scholarly journals Diseases of Eucalypts in Paraguay and First Report of Teratosphaeria zuluensis from South America

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1035
Author(s):  
Ximena Silva ◽  
Jolanda Roux ◽  
Fred O. Asiegbu
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Stem Canker ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
South American ◽  
First Report ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Eucalypt Plantations ◽  
South American Region ◽  
Teratosphaeria Gauchensis

Background and objectives: The global forest economy is threatened by eucalypt pathogens which are often latent or cryptic species that escape common quarantine and detection methods. Plantation forestry using eucalypts is of considerable importance to Paraguay, but knowledge regarding the pests and diseases affecting these plantations is limited. This study identified fungal diseases present in these plantations. Materials and Methods: We surveyed eucalypt plantations in four provinces in Paraguay and collected material from diseased trees for identification of the causal agents. The samples were analyzed using a combination of morphological and molecular methods. Results: Diseases encountered included Botryosphaeria stem canker, Calonectria leaf blight, Chrysoporthe stem canker, myrtle/eucalypt rust, Coniella leaf spot, heartwood rot and Teratosphaeria stem canker. Contrary to expectations, the causal agent of Teratosphaeria stem canker was identified as Teratosphaeria zuluensis (M.J. Wingf., Crous & T.A. Cout.) M.J. Wingf. & Crous and not Teratosphaeria gauchensis (M.-N. Cortinas, Crous & M.J. Wingf.) M.J. Wingf. & Crous, that is commonly documented for the South American region. Conclusions: This study updates the knowledge on forest fungal pathogens in Paraguayan eucalypt plantations and is the first report of T. zuluensis in Paraguay and in South America.

scholarly journals Brazilian foreign policy towards South America during the Lula administration: caught between South America and Mercosur

2010 ◽  
Vol 53 (spe) ◽  
pp. 151-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Gomes Saraiva
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
South America ◽  
South American ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
The South ◽  
Multilateral Institutions ◽  
South American Region ◽  
American Region

The aim of this article is to analyze Brazil's foreign policy towards the South American region during President Lula's administration. As such, the article intends to highlight two specific dimensions: the extent to which foreign policy during this period has differed from previous periods and the relative importance granted by Brazilian diplomacy to recent cooperation and integration efforts, more specifically the Unasur and Mercosur. The article argues that the Lula administration has behaved differently from its predecessors by prioritizing the building up of Brazilian leadership in South America on several different fronts, especially by strengthening multilateral institutions in the region

scholarly journals First evidence of enterovirus A71 and echovirus 30 in Uruguay and genetic relationship with strains circulating in the South American region

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0255846
Author(s):  
Andrés Lizasoain ◽  
Daiana Mir ◽  
Matías Salvo ◽  
Viviana Bortagaray ◽  
Gisela Masachessi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Route ◽  
South American ◽  
First Report ◽  
Echovirus 30 ◽  
Enterovirus A71 ◽  
South American Region ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Wastewater Samples ◽  
Generation Sequencing ◽  
Genotype E

Human enteroviruses (EVs) comprise more than 100 types of coxsackievirus, echovirus, poliovirus and numbered enteroviruses, which are mainly transmitted by the faecal-oral route leading to diverse diseases such as aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, and acute flaccid paralysis, among others. Since enteroviruses are excreted in faeces, wastewater-based epidemiology approaches are useful to describe EV diversity in a community. In Uruguay, knowledge about enteroviruses is extremely limited. This study assessed the diversity of enteroviruses through Illumina next-generation sequencing of VP1-amplicons obtained by RT-PCR directly applied to viral concentrates of 84 wastewater samples collected in Uruguay during 2011–2012 and 2017–2018. Fifty out of the 84 samples were positive for enteroviruses. There were detected 27 different types belonging to Enterovirus A species (CVA2-A6, A10, A16, EV-A71, A90), Enterovirus B species (CVA9, B1-B5, E1, E6, E11, E14, E21, E30) and Enterovirus C species (CVA1, A13, A19, A22, A24, EV-C99). Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) and echovirus 30 (E30) strains were studied more in depth through phylogenetic analysis, together with some strains previously detected by us in Argentina. Results unveiled that EV-A71 sub-genogroup C2 circulates in both countries at least since 2011–2012, and that the C1-like emerging variant recently entered in Argentina. We also confirmed the circulation of echovirus 30 genotypes E and F in Argentina, and reported the detection of genotype E in Uruguay. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of the EV-A71 C1-like emerging variant in South-America, and the first report of EV-A71 and E30 in Uruguay.

Shipwreck Archaeology in South America

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dolores Elkin
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Research Management ◽  
Underwater Archaeology ◽  
South American ◽  
Public Outreach ◽  
Underwater Cultural Heritage ◽  
Treasure Hunting ◽  
South American Region ◽  
Insight Into

This article focuses on archaeological discoveries of shipwrecks as a component of nautical, maritime, and underwater archaeology in the South American region. It gives insight into shipwreck research studies conducted in different South American countries through various case studies. In the mid-1990s, Argentina witnessed the birth of two underwater archaeology research groups. Both teams conduct various activities pertaining to maritime cultural heritage, research, management, education, and public outreach. Brazil was the first country in South America to begin conducting activities related to underwater cultural heritage. Chile has recently been developing several initiatives oriented toward preservation, public outreach, and investigation of the country's underwater cultural heritage. Shipwreck archaeology in Colombia is still at a nascent stage. Legislation in Uruguay has allowed the activities of treasure hunting and other forms of commercial exploitation of historic shipwrecks. The field of conservation of waterlogged materials is less mature than the archaeology front in South America.

scholarly journals First report of Penicillium costaricense Visagie, M. Urb & Seifert (Eurotiales, Ascomycota) in South America and a second report for the world

Check List ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1457-1463
Author(s):  
Laureana de Vasconcelos Sobral ◽  
Diogo Xavier Lima ◽  
Joenny Maria da Silveira de Lima ◽  
Renan do Nascimento Barbosa ◽  
Roberta Cruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
South America ◽  
Public Hospital ◽  
Published Data ◽  
South American ◽  
Air Samples ◽  
First Report ◽  
The World ◽  
Surgery Center ◽  
Β Tubulin

Penicillium costaricense was isolated in air samples from a surgery center in a public hospital in Brazil. The only published data on the occurrence of this species is from caterpillar intestine of Rothschildia lebeau in Costa Rica. The isolate was identified by morphology together with the molecular markers β-tubulin and calmodulin. This report is a warning call to understand the pathogenicity of this species. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of P. costaricense in South American and the second in the world.

scholarly journals OS TRIÂNGULOS COMPETITIVO-COOPERATIVOS NAS RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS: UMA CONTRIBUIÇÃO TEÓRICA DO PODER A PARTIR DO ESTUDO DE CASO DAS FORÇAS POLÍTICAS INTERNAS E EXTERNAS NA AMÉRICA DO SUL

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernardo Salgado Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
International Relations ◽  
International System ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
Theoretical Formulation ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
South American Region ◽  
Realist View

In the 21st century, power projects in South America constitute disputes that comprise a dialectical correlation between Internal and External Political Forces. In this sense, this article aims to conduct an innovative debate based on the theoretical formulation called Competitive-Cooperative Triangles of Power, taking the South American region as a case study. From a realist view of international relations and by using an empirical-deductive methodology, the objective is to achieve an epistemological construction regarding power in the international system, explaining the challenges and possibilities of the South American Internal Political Forces.

scholarly journals Geostrategic Visions on the South Atlantic: Brazil and Colombia, a Comparative Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (237) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisela Da Silva Guevara
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Transnational Crime ◽  
South Atlantic ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
South American Region ◽  
América Del Sur ◽  
American Region

<p><strong>[Visiones geoestratégicas del Atlántico Sur: Brasil y Colombia, un enfoque comparativo]</strong></p><p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p>This article seeks to analyze the different approaches that Brazil and Colombia have had to date on the geostrategic importance of the South Atlantic, emphasizing the differences that the ocean has had for their respective conceptions of nation and their insertion in the South American region. It argues and concludes that while Brazil seeks leadership in South America by emphasizing its role as promoter of an integral autonomizing2 conception that articulates development, defense and regional security, Colombia prioritizes its role as a reference in the fight against transnational crime, positioning itself as a Middle Oceanic Power.</p><p><strong>RESUMEN</strong></p><p>Este artículo busca analizar los diferentes enfoques que Brasil y Colombia han tenido hasta la fecha sobre la importancia geoestratégica del Atlántico Sur, destacando las diferencias que ha tenido el océano para su respectiva concepción del país y su inserción en la región de América del Sur. Se argumenta y concluye que mientras Brasil busca el liderazgo en esta zona a través de un énfasis en su papel como promotor de una concepción autónoma integral para el Atlántico Sur que articula el desarrollo, la defensa y la seguridad regional, Colombia a su vez prioriza su papel en la región como referencia en la lucha contra la delincuencia transnacional, posicionándose como una potencia oceánica media.</p>

scholarly journals Cryptococcus bacillisporus (VGIII) Meningoencephalitis Acquired in Santa Cruz, Bolivia

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Luis Thompson ◽  
Lorena Porte ◽  
Violeta Díaz ◽  
María Cristina Díaz ◽  
Sebastián Solar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Immunocompetent Patient ◽  
Cryptococcus Gattii ◽  
Tropical Region ◽  
Clinical Knowledge ◽  
Santa Cruz ◽  
First Report ◽  
Emerging Fungal Pathogens

We describe a case of chronic meningoencephalitis with hydrocephalus caused by Cryptococcus bacillisporus (VGIII) in an immunocompetent patient from Santa Cruz, Bolivia. This first report of a member of the Cryptococcus gattii species complex from Bolivia suggests that C. bacillisporus (VGIII) is present in this tropical region of the country and complements our epidemiological and clinical knowledge of this group of emerging fungal pathogens in South America.

scholarly journals GEOPOLÍTICA DO LÍTIO NO SÉCULO XXI

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernardo Salgado Rodrigues ◽  
Raphael Padula
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
South American Region ◽  
American Region

This article investigates the hypothesis that lithium is one of the most strategic natural resources, whose world reserves, quantitatively and qualitatively, are concentrated in the South American region. Thus, this article presents a geopolitical analysis of lithium in order to define geostrategic possibilities for South America.

La política migratoria de Ecuador hacia Colombia Entre la integración y la “contención“

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcela Ceballos Medina
Keyword(s):  
Immigration Policy ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Politique Publique ◽  
Political Agenda ◽  
The Political ◽  
South American ◽  
Internal Armed Conflict ◽  
Normative Framework ◽  
South American Region

This article examines Ecuadoran policy toward the forced migration of Colombians to Ecuador. It identifies the main changes in Ecuadoran immigration policy, including asylum, for the period 1996-2008. To do this, the author examines two dimensions of immigration policy: the normative framework and political practices (implementation of the normative framework). The article tries to answer the following questions: What are the main changes in Ecuadoran immigration policy toward Colombian forced migration? How can we explain those changes? The author suggests that the policy oscillates between regional or binational integration and border contention. The variables that explain those changes are: (1) the magnitude of Colombian migration; (2) the transnational dynamics of the internal armed conflict along the Colombia-Ecuador border and the political context in Ecuador; and (3) the international relations of Colombia and Ecuador and the political agenda of the South American region.Spanish El propósito del artículo es examinar la respuesta del Estado ecuatoriano a las migraciones forzadas de colombianos hacia ese país, identificando los principales cambios en la política de inmigración (incluida la política de asilo y refugio) de Ecuador durante el periodo 1996- 2008. Para ello, se observan dos dimensiones de la política migratoria ecuatoriana: 1) el marco normativo y 2) las prácticas políticas para la implementación de las normas. La autora se propone responder a las preguntas ¿Cuáles son los principales cambios en la política migratoria del Estado ecuatoriano hacia las migraciones colombianas? ¿Cómo se explican esos cambios? Concluye que la política migratoria de Ecuador hacia las migraciones colombianas oscila entre una posición integracionista y abierta a la inmigración y una política de cierre de fronteras y contención del conflicto armado dentro del territorio colombiano. Las variables que explican dichos cambios son: 1) el creciente flujo de migrantes colombianos hacia Ecuador, 2) las dinámicas transnacionales del conflicto armado colombiano en la frontera y el contexto político al interior del Ecuador, y 3) las relaciones político-diplomáticas entre los dos países y la agenda política en la región suramericana.French Cet article examine la politique de l'Équateur concernant l'immigration forcée de Colombiens vers ce pays. Il identifie les changements principaux effectués dans la politique d'immigration équatorienne (en incluant la politique publique d'asile) pour la période 1996-2008. Dans ce but, l'auteur examine deux dimensions de la politique publique d'immigration : 1) le cadre normatif, et 2) les pratiques politiques (la mise en œuvre du cadre normatif). L'auteur souhaite répondre aux questions suivantes : quels sont les changements principaux dans la politique d'immigration équatorienne concernant les migrations colombiennes forcées ? Comment pouvons-nous expliquer ces changements ? L'hypothèse est que la politique d'immigration de l'Équateur oscille entre l'intégration régionale ou binationale et le contrôle des frontières. Les variables perme ant d'expliquer ces changements sont : 1) l'ampleur des migrations colombiennes vers l'Équateur ; 2) les dynamiques transnationales du conflit armé interne au niveau de la frontière colombo-équatorienne et le contexte politique en Équateur ; et 3) les relations internationales entre la Colombie et l'Équateur ainsi que l'agenda politique de la région sud-américaine.

scholarly journals Pleistocene Mammals from Pampean Region (Argentina). Biostratigraphic, Biogeographic, and Environmental Implications

Quaternary ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
José Luis Prado ◽  
María Teresa Alberdi ◽  
Jonathan Bellinzoni
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
The State ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
South American ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Sedimentary Sequences ◽  
Pampean Region ◽  
Mammalian Faunas ◽  
Pleistocene Mammals ◽  
Fossil Records

The Pampean Region contains sedimentary sequences with abundant mammal fossil records, which constitute the chronological outline of the Plio–Pleistocene of South America. These classic localities have been used for more than a century to correlate with other South American regions. Throughout this time, a series of misinterpretations have appeared. To understand the stratigraphic significance of these localities and the geochronological situation of each unit referring to the Pleistocene, a critical historical study of the antecedents was carried out, evaluating the state of each unit. The biostratigraphic studies of the Pampean Region’s mammalian faunas improved the understanding of biogeographic changes taking into account the environmental fluctuations of the Pleistocene.

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