scholarly journals Review of Technical Design and Safety Requirements for Vehicle Chargers and Their Infrastructure According to National Swedish and Harmonized European Standards

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 3301
Author(s):  
Anton Kersten ◽  
Artem Rodionov ◽  
Manuel Kuder ◽  
Thomas Hammarström ◽  
Anton Lesnicar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Voltage ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Technical Design ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Protection Mechanism ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Electromagnetic Emissions ◽  
European Standards ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Charging Stations

Battery electric vehicles demand a wide variety of charging networks, such as charging stations and wallboxes, to be set up in the future. The high charging power (typically in the range of a couple of kW up to a couple of hundred kW) and the possibly long duration of the charging process (up to more than 24h) put some special requirements on the electrical infrastructure of charging stations, sockets, and plugs. This paper gives an overview of the technical design requirements and considerations for vehicle charging stations, sockets, and plugs, including their infrastructure, according to the Swedish Standard 4364000, “Low-voltage electrical installations—Rules for design and erection of electrical installations”, and the corresponding harmonized European standards. In detail, the four internationally categorized charging modes are explained and the preferable charging plugs, including their two-bus communication, according to European Directives are shown. The dimensioning of the supply lines and the proper selection of the overcurrent protection device, the insulation monitor, and the residual current device are described. Furthermore, a comprehensive overview of the required safety measures, such as the application of an isolation transformer or the implementation of an overvoltage protection mechanism, and the limits for conducted electromagnetic emissions, such as low-frequency harmonics or high-frequency (150 kHz to 108 MHz) emissions, are given.

scholarly journals Demography of galactic technosignatures

2020 ◽  
Vol 500 (2) ◽  
pp. 2278-2288
Author(s):  
Claudio Grimaldi
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Estimation ◽  
Milky Way ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Electromagnetic Emissions ◽  
Average Longevity

ABSTRACT Probabilistic arguments about the existence of technological life beyond Earth traditionally refer to the Drake equation to draw possible estimates of the number of technologically advanced civilizations releasing, either intentionally or not, electromagnetic emissions in the Milky Way. Here, we introduce other indicators than Drake’s number ND to develop a demography of artificial emissions populating the Galaxy. We focus on three main categories of statistically independent signals (isotropic, narrow beams, and rotating beacons) to calculate the average number NG of emission processes present in the Galaxy and the average number of them crossing Earth, $\bar{k}$, which is a quantity amenable to statistical estimation from direct observations. We show that $\bar{k}$ coincides with ND only for isotropic emissions, while $\bar{k}$ can be orders of magnitude smaller than ND in the case of highly directional signals. We further show that while ND gives the number of emissions being released at the present time, NG considers also the signals from no longer active emitters but whose emissions still occupy the Galaxy. We find that as long as the average longevity of the emissions is shorter than about 105 yr, NG is fully determined by the rate of emissions alone, in contrast to ND and $\bar{k}$ which depend also on the emission longevity. Finally, using analytic formulas of NG, ND, and $\bar{k}$ determined for each type of emission processes here considered, we provide a comprehensive overview of the values these quantities can possibly achieve as functions of the emission birthrates, longevities, and directionality.

Fault Detection for Low-Voltage Residential Distribution Systems With Low-Frequency Measured Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 5265-5273
Author(s):  
Mehdi Shafiei ◽  
Faranak Golestaneh ◽  
Gerard Ledwich ◽  
Ghavameddin Nourbakhsh ◽  
Hoay Beng Gooi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fault Detection ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Measured Data ◽  
Residential Distribution

Low voltage and low frequency current mirror using a two-MOS subthreshold OP-Amp

1996 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 605 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Tanno ◽  
O. Ishizuka ◽  
Z. Tang
Keyword(s):  
Low Voltage ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Current Mirror ◽  
Op Amp ◽  
Frequency Current

scholarly journals Novel neuronal and astrocytic mechanisms in thalamocortical loop dynamics

2002 ◽  
Vol 357 (1428) ◽  
pp. 1675-1693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Crunelli ◽  
Kate L. Blethyn ◽  
David W. Cope ◽  
Stuart W. Hughes ◽  
H. Rheinallt Parri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Voltage ◽  
Electrical Coupling ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Network Activity ◽  
Thalamic Neuron ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Loop Dynamics ◽  
Intracellular Ca

In this review, we summarize three sets of findings that have recently been observed in thalamic astrocytes and neurons, and discuss their significance for thalamocortical loop dynamics. (i) A physiologically relevant ‘window’ component of the low–voltage–activated, T–type Ca 2+ current ( I Twindow ) plays an essential part in the slow (less than 1 Hz) sleep oscillation in adult thalamocortical (TC) neurons, indicating that the expression of this fundamental sleep rhythm in these neurons is not a simple reflection of cortical network activity. It is also likely that I Twindow underlies one of the cellular mechanisms enabling TC neurons to produce burst firing in response to novel sensory stimuli. (ii) Both electrophysiological and dye–injection experiments support the existence of gap junction–mediated coupling among young and adult TC neurons. This finding indicates that electrical coupling–mediated synchronization might be implicated in the high and low frequency oscillatory activities expressed by this type of thalamic neuron. (iii) Spontaneous intracellular Ca 2+ ([Ca 2+ ] i ) waves propagating among thalamic astrocytes are able to elicit large and long–lasting N –methyl–D–aspartate–mediated currents in TC neurons. The peculiar developmental profile within the first two postnatal weeks of these astrocytic [Ca 2+ ] i transients and the selective activation of these glutamate receptors point to a role for this astrocyte–to–neuron signalling mechanism in the topographic wiring of the thalamocortical loop. As some of these novel cellular and intracellular properties are not restricted to thalamic astrocytes and neurons, their significance may well apply to (patho)physiological functions of glial and neuronal elements in other brain areas.

Low Voltage, Low Power Gm-C Filter for Low Frequency Applications

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Hanumantha Rao ◽  
S. Rekha
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Low Frequency

Electroacupuncture at Zusanli Rescues the Enteric Neuronal Loss in the Stomach of Diabetic Rats

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Hu ◽  
Fan Du ◽  
Shi Liu
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Neuronal Loss ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Enteric Neurons ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Zusanli Acupoint

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of electroacupuncture at Zusanli acupoint on the enteric neuropathy in diabetic rats. Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into different groups depending on the total electroacupuncture span and frequency. The expression of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), choline acetyltransferase (CHAT), protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5), and doublecortin was significantly decreased in the diabetic group compared with the control group. Long-term electroacupuncture at Zusanli with either high frequency or low frequency could increase the expression levels of nNOS, CHAT, PGP9.5, and doublecortin, and the increase was greater in the high-frequency group. But no obvious changes were seen in the short-term electroacupuncture groups. These results suggest that electroacupuncture at Zusanli can restore the deficiency of enteric neurons in diabetes partly but a comparative long duration of stimuli (6 weeks) is required. The increase of doublecortin may be involved in this positive process.

scholarly journals Design of a Low-Noise, Fast Set-up and Low-Voltage Low-Dropout Regulator Featuring 230mA Load Current Range

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darshil Patel
Keyword(s):  
Low Voltage ◽  
Input Voltage ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Cmos Process ◽  
Transient Time ◽  
Voltage Range ◽  
Fast Transient ◽  
Low Dropout Regulator ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Ldo Regulator

Low noise, high PSRR and fast transient low-dropout (LDO) regulators are critical for analog blocks such as ADCs, PLLs and RF SOC, etc. This paper presents design of low power, fast transient, high PSRR and high load-regulation low-dropout (LDO) regulator. The proposed LDO regulator is designed in 180nm. CMOS process and simulated in LTSpice and Cadence platform. The LDO proposed can support input voltage range up to 5V for loading currents up to 230mA. Measurements showed transient time or set-up time of less than 22µs, PSRR of ~66dB at 100kHz and >40dB at 1MHz and 0.8535mV of output voltage variation for a 0-230mA of load variation.

scholarly journals FIELD MEASUREMENTS AND MODELLING OF NEARSHORE CURRENTS AT A HIGH-ENERGY GEOLOGICALLY-CONSTRAINED BEACH

2020 ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Arthur Mouragues ◽  
Philippe Bonneton ◽  
Bruno Castelle ◽  
Vincent Marieu
Keyword(s):  
Surf Zone ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Oblique Wave ◽  
Wave Forcing ◽  
Circulation Patterns ◽  
Wave Conditions ◽  
Nearshore Currents ◽  
Set Up

We present field measurements of nearshore currents at a high-energy mesotidal beach with the presence of a 500-m headland and a submerged reef. Small changes in wave forcing and tide elevation were found to largely impact circulation patterns. In particular, under 4-m oblique wave conditions, our measurements indicate the presence of an intense low-frequency fluctuating deflection rip flowing against the headland and extending well beyond the surf zone. An XBeach model is further set up to hindcast such flow patterns.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/EiqnjBIkWJE

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