useful tool when choosing an alternative for upgrading. The experiences from these three plants show that a “large volume alternative” is competitive with a “compact alternative” if the volumes can be available at a reasonable cost. With proper technology rock chamber plants may be comparatively cheap to build. The economical and environmental advantages are discussed in this paper.

scholarly journals Application of Liquid Hydrogen Carriers in Hydrogen Steelmaking

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1392
Author(s):  
Joakim Andersson
Keyword(s):  
Process Integration ◽  
Direct Reduction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Liquid Form ◽  
Industrial Carbon ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Attractive Option ◽  
Thermochemical Processes ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Capacity Cost

Steelmaking is responsible for approximately one third of total industrial carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Hydrogen (H2) direct reduction (H-DR) may be a feasible route towards the decarbonization of primary steelmaking if H2 is produced via electrolysis using fossil-free electricity. However, electrolysis is an electricity-intensive process. Therefore, it is preferable that H2 is predominantly produced during times of low electricity prices, which is enabled by storage of H2. This work compares the integration of H2 storage in four liquid carriers, methanol (MeOH), formic acid (FA), ammonia (NH3) and perhydro-dibenzyltoluene (H18-DBT), in H-DR processes. In contrast to conventional H2 storage methods, these carriers allow for H2 storage in liquid form at ambient moderate overpressures, reducing the storage capacity cost. The main downside to liquid H2 carriers is that thermochemical processes are necessary for both the storage and release processes, often with significant investment and operational costs. The carriers are compared using thermodynamic and economic data to estimate operational and capital costs in the H-DR context considering process integration options. It is concluded that the use of MeOH is promising compared to both the other considered carriers. For large storage volumes, MeOH-based H2 storage may also be an attractive option for the underground storage of compressed H2. The other considered liquid H2 carriers suffer from large thermodynamic barriers for hydrogenation (FA) or dehydrogenation (NH3, H18-DBT) and higher investment costs. However, for the use of MeOH in an H-DR process to be practically feasible, questions regarding process flexibility and the optimal sourcing of CO2 and heat must be answered.

The Christian Church in the Last Seventy Years

1943 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-34
Author(s):  
Kenneth Scott Latourette
Keyword(s):  
Large Volume ◽  
The Other ◽  
Recent History ◽  
Christian Church ◽  
The Past ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Status ◽  
The One ◽  
The Church

A strange contrast exists in the status of the Christian Church in the past seventy years. On the one hand the Church has clearly lost some of the ground which once appeared to be safely within its possession. On the other hand it has become more widely spread geographically and, when all mankind is taken into consideration, more influential in shaping human affairs than ever before in its history. In a paper as brief as this must of necessity be, space can be had only for the sketching of the broad outlines of this paradox and for suggesting a reason for it. If details were to be given, a large volume would be required. Perhaps, however, we can hope to do enough to point out one of the most provocative and important set of movements in recent history.

Cost of Speed: Analysis of Capital Cost Estimates for High-Speed Ground Transportation Systems

1997 ◽  
Vol 1584 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-21
Author(s):  
John A. Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Capital Cost ◽  
Travel Times ◽  
Department Of Transportation ◽  
High Speed Rail ◽  
Cost Estimates ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Trip Time ◽  
Wide Range

The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 required the U.S. Department of Transportation to evaluate the commercial feasibility of high-speed ground transportation—a family of technologies ranging from incremental rail improvements to high-speed rail and magnetic levitation (Maglev) systems—in selected urban corridors. The evaluation involved estimating travel times, capital costs, operation and maintenance costs, and ridership for proposed service frequencies and then computing the potential return on investment from fares and other potential revenues. The results are documented in a U.S. Department of Transportation report generally referred to as the commercial feasibility study (CFS). Two elements of the CFS are addressed here: travel times and capital costs in four illustrative corridors—Chicago to St. Louis; Los Angeles to San Francisco; Eugene, Oreg., to Vancouver, B.C.; and Miami to Tampa via Orlando. Analysis of the results reveals common cost trends: for average speeds up to about 200 km/hr (125 mph), the initial investment required is generally in the range $1.6 to $3 million per route-kilometer ($2.6 to 4.8 million per route-mile). Above this speed regime (which varies by corridor), the initial investment increases steadily with speed, generally reaching $10 to $12 million per route-km ($16 to $19 million per route-mi) for very-high-speed rail systems and from $14 to $19 million per route-km ($23 to $31 million per route-mi) for Maglev systems. Analysis of the capital cost estimates reveals that despite the wide range of initial costs for the high-speed options, the cost per minute of trip time saved is remarkably consistent in corridors of similar length and with similar terrains. Cost-effectiveness plots are provided, allowing the reader to compare the performance of each of the four corridors in terms of trip time savings and cost per route-kilometer.

Sir Hans Sloane and French men of science

1953 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-98 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Large Volume ◽  
The Other ◽  
Académie Des Sciences ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Knowledge Services

A large volume would be required to treat exhaustively the subject of Sloane’s relations with France. The friendly exchange of knowledge, services and precious gifts would be the recurring theme of such a pleasant narration. As the essential facts concerning Sloane’s travels and studies in France and his correspondence with members of the Académie des Sciences have been recorded, with much material hitherto unpublished, in a recent biography, I shall content myself with giving significant examples of his ties with men of learning on the other side of the Channel.

A Soft X-ray Experimental Facility

1984 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 127-135
Author(s):  
John V. Gilfrich ◽  
David J. Nagel ◽  
Mohammad Fatemi ◽  
Richard D. Bleach ◽  
Karrol R. Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Energy Range ◽  
Large Volume ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Experimental Chamber ◽  
Experimental Facility ◽  
Double Crystal ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Optical Instruments

AbstractA high vacuum soft x-ray source has been coupled to a large volume experimental chamber to provide a versatile facility for x-ray investigations in the energy range of 0.1 to 10 kev. The source chamber presently contains a modified Herike tube, but can employ any of a variety of source designs. The large experimental chamber is equipped with a kinematic mount to position a number of x-ray optical instruments. The source and experimental chambers are connected through a high vacuum valve/shutter, and are pumped separately with provision for a thin window to isolate one from the other, single and double crystal spectrometers have been used in the experimental chamber. A variable chord diffractometer/reflectometer using double crystal monnotiromatization has been designed, in addition, the facility has been used to expose photoresists in x-ray lithography tests.

scholarly journals Application of Thermoelectric Modules as Renewable Energy Sources

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-158
Author(s):  
Ivan Šumiga ◽  
Živko Kondić
Keyword(s):  
Current Flow ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
The Other ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Experimental Measurements ◽  
Thermoelectric Generators ◽  
Thermoelectric Modules ◽  
Operation And Maintenance ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Current Flows

Thermoelectric modules are used for heating or cooling if an electric current flows through them. If one side of such a module is heated and the other side is cooled, the outputs show a potential difference that creates the current flow through an enclosed circuit. The paper describes briefly the physical basis of the operation of semiconductor thermoelectric modules and their application for generating electricity as thermoelectric generators. The experimental measurements were made with different available modules of thermoelectric generators. The analysis of obtained results has provided the conclusions about the possibility of their application as sources of electricity. Although the efficiency of thermoelectric modules is still quite low, the latest research reveals the possibility of the use of materials that make modules more efficient. Considering the fact that they do not contain moving parts, they are characterized by reliable, long-lasting work and simple operation and maintenance.

Micro Humid Air Cycle: Part B — Thermoeconomic Analysis

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Parente ◽  
A. Traverso ◽  
A. F. Massardo
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Specific Work ◽  
Operational Flexibility ◽  
Humid Air ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Heat Demand ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Specific Capital

Part A of this paper demonstrated that the HAT cycle, when applied to small-size gas turbines, can significantly enhance the efficiency and specific work of simple and recuperated cycles without the drastic changes to plant layout necessary in medium- and large-size plants. In this part B a complete thermoeconomic analysis is performed for microturbines operating in a Humid Air cycle. The capital cost and internal rate of return for both new machines and existing microturbines working in an mHAT-optimised cycle are presented and analysed. Three different scenarios are considered. The first scenario reflects a distributed electrical power generation application where cogeneration is not taken into account. Instead, the other two scenarios deal with CHP civil applications for different heat demands. The thermoeconomic results of the integrated mHAT cycle, based on a preliminary design of the saturator, demonstrate that microturbine performance can be greatly enhanced, while specific capital costs, in some cases, can be reduced up to 14%, without significant increase in layout complexity. Moreover, thanks to its operational flexibility (able to operate in dry and wet cycles), the mHAT is financially attractive for distributed power and heat generation (micro-cogeneration), particularly when heat demand is commutated in short period.

Treatment of Acidic Effluents with Limestone Instead of Lime

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 345-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Maree ◽  
P. du Plessis ◽  
C. J. van der Walt
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
Fluidised Bed ◽  
Lime Treatment ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Dissolved Iron ◽  
Aeration Time ◽  
Removal Of Heavy Metals ◽  
Sulphate Removal

Traditionally acid mine water is neutralised with lime (Ca(OH)2) Limestone (CaCO3) can be used as an alternative to lime as it is much cheaper. The aim of this study was to investigate the practicality of using cheaper limestone (CaCO3) as an alternative. Beaker and semi-continuous studies were carried out to determine the quality of the water after lime treatment to various pH-values, the influence of CaCO3 dosage, particle size and aeration time on neutralisation rate and the effect of gypsum, magnesium, iron(II) and iron (III). The rate of neutralisation is fast when stoichiometric dosages of lime are applied. If sufficient crystallisation is allowed, partial removal of sulphate is achieved, as well as complete removal of heavy metals, depending on the pH of the treated water. With limestone the rate of CaCO3 neutralisation depends on the dosage of CaCO3 and particle size. Aeration marginally accelerated the rate of neutralisation as a result of CO2 stripping. Partial sulphate removal is achieved as a result of CaSO4 crystallisation while magnesium, if present, co-precipitates with the CaSO4. Iron(III) and aluminium(III) are effectively removed but the rate of neutralisation is dramatically retarded by dissolved iron(II). Iron(III) has no influence on the rate of acid water neutralisation. During semi-continuous fluidised bed studies, CaCO3 in the limestone was completely utilised when the particle size was greater than 0.150 mm. The capital costs for lime and limestone neutralisation in a f luidised-bed reactor are similar, but the chemical cost in case of limestone neutralisation amounts to only 29% of that of lime.

scholarly journals The effect of comprehensive income disclosure on capital costs, earnings quality, and profitability

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 141
Author(s):  
Akbar Abdi Negara ◽  
Luciana Spica Almilia Almilia
Keyword(s):  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Earnings Quality ◽  
Statistical Test ◽  
Capital Cost ◽  
Additional Component ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Comprehensive Income ◽  
Income Statement ◽  
Other Comprehensive Income

This study was induced by the change from SFAS 2009 to SFAS 2012. One of the changes contained in SFAS No. 1 states that comprehensive income statement is an additional component of other comprehensive income. The study aims to determine whether there are differences in the capital cost, earnings quality, and profitability be-tween companies that report comprehensive income statement and companies that do not report comprehensive income statement. The sample of the study consists of 120 manu-facturing companies listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange (BEI) in 2012. It uses Statistical test that is the Mann Whitney test due to the data, which were not normally distributed. The results of the research indicate that the significance level of capital cost variable is 0.038, earnings quality variable is 0.192, and profitability variable is 0.029. Therefore, it can be concluded that there are differences in the level of capital cost and profitability between companies that report comprehensive statements and companies that do not report comprehensive income statement. On the contrary, there is no differ-ence in the level of earnings quality between companies that report comprehensive in-come statement and companies that do not report comprehensive income statement.

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