scholarly journals Possibilities and Generated Emissions of Using Wood and Lignin Biofuel for Heat Production

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (24) ◽  
pp. 8471
Author(s):  
Aleksandras Chlebnikovas ◽  
Dainius Paliulis ◽  
Artūras Kilikevičius ◽  
Jaroslaw Selech ◽  
Jonas Matijošius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Alkali Metals ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Bottom Ash ◽  
Fuel Mixture ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Particulate Matter Emissions ◽  
The Impact

Energy (including thermal) needs are growing rapidly worldwide thus leading to increased energy production. Considering stricter requirements for the employment of non-renewable energy sources, the use of biofuel in energy facilities appears as one of the best options, having high potential for growth that will increase in the long run both in the Baltic region and the European Union as a whole. This publication investigates the possibilities of using various blends of biofuel containing lignin for heat production and emissions to the air during combustion processes. The paper examines the chemical composition of lignin and bottom ash and explores the impact of a different ratio of lignin in the fuel mixture, the effect of the power of biofuel combustion plants (boilers) and the influence of fuel supply to the combustion chamber on gaseous pollutants (CO, NOx, SO2) and particulate matter emissions. The results of the conducted study demonstrate that, in contrast to pure lignin, the concentrations of alkali metals, boron and, to a lesser extent, nickel and chlorine have increased the most in bottom ash. The use of lignin can effectively reduce the need for conventional biofuel by 30–100% and to increase the temperature of exhaust gases. The lowest emissions have been observed using a mixture of 30% of lignin and biofuel at the lowest range of power (2.5–4 MW). Under the optimal oxygen/temperature mode, carbon monoxide concentrations are approximately 20 mg/Nm3 and those of nitrogen oxides–500 mg/Nm3. Particulate matter emissions reach 150 mg/Nm3, and hence applying air treatment equipment is required.

scholarly journals Exploring the Road to Agricultural Sustainability by Assessing the EU Debt Influencing Factors

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 2465
Author(s):  
Laura Brad ◽  
Gabriel Popescu ◽  
Alina Zaharia ◽  
Maria Claudia Diaconeasa ◽  
Daniela Mihai
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Total Debt ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Periodic Analysis ◽  
The Impact

The importance of agricultural financing in ensuring food security and safety, jobs, poverty reduction, economic growth and more recently, climate change mitigation, natural resource conservation and sustainable development imposes periodic analysis of the factors which might influence the farmers’ financial situation, in order to improve it. One way of assessing this is to analyze the agricultural debt. In this context, based on previous models, the paper aims to assess the impact of specific factors on the agricultural debt level in the European Union during 2008–2015, as these should be considered in future common agriculture policies as well as in achieving sustainable agriculture. The research was conducted based on econometric techniques, by applying panel models in the Eviews 7.0 software-64 bit version. More than 20 variables were considered in the analysis. Some of the findings suggest that an increase in subsidies as well as the share of cash flow in the total existing capital would determine considerable reductions of the total debt. Decoupled subsidies seem to have a higher impact than coupled subsidies on short term debt, while its value is between the one found for coupled subsidies in the case of long term debt. Large farms/companies, to which decoupled payments are granted, have higher debts on long run and on total debt. The same units, to which coupled subsidies were granted, have smaller short-term debt. In contrast, the increases of labor costs, fixed costs, and crop/livestock costs lead to an increase in the total debt, since the farms require additional financial resources to cover the expanded costs. Also, the results suggest that short-term debts are mainly formed of long-term loans that reached maturity. In this case, the authors support the idea of differentiated financing programs for the agricultural activities because of their peculiarities and reinforced by the need to turn the intensive agriculture into a sustainable and plentiful one.

scholarly journals Technological Innovation in the Aspect of Safety in the Process of Heat Supply

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 412-418
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Wrzalik ◽  
Matevž Obrecht
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Heat Supply ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
District Heating ◽  
High Energy ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Network Operation ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIn recent years heating in Poland has been transformed as a result of the priorities of the country's energy policy implemented within the European Union. The increase in energy security, the development of renewable energy sources and the fulfilment of legal and environmental requirements are very important. Exploitation of district heating systems should ensure reliable and safe heat supplies for industrial and municipal customers with high energy efficiency and reduction of environmental impact. The article discusses the conditions and directions of centralized heating systems development as well as technical and economic issues, which are important for the security of heat supply. The Author describes selected technological innovations used in the technical infrastructure for heat transfer and modern IT systems which are improving the management of heating systems. The article includes the results of simulation research with use of IT tools showing the impact of selected innovations on the improvement of network operation conditions. Directions of modernization of heating systems in the aspect of increasing energy efficiency and security of heat supply have also been indicted here.

scholarly journals A review of particulate matter emissions and impacts on human health: A focus on Canadian agricultural and rural emission sources

2018 ◽  
pp. 6.09-6.21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Spencer ◽  
Bill Van Heyst
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Impacts ◽  
Inorganic Aerosols ◽  
Particulate Matter Emissions ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

Particulate matter (PM) has been documented in an increasing number of research studies as having a known or suspected negative impact on human health. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 3.1 million deaths were caused by ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in 2010. While many Canadian studies focus on health impacts from PM2.5, there is a gap with respect to rural sourced PM2.5 and health impacts in these areas. This paper reviews the impact PM2.5 has on Canadians’ health, investigates where PM2.5 data is being gathered, and outlines the sources of PM2.5 reported. Secondary inorganic aerosols that are formed in and around animal production facilities due to the higher prevalence of ammonia gas is of particular interest. The conclusion drawn is that the reporting and gathering of rural sourced PM2.5 data is lacking, leading to a gap in the data used to determine the impacts on Canadian human health.

scholarly journals The Role of Renewable Energy and Ecological Footprint on Economic Growth in Francophone African Countries in presence of Institutions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ndzembanteh Aboubakary Nulambeh* ◽  
Kadir Yasin Eryiğit
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Ecological Footprint ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Long Run ◽  
French Speaking ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This paper targets to examine the impact of renewable energy and ecological footprint on economic growth in 14 selected French-speaking countries in Africa. The study contributes to the ongoing debate in the literature on environment growth-nexus by providing evidence that economic growth emerges with environmental degradations and can be improved when there is a robust institutional framework. The present research used the generalized method of moments (GMM) to assess a dynamic growth model with data from 2007 to 2015. The results demonstrate that renewable energy is significant and negatively related to economic growth, which implies that renewable energy sources lower the per capita income growth in these countries. Meanwhile, the ecological footprint is positive and statistically significant in impacting economic growth in the long run. For institutions, we find that voice and accountability, political stability, and the rule of law are positive and statistically significant in influencing economic growth. Consequently, it is recommended that policymakers in this region develop dual policies that raise institutions' quality with minimal emissions of greenhouse gases.

Measurement of Volatile Particulate Matter Emissions From Aircraft Engines Using a Simulated Plume Aging System

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay Peck ◽  
Michael T. Timko ◽  
Zhenhong Yu ◽  
Hsi-Wu Wong ◽  
Scott C. Herndon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Aircraft Engine ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Sampling System ◽  
Engine Exhaust ◽  
Precursor Material ◽  
Particulate Matter Emissions ◽  
Engine Testing ◽  
Volatile Precursors ◽  
The Impact

Aircraft exhaust contains nonvolatile (soot) particulate matter (PM), trace gas pollutants, and volatile PM precursor material. Nonvolatile soot particles are predominantly present at the engine exit plane, but volatile PM precursors form new particles or add mass to the existing ones as the exhaust is diluted and cooled. Accurately characterizing the volatile PM mass, number, and size distribution is challenging due to this evolving nature and the impact of local ambient conditions on the gas-to-particle conversion processes. To accurately and consistently measure the aircraft PM emissions, a dilution and aging sampling system that can condense volatile precursors to particle phase to simulate atmospheric evolution of aircraft engine exhaust has been developed. In this paper, field demonstration of its operation is described. The dilution/aging probe system was tested using both a combustor rig and on-wing CFM56-7 engines. During the combustor rig testing at NASA Glenn Research Center, the dilution/aging probe supported formation of both nucleation/growth mode particles and soot coatings. The results showed that by increasing residence time, the nucleation particles become larger in size, increase in total mass, and decrease in number. During the on-wing CFM56-7 engine testing at Chicago Midway Airport, the dilution/aging probe was able to form soot coatings as well as nucleation mode particles, unlike conventional 1-m probe engine measurements. The number concentration of nucleation particles depended on sample fraction and relative humidity of the dilution air. The performance of the instrument is analyzed and explained using computational microphysics simulations.

scholarly journals Econometric Studies on the Development of Renewable Energy Sources to Support the European Union 2020–2030 Climate and Energy Framework: A Critical Appraisal

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 4828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Consolación Quintana-Rojo ◽  
Fernando-Evaristo Callejas-Albiñana ◽  
Miguel-Ángel Tarancón ◽  
Isabel Martínez-Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Development ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Strategic Framework ◽  
Renewable Energy Development ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Political Decisions

One of the key objectives of the European Union is the transition to a total decarbonization of the economy by 2050. Within this strategic framework, the renewable energy development target plays a key role. This renewable energy deployment must be translated into national and European Union realities through specific political decisions. The econometric analysis techniques have the capacity to represent, in a mathematical and objective way, the system of relations comprising the economic, technical, and political factors that contribute to the deployment of renewable energy, and the impact that such an investment in renewable energy has at an economic, environmental, and social level. Therefore, econometric studies have a high potential to support policymakers who have to translate the guidelines of the strategic plan for renewable energy deployment into concrete policies. This article analyzed the capacity of the econometric literature on renewable energy development to provide this support, by means of a bibliometric study carried out on a sample of 153 documents related to 1329 keywords. The results show that, in general, there is a large literature based on econometric methodology to support the different renewable energy guidelines provided by the European Union 2020–2030 climate and energy strategic framework.

scholarly journals Challenges in the Development of Hydropower in Selected European Countries

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3542
Author(s):  
Paweł Tomczyk ◽  
Mirosław Wiatkowski
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Policy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Change Factors ◽  
Hydropower Plants ◽  
Rational Management ◽  
Domestic Electricity ◽  
The Impact

Hydropower in Europe is playing an increasingly important role as a renewable source of energy. Its share of the final energy consumption varies from country to country, posing different challenges in each. The European Union member states are obliged, according to energy policy, to increase the share of renewable energy. This article presents the challenges related to the development of hydropower in four countries with different shares of domestic electricity production from hydropower plants: Albania (100% share in 2019), Slovenia (25.7%), Poland (1.1%), and Estonia (0.3%). Particular attention is paid to the issues of rational management of water resources in connection to Europe’s energy policy. As a result of the case study analysis, the challenges in the development of hydropower are identified, as well as ways to solve them. In addition, a comprehensive analysis of the impact of social, economic, environmental and climate change factors on the development of hydropower was conducted. At present, whether the assumed goals of the European Union’s energy policy will be achieved is impossible to determine for the whole of Europe. Achieving these goals will be possible only after individual countries prepare comprehensive reports on the topics of renewable energy sources, including hydropower.

scholarly journals Analyzing the Impact of the Renewable Energy Sources on Economic Growth at the EU Level Using an ARDL Model

Mathematics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 1367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihail Busu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Causality Analysis ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

Energy is one of the most important drivers of economic growth, but as the population is increasing, in normal circumstances, in all countries of the world, there is a demand for energy produced from conventional resources. Increasing prices of conventional energy and the negative impact on the environment are two of the main reasons for switching to renewable energy sources (RESs). The aim of the paper is to quantify the impact of the RESs, by type, on the sustainable economic growth at the European Union (EU) level. The research was performed for all 28 EU member states, for a time frame from 2004 to 2017, through a panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach and causality analysis. Furthermore, Hausman test was performed on the regression model. By estimating the panel data regression model with random effects, we reveal through our results that RESs, namely wind, solar, biomass, geothermal, and hydropower energy, have a positive influence on economic growth at EU level. Moreover, biomass has the highest impact on economic growth among all RES. In fact, a 1% increase in biomass primary production would impact the economic growth by 0.15%. Based on econometric analysis, our findings suggest that public policies at the EU level should be focused on investment in RESs.

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