scholarly journals Assessment of Interchangeability of Fuels Used in the Process of Heat Production and Comparison of Their Selected Characteristics: A Case Study

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 124
Author(s):  
Martina Hlatká ◽  
Vieroslav Molnár ◽  
Gabriel Fedorko ◽  
Beáta Stehlíková ◽  
Gabriela Bogdanovská
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Content ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Hydrogen Content ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Emission Factor ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Solid Fuels ◽  
Combustion Heat

Exchangeability means the possibility of the fuel changing, with conservation of the required energy and environmental criteria. The assessment of fuel exchangeability should be realized by a suitable method, which must reliably present the possibility of the exchangeability of fuels, or reject it. In the presented paper, research on the exchangeability of solid fuels in the field of heating production is surveyed by the case study. Based on the available published knowledge from previous studies on fuel exchangeability, the statistical method was chosen for evaluation. The application of this method is useful. For example, by evaluating the exchangeability of natural gas, the manuscript will describe its application for the field of solid fuels in heat production. The research evaluated and analyzed the sample of 12 fuels. For each fuel sample, 35 gas attributes were measured, which were classified into separate flue gas attribute groups: ash content, combustion heat, heating capacity, sulfur content, combustible content, water content, emission factor, carbon content, hydrogen content, and oxygen content. Attributes of flues were evaluated and grouped according to the fuel properties—ash content and combustion heat, sulphur content, water content, emission factor, carbon content, hydrogen content, nitrogen content, oxygen content, and combustible content.

scholarly journals PENDUGAAN POTENSI KARBON TUMBUHAN BAWAH DAN SERASAH DI ARBORETUM UNIVERSITAS LANCANG KUNING

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-64
Author(s):  
Nofrianto Nofrianto ◽  
Ambar Tri Ratnaningsih ◽  
Muhammad Ikhwan
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Content ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Carbon Potential ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Litter Biomass ◽  
Wet Biomass ◽  
Lower Plants ◽  
Potential Carbon

This study aims to predict or predict the carbon potential stored in undergrowth and litter at the Lancang Kuning University Arboretum. This research was conducted at Arboretum of University of Lancang Kuning and at Faculty of Forestry Laboratory of University of Lancang Kuning. Based on the research that has been done, the potential of wet biomass in the Arboretum of University of Lancang Kuning is 24.39 ton / Ha, and wet biomass of lower plants 2.16 tons / ha. Water content of litter by 52,42% and water content of vegetation below 227,30%. Litter biomass of 15.92 Ton / Ha, and dry vegetable biomass of 0.67 ton / Ha. Level of litter substance by 49,67%, and concentration of fly substance leaf of 51,25%. Litter ash content of 5.58% and lower ash content of 6.24%. Litter carbon content of 44,74%, and carbon content of lower plants by 42,50%. Potential carbon stored in the litter of 7.12 tons / ha and carbon potential stored in plants under 0.28% tons / ha. Lands of carbon potential of litter and vegetation in Arboretum with area of ​​9,2 Ha that is equal to 68,19 ton.

Characteristics of Charcoal Briquwttes from Palm Oil Midrib and Coconut Midrib with Tapioka Glue

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-56
Author(s):  
Bayu Nugroho ◽  
Faizah Hamzah ◽  
Raswen Efendi ◽  
Angga Pramana
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Content ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Randomized Design

The purpose of this study aims to get the best combination of palm oil midrib and coconut midrib in making charcoal briquettes. The study was conducted experimentally using a complete randomized design method consisting of 5 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments in this study were the ratio of palm oil midrib and coconut midrib charcoal as follows: KSK1 (100:0), KSK2 (75:25), KSK3 (50:50), KSK4 (25:75) and KSK5 (0:100). The parameters observed were density, water content, ash content, vapour content, bound carbon content and heating value. The result of palm oil midrib and coconut midrib shells had a significant effect on density, water content, ash content, vapour content, bound carbon content and heating value. Based on the results of the analysis, the best treatment in this study were KSK4 of palm oil midrib and coconut midrib (25:75) with a density of 0,58 g/cm3, water content 5,82%, ash content 5,87%, evaporating content 15,01%, bound carbon content 79,12%, and heating value content 6596,65 cal/g.

scholarly journals The Heat of Combustion of Tobacco and Carbon Oxide Formation

2001 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 297-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
AB Norman ◽  
TA Perfetti ◽  
PF Perfetti ◽  
RG Hayworth
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Content ◽  
Hydrogen Content ◽  
Carbon Oxide ◽  
Heat Of Formation ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Heat Of Combustion ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Bomb Calorimetry ◽  
A Value ◽  
Heats Of Combustion

AbstractRecent studies demonstrated a relationship between mass burn rates of straight-grade cigarettes and heats of combustion of the tobacco materials. In the present work, relationships between measured heats of combustion and elemental composition of the tobacco materials were further analyzed. Heats of combustion measured in oxygen were directly correlated with the carbon and hydrogen content of the tobacco materials tested. Ash content of the materials was inversely related to the heats of combustion. The water insoluble residues from exhaustively extracted tobacco materials showed higher heats of combustion and higher carbon content than the non-extracted materials, confirming a direct relationship between carbon content and heat of combustion. A value for the heat of formation of tobacco was estimated (1175 cal/g) from the heat of combustion data and elemental analysis results. The estimated value for heat of formation of tobacco appears to be constant regardless of the material type. Heat values measured in air were uniformly lower than the combustion heats in oxygen, suggesting formation of CO and other reaction products. Gases produced during bomb calorimetry experiments with five tobacco materials were analyzed for CO and CO2 content. When the materials were burned in oxygen, no CO was found in the gases produced. Measured heats of combustion matched estimates based on CO2 found in the gas and conversion of the sample hydrogen content to water. Materials burned in air produced CO2 (56% to 77% of the sample carbon content) and appreciable amounts of CO (7% to 16% of the sample carbon content). Unburned residue containing carbon and hydrogen was found in the air combustion experiments. Estimated heat values based on amounts of CO and CO2 found in the gas and water formed from the hydrogen lost during combustion in air were higher than the measured values. These observations indicate formation of products containing hydrogen when the materials were burned in air. CO and CO2 formation during combustion in air were related to the composition of the tobacco materials. Materials with high carbon and low ash content showed evidence of higher CO2 formation. Amounts of unburned residue also varied with material composition. Thus, energy released during tobacco combustion in air is related to material-dependent formation of reaction products in addition to the carbon oxides and to the quantity of unburned material.

PREPARASI DAN KARAKTERISASI BIOMASSA KULIT PINANG DAN TEMPURUNG KELAPA MENJADI BRIKET DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN TEPUNG TAPIOKA SEBAGAI PEREKAT

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erna Frida ◽  
Darnianti Darnianti ◽  
Jamal Pandia
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Content ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Areca Nut ◽  
Tapioca Flour

This study conducted the preparation and characterization of charcoal briquettes originating from areca nut skin biomass and coconut shell using tapioca flour as an adhesive. Stages of preparation are cleaning, carbonization, densification, and characterization. Characterize by measuring the level of water, dust, and bound carbon. The characterization results showed that the briquette's water content ranged from 4.1% - 6.9%, ash content was 2.4 - 5.8%, and carbon content was bound to 44% - 60.9%. This result is by SNI No.01-6235-2000. So it can be useful as an alternative fuel.

scholarly journals BIOBRIQUETTE PRODUCTION FROM PALM FRONDS AND SHELLS: EFFECT OF MATERIAL COMPOSITION AND PARTICLE SIZE

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-33
Author(s):  
Okta Bani ◽  
Iriany ◽  
Taslim ◽  
Cici Novita Sari ◽  
Cindy Carnella
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Combustion Rate ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Fixed Carbon Content

Briquettes are solid fuels from organic materials with high calorific values ​​and burn duration. The composition and particle size of the raw material may affect briquette quality. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of composition and particle size on calorific value and characteristics of the resulting briquettes. In this study, briquettes were made using palm oil fronds and shells at mass ratio of 1:2, 1:4, 1:6, 1:8 and particle size of not-dertemined, 50, 70, and 100 mesh. First, raw material was carbonized at 450°C for 30 minutes then added to 20%wt. starch glue and waste oil (1:1 ratio). Resulting briquettes were analyzed for its water content, ash content, density, volatile matter content, fixed carbon content, combustion rate, calorific value, and compressive strength. Satisfying results were obtained for briquettes with a front to shell ratio of 1:8, and a particle size of 100 mesh. At this condition, the resulting briquettes have water content of 5.5%; ash content of 2.54%; density of 0.51 g/cm3; 19.58% vapor content; fixed carbon content of 72.38%; combustion rate of 0.2 g/min (3.4×10-3 g/sec); calorific value of 15.3 kcal/g; and compressive strength of 0.06 N/mm2. These results have complied with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI), Japanese, American, and English standards, except for briquette compressive strength, which have not met the industrial standard.

scholarly journals PENGARUH CAMPURAN LIMBAH TUNGGAK KAYU TUMIH (Combretocarpus rotundatus (Miq) Danser) DAN LIMBAH KAYU GALAM (Melaleuca cajuputi) TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK BRIKET ARANG DARI KAYU KHAS LAHAN BASAH DI KALIMANTAN SELATAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 432
Author(s):  
Noor Mirad Sari ◽  
Violet Violet ◽  
Khairun Nisa ◽  
Syamsudin Syamsudin
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Content ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Wood Waste ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Volatile Matter Content ◽  
Melaleuca Cajuputi

Tumih (Combretocarpus rotundatus (Miq.) Danser) and Galam (Melaleuca cajuputi) are typical vegetation of the wetlands of South Kalimantan. Tumih and galam wood waste can be made into charcoal briquettes which have economic value. The aims of this study were: 1) Analyzing the characteristics of charcoal briquettes, namely: water content, density, ash content, volatile matter content, bound carbon content and calorific value and 2) Knowing the best treatment from a variety of treatments. The design model used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The process of making charcoal briquettes at the Forest Products Technology Laboratory. Testing the characteristics of charcoal briquettes was done at the Laboratory of the Research and Industrial Standardization Institute (BARISTAND) Banjarbaru. The results of the analysis of diversity showed that the mixed treatment of tumih wood waste and galam wood waste had a very significant effect on water content, ash content, volatile matter content, bound carbon content and calorific value, but had no significant effect on density. The water content of charcoal briquettes from galam wood waste and tumih wood waste and the combination of a mixture of galam wood waste and tumih wood waste ranged from 6.1133-10.6667 %, the average density value was between 0.5228-0.5897 g/cm3, the average value The average ash content is between 1.3000-2.9300%, the volatile matter content shows an average range of 41.6333-48.4767%, the average value of bound carbon content is 37.9267-50.5400% and the average calorific value ranged from 5084.41 to 6230.59 cal/g. Treatment A3 (25% galam wood waste + 75% tumih wood waste is the best treatment and meets American standards for moisture content and calorific value. Ash content of all treatments are A1. A2, A3 and A4 meet American standards.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Peanut Skin Briquettes and Rice Husk Using the Torefaction Method in a Microwave Oven

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-134
Author(s):  
Kuntang Winangun ◽  
Fauzan Masykur ◽  
M. Malyadi ◽  
Rendy Cahyono
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Content ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Peanut Shell ◽  
Rice Husks ◽  
Peanut Skin

Biomass briquettes are an alternative to fossil energy. Biomass briquette material has a large capacity and is easily available in the surrounding environment. The purpose of this study was to determine the value of water content, value of ash content, value of volatile matter content, value of bound carbon content and calorific value of mixed briquettes of peanut shell and rice husk with three different percentages. First a mixture of 30% peanut shell and 70% rice husk, second a mixture of 50% peanut shell and 50% rice husk, third a mixture of 70% peanut shell and 30% rice husk. From the results of the research data, it can be seen that the lowest water content is in a mixture of 70% peanut shells and 30% rice husks of 14.225. The lowest value of ash content was found in a mixture of 70% peanut shell and 30% rice husk at 13.873%. The lowest value of volatile substances was found in a mixture of 30% peanut shell and 70% rice husk at 36.712%. The highest value of bound carbon content was found in a mixture of 30% peanut shell and 70% rice husk at 27.028% and the highest calorific value was found in a mixture of 70% peanut shell and 30% rice husk at 5834.60 cal / g.

On Some Environmental Factors Affecting the Distribution of Cirriformia Tentaculata [Polychaeta] at Hamble

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. George
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
High Water ◽  
Wave Action ◽  
Minor Importance ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Strong Wave

A survey at Hamble Spit showed that C. tentaculata was less abundant near high water mark than farther down the shore. The influence of various environmental factors on the worms' distribution was investigated, and it was concluded that temperature, salinity, oxygen content, and water content were of minor importance. Both the particle size of the mud and its carbon content showed some correlation with the abundance of the worm. However, periodic strong wave action seemed to have the most influence on the distribution of the worm over the mudflat.

A novel method for the determination of linting propensity of paper

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 9-17
Author(s):  
ALESSANDRA GERLI ◽  
LEENDERT C. EIGENBROOD
Keyword(s):  
Ash Content ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Offset Printing ◽  
Excellent Correlation ◽  
End Conditions ◽  
Bottom Side ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Total Fraction

A novel method was developed for the determination of linting propensity of paper based on printing with an IGT printability tester and image analysis of the printed strips. On average, the total fraction of the surface removed as lint during printing is 0.01%-0.1%. This value is lower than those reported in most laboratory printing tests, and more representative of commercial offset printing applications. Newsprint paper produced on a roll/blade former machine was evaluated for linting propensity using the novel method and also printed on a commercial coldset offset press. Laboratory and commercial printing results matched well, showing that linting was higher for the bottom side of paper than for the top side, and that linting could be reduced on both sides by application of a dry-strength additive. In a second case study, varying wet-end conditions were used on a hybrid former machine to produce four paper reels, with the goal of matching the low linting propensity of the paper produced on a machine with gap former configuration. We found that the retention program, by improving fiber fines retention, substantially reduced the linting propensity of the paper produced on the hybrid former machine. The papers were also printed on a commercial coldset offset press. An excellent correlation was found between the total lint area removed from the bottom side of the paper samples during laboratory printing and lint collected on halftone areas of the first upper printing unit after 45000 copies. Finally, the method was applied to determine the linting propensity of highly filled supercalendered paper produced on a hybrid former machine. In this case, the linting propensity of the bottom side of paper correlated with its ash content.

scholarly journals Application of the Calorimetric Methods to the Characteristics of Seeds from Olives

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Andrzej Bryś ◽  
Joanna Bryś ◽  
Marko Obranović ◽  
Dubravka Škevin ◽  
Szymon Głowacki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Olive Oil ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Normal Pressure ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Initial Water Content ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Initial Water

The olive oil industry represents an important productive sector in the Mediterranean basin countries. Olive stone is an essential by-product generated in the olive oil extraction industries and it represents roughly 10% by weight of the olive fruit. The seeds of pickled olives are also a significant waste product. In the present study, we have investigated the possibility of the use of differential scanning calorimetry for the thermal characterization of seeds from green and black pickled olives from Croatia. The differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) with a normal pressure cell equipped with a cooling system was used to determine the thermal properties of seeds from olives. The following analyses were also performed: the determination of calorific values in a pressure bomb calorimeter, the determination of initial water content, the determination of changes of water content during drying at the temperatures of 30 °C, 50 °C and 80 °C, the determination of a percentage content of seeds mass to the mass of the whole olives, and the determination of ash content. Seeds from olives are characterized by very good parameters as a biomass. The analyzed olive seeds were characterized by low water content, low ash content, and a relatively high caloric value.

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