scholarly journals Hydrogen Road Transport Analysis in the Energy System: A Case Study for Germany through 2050

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 3166
Author(s):  
Markus Reuß ◽  
Paris Dimos ◽  
Aline Léon ◽  
Thomas Grube ◽  
Martin Robinius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transportation Cost ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Liquid Hydrogen ◽  
Gaseous Hydrogen ◽  
Sustainable Transportation ◽  
Spatially Resolved ◽  
Supply Chain Costs ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
Source Sink

Carbon-free transportation is envisaged by means of fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) propelled by hydrogen that originates from renewably electricity. However, there is a spatial and temporal gap in the production and demand of hydrogen. Therefore, hydrogen storage and transport remain key challenges for sustainable transportation with FCEVs. In this study, we propose a method for calculating a spatially resolved highway routing model for Germany to transport hydrogen by truck from the 15 production locations (source) to the 9683 fueling stations (sink) required by 2050. We consider herein three different storage modes, namely compressed gaseous hydrogen (CGH2), liquid hydrogen (LH2) and liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHC). The model applies Dijkstra’s shortest path algorithm for all available source-sink connections prior to optimizing the supply. By creating a detailed routing result for each source-sink connection, a detour factor is introduced for “first and last mile” transportation. The average detour factor of 1.32 is shown to be necessary for the German highway grid. Thereafter, the related costs, transportation time and travelled distances are calculated and compared for the examined storage modes. The overall transportation cost result for compressed gaseous hydrogen is 2.69 €/kgH2, 0.73 €/kgH2 for liquid hydrogen, and 0.99 €/kgH2 for LOHCs. While liquid hydrogen appears to be the most cost-efficient mode, with the integration of the supply chain costs, compressed gaseous hydrogen is more convenient for minimal source-sink distances, while liquid hydrogen would be suitable for distances greater than 130 km.

Evaluating Different Railway Wagon Alternatives for Timber Transportation by Discrete Event Simulation

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tero Toikka ◽  
Olli-Pekka Hilmola ◽  
Juha P. Saranen
Keyword(s):  
Discrete Event ◽  
Transportation Cost ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Event Simulation ◽  
Material Sources ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
Fine Tune ◽  
Timber Transport

Finland with Sweden is one of the most important pulp producing countries in Europe, and in paper production these two countries are accompanied with Germany and France as being most important countries of production. For the production of pulp, most important parts are (1) the quality and scale of production process as well as (2) cost efficient and high quality raw material. In addition to using its own raw material sources, Finland purchases wood from various different regions, including Russia. In a frequent number of cases raw material transports is completed with rail transports, especially in the case of Russia where distances are relatively long for transports (several thousand kms). Until now Russian timber has had a cost advantage in comparison to Finnish raw material. The availability of a cheaper alternative has also kept the price of domestic raw material at a relatively low level. However, Russia has announced a schedule to increase tariffs for timber exports. As a consequence the exporters of Russian timber need to examine and fine tune their cost structure of timber procurement to correspond to this new demanding environment. In this paper we examine the transportation cost of forest industry raw material using different types of railway wagons. The case network consists of four Russian terminals and two mills located in Finland. The evaluation is based on a discrete event system simulation model concentrating on timber transport within the case network in question. To make this evaluation even more interesting, Russian railway deregulation has its own special feature: Railway customers are allowed to own railway wagons, but nationally owned RZD owns the locomotives and charges for traction. Our research results show that the traction charge of RZD and competing road transport prices are the most influential factors, when determining the most cost efficient wagon type and network structure for timber transportation.

Hydrogen Storage in Magnesium-Based Alloys

MRS Bulletin ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 40-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.B. Schwarz
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Hydrogen Storage ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Liquid Hydrogen ◽  
Rechargeable Batteries ◽  
Oil Crisis

Magnesium can reversibly store about 7.7 wt% hydrogen, equivalent to more than twice the density of liquid hydrogen. This high storage capacity, coupled with a low price, suggests that magnesium and magnesium alloys could be advantageous for use in battery electrodes and gaseous-hydrogen storage systems. The use of a hydrogen-storage medium based on magnesium, combined with a fuel cell to convert the hydrogen into electrical energy, is an attractive proposition for a clean transportation system. However, the advent of such a system will require further research into magnesium-based alloys that form less stable hydrides and proton-conducting membranes that can raise the operating temperature of the current fuel cells.Following the U.S. oil crisis of 1974, research into alternative energy-storage and distribution systems was vigorously pursued. The controlled oxidation of hydrogen to form water was proposed as a clean energy system, creating a need for light and safe hydrogen-storage media. Extensive research was done on inter-metallic alloys, which can store hydrogen at densities of about 1500 cm3-H2 gas/ cm3-hydride, higher than the storage density achieved in liquid hydrogen (784 cm3/cm3 at –273°C) or in pressure tanks (˜200 cm3/cm3 at 200 atm). The interest in metal hydrides accelerated following the development of portable electronic devices (video cameras, cellular phones, laptop computers, tools, etc.), which created a consumer market for compact, rechargeable batteries. Initially, nickel-cadmium batteries fulfilled this need, but their relatively low energy density and the toxicity of cadmium helped to drive the development of higher-energy-density, less toxic, rechargeable batteries.

Linked Energy Systems for Production Sites of the Future

2013 ◽  
Vol 769 ◽  
pp. 319-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Beck ◽  
Tilo Sielaff
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Efficient System ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Future Production ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
System Configurations ◽  
Energy Network

Industrial enterprises are increasingly driven to tap the potentials of energy efficiency in existing and future production sites. The challenge is to identify cost-efficient levers for a low energy demand in the linked energy system of production machines and peripheral devices. Considering enabling technologies for energy efficiency and energy recovery in a cascaded energy network with energy storages this paper presents an approach towards energy and cost-efficient system configurations for production sites. An outlook will be given on the research center eta-factory for energy efficient factories at the PTW, TU Darmstadt.

scholarly journals Sloshing Measurements inside a Liquid Hydrogen Tank with External-Heating-Type MgB2 Level Sensors during Marine Transportation by the Training Ship Fukae-Maru

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 3694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuma Maekawa ◽  
Minoru Takeda ◽  
Yuuki Miyake ◽  
Hiroaki Kumakura
Keyword(s):  
Magnesium Diboride ◽  
Liquid Hydrogen ◽  
Gaseous Hydrogen ◽  
Rolling Angle ◽  
Marine Transportation ◽  
Long Period ◽  
External Heating ◽  
Liquid Oscillation ◽  
Do So ◽  
Level Sensors

Recently, a project was initiated in Japan to transport a large amount of liquid hydrogen (LH2) from Australia to Japan by sea. It is important to understand the sloshing and boil-off that are likely to occur inside an LH2 tank during marine transportation by ship, but such characteristics are yet to be experimentally clarified. To do so, we combined the liquid level detected by five 500 mm long external-heating-type magnesium diboride (MgB2) level sensors with synchronous measurements of temperature, pressure, ship motion, and acceleration during a zigzag maneuver. During this zigzag maneuver, the pressure of gaseous hydrogen (GH2) in the small LH2 tank increased to roughly 0.67 MPaG/h, and the temperature of the GH2 in the small LH2 tank increased at the position of gaseous hydrogen at roughly 1.0 K/min when the maximum rolling angle was 5°; the average rolling and liquid-oscillation periods were 114 and 118 s, respectively, as detected by the MgB2 level sensors, which therefore detected a long-period LH2 wave due to the ship’s motion.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Effects of Electrification of the Road Transport Sector on the Possible Penetration of Nuclear Fusion in the Long-Term European Energy Mix

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 3634
Author(s):  
Daniele Lerede ◽  
Chiara Bustreo ◽  
Francesco Gracceva ◽  
Yolanda Lechón ◽  
Laura Savoldi
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Nuclear Fusion ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
The Other ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Consumption Pattern ◽  
Deep Penetration ◽  
The Road

The European Roadmap towards the production of electricity from nuclear fusion foresees the potential availability of nuclear fusion power plants (NFPPs) in the second half of this century. The possible penetration of that technology, typically addressed by using the global energy system EUROFusion TIMES Model (ETM), will depend, among other aspects, on its costs compared to those of the other available technologies for electricity production, and on the future electricity demand. This paper focuses on the ongoing electrification process of the transport sector, with special attention devoted to road transport. A survey on the present and forthcoming technologies, as foreseen by several manufacturers and other models, and an international vehicle database are taken into account to develop the new road transport module, then implemented and harmonized inside ETM. Following three different storylines, the computed results are presented in terms of the evolution of the road transport demand in the next decades, fleet composition and CO 2 emissions. The ETM results are in line with many other studies. On one hand, they highlight, for the European road transport energy consumption pattern, the need for dramatic changes in the transport market, if the most ambitious environmental goals are to be pursued. On the other hand, the results also show that NFPP adoption on a commercial scale could be justified within the current projection of the investment costs, if the deep penetration of electricity in the road transport sector also occurs.

scholarly journals Sustainable Ship Loading Planning for Prefabricated Products in the Construction Industry

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 8905
Author(s):  
Wen Yi ◽  
Robyn Phipps ◽  
Hans Wang
Keyword(s):  
Construction Industry ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Transportation Cost ◽  
Sustainable Transportation ◽  
Construction Site ◽  
Integer Optimization ◽  
Construction Sites ◽  
Capacity Limits ◽  
Proposed Model

This paper focuses on sustainable transportation of prefab products from factories to construction sites by ship. Since the transportation cost for all the prefab products of a construction site is mainly dependent on the number of cargo holds used on ships, a loading plan for prefab products that minimizes the number of holds required is highly desirable. This paper is therefore devoted to the development of an optimal loading plan that decides which prefab products are loaded into each cargo hold and how to pack these prefab products into the holds so that as few holds as possible are used. We formulate the problem as a large-scale integer optimization model whose objective function is to minimize the total number of cargo holds used and whose constraints represent the cargo hold capacity limits. We develop a heuristic to solve the problem and obtain a high-quality solution. We have tested the model and algorithm on a case study that includes 20 prefab products. We find that different cargo holds carry prefab products that have quite different densities. Moreover, the orientations of many prefab products are different from their default orientations. The results demonstrate the applicability of the proposed model and algorithm.

scholarly journals Studying the Formation of the Charging Session Number at Public Charging Stations for Electric Vehicles

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (14) ◽  
pp. 5571
Author(s):  
Anastasia Gorbunova ◽  
Ilya Anisimov ◽  
Elena Magaril
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Hydrocarbon Fuel ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Preliminary Calculation ◽  
Charging Infrastructure ◽  
Charging Stations

The energy industry is a leader of introduction and development of energy supply technologies from renewable energy sources. However, there are some disadvantages of these energy systems, namely, the low density and inconsistent nature of the energy input, which leads to an increase in the cost of the produced electric energy in comparison to the traditional energy complexes using hydrocarbon fuel resources. Therefore, the smart grid technology based on preliminary calculation parameters of the energy system develops in cities. This area should also be used to organize the charging infrastructure of electric vehicles, as the electrification of road transport is one of the global trends. As a result, a current task of the transport and energy field is the development of scientifically based approaches to the formation of the urban charging infrastructure for electric vehicles. The purpose of the article is to identify the features of the application flow formation for the charge of the electric vehicle battery. The results obtained provide a basis for building a simulation model for determining the required number of charging stations in the city, taking into account the criteria of minimizing operating costs for electric vehicle owners and energy companies.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document