scholarly journals The Prospect of Physiological Events Associated with the Micropropagation of Eucalyptus sp.

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1211
Author(s):  
Rambod Abiri ◽  
Narges Atabaki ◽  
Hazandy Abdul-Hamid ◽  
Ruzana Sanusi ◽  
Nor Aini Ab Shukor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Genetic Interaction ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Culture Technique ◽  
Reliable Technique ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Industrial Level

Micropropagation is a reliable technique in biotechnology and genetic engineering domain, which has been widely applied for rapid mass propagation of plants in vitro condition. Through micropropagation techniques, reproduction of plants can be attained from different explants using organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis. Over the decades, micropropagation techniques have offered tremendous potential for forest tree improvement. Eucalyptus is a woody plant species recalcitrant to in vitro culture. In general, the micropropagation of Eucalyptus culture processes and the genotype, environment surroundings, and age of explants in culture media is frequently linked with the occurrence of micropropagation variation. In the current review paper, an update of the most important physiological and molecular phenomena aspects of Eucalyptus micropropagation was linked to the most profound information. To achieve the mentioned target, the effect of plant growth regulators (PGRs), nutrients, other adjuvant and environmental features, as well as genetic interaction with morpho- and physiological mechanisms was studied from the induction to plant acclimatisation. On the other hand, important mechanisms behind the organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis of Eucalyptus are discussed. The information of current review paper will help researchers in choosing the optimum condition based on the scenario behind the tissue culture technique of Eucalyptus. However, more studies are required to identify and overcome some of the crucial bottlenecks in this economically important forest species to establish efficient micropropagation protocol at the industrial level.

scholarly journals Factors affecting in vitro cultivation of grape (Vitis vinifera L.): a review

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fikadu Kumsa
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
In Vitro Cultivation ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Research Gap ◽  
Grape Varieties

Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) is globally cultivated as commercial fruit crop usually used for fruit purpose or industrial product. The objective of the current review is to review and identify the research gap on the effect of different growth media and vitrification on shooting and rooting performance of grape. Factors affecting rooting of grape cuttings can be internal or external factors. Currently, grapevines are very sensitive to disease in the conventional method of propagation. Even if tissue culture is recommended for healthy propagation of the grape varieties, still factors affecting the growth of the plant verifications were reported. This, review paper progressively revised for the existing factors and possible solutions during in vitro propagation of grapevines. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 10(1): 1-5, June 2020

scholarly journals Fate of forest tree biotechnology facing climate change

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-136
Author(s):  
M. R. Ahuja
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Forest Tree Species ◽  
Tree Biotechnology

Abstract Woody plants have been cultured in vitro since the 1930s. After that time much progress has been made in the culture of tissues, organs, cells, and protoplasts in tree species. Tree biotechnology has been making strides in clonal propagation by organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis. These regeneration studies have paved the way for gene transfer in forest trees. Transgenics from a number of forest tree species carrying a variety of recombinant genes that code for herbicide tolerance, pest resistance, lignin modification, increased woody bio-mass, and flowering control have been produced by Agrobacterium-mediated and biolistic methods, and some of them are undergoing confined field trials. Although relatively stable transgenic clones have been produced by genetic transformation in trees using organogenesis or somatic embryogenesis, there were also unintended unstable genetic events. In order to overcome the problems of randomness of transgene integration and instability reported in Agrobacterium-mediated or biolistically transformed plants, site-specific transgene insertion strategies involving clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR-Cas9) platform offer prospects for precise genome editing in plants. Nevertheless, it is important to monitor phenotypic and genetic stability of clonal material, not just under greenhouse conditions, but also under natural field conditions. Genetically modified poplars have been commercialized in China, and eucalypts and loblolly pine are expected to be released for commercial deployment in USA. Clonal forestry and transgenic forestry have to cope with rapid global climate changes in the future. Climate change is impacting species distributions and is a significant threat to biodiversity. Therefore, it is important to deploy Strategies that will assist the survival and evolution of forest tree species facing rapid climate change. Assisted migration (managed relocation) and biotechnological approaches offer prospects for adaptation of forest trees to climate change.

scholarly journals EMBRIOGENESIS SOMATIK DARI KALUS MANGGIS (Garcinia mangostana L.) ASAL BENGKALIS DENGAN PEMBERIAN BAP DAN MADU SECARA IN VITRO

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-17
Author(s):  
Tirtha Juliana ◽  
Mayta Novaliza Isda ◽  
Dyah Iriani
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Callus Formation ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Culture Technique ◽  
Tropical Fruits ◽  
Garcinia Mangostana ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Murashige Skoog ◽  
Callus Volume

AbstrakGarcinia mangostana L. dikenal dengan sebutan queen of the tropical fruits. Buah manggis terbentuk secara apomiksis yang bersifat rekalsitran. Salah satu cara perbanyakan tanaman manggis adalah dengan teknik kultur in vitro melalui embriogenesis somatik. Embriogenesis somatik manggis dilakukan dengan pembentukan kalus terlebih dahulu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan konsentrasi terbaik BAP dan madu secara tunggal serta kombinasinya dalam pembentukan embriogenesis somatik pada kalus biji manggis asal Bengkalis. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) dengan pemberian konsentrasi BAP (3 dan 7 mg/L) dan madu (3, 6, dan 9 mL/L), secara baik tunggal maupun kombinasi, pada media Murashige-Skoog (MS) dengan 3 ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian BAP dan madu dalam seluruh perlakuan tersebut berpengaruh terhadap pembentukan fase-fase embriogenesis somatik kalus manggis. Konsentrasi terbaik dalam pembentukan fase embriogenesis somatik diperoleh dari perlakuan 3 mg/L BAP + 9 mL/L madu dengan presentase pembentukan kalus 100%, waktu muncul kalus 10,67 hst, volume kalus 1,33 dan adanya fase embriogenesis somatik berupa globular, hati, dan torpedo.Abstract Garcinia mangostana L. was known as the queen of the tropical fruits. Mangosteen was formed by apomixis which is recalcitrant. One of the methods of mangosteen propagation is by using a tissue culture technique through somatic embryogenesis. Mangosteen somatic embryogenesis occurs preceded by callus formation. This study aimed to determine the best concentration of BAP and honey in single as well as in combination for the formation phase of somatic embryogenesis in the callus of mangosteen from Bengkalis. The study used a randomized block design with the addition of BAP (3 and 7 mg/L) and honey (3; 6; and 9 mL/L) either single or combination in Murashige-Skoog (MS) medium with 3 replications. The results of this study indicated that the addition of BAP and honey in all treatments affected the phases of somatic embryogenesis of  mangosteen callus. The best concentration in the formation of somatic embryogenesis was obtained from, the treatment of 3 mg/L BAP + 9 mL/L which produced 100% of callus formation, with callus emergence time of 10.67 days after plantation, callus volume of 1.33 and the presence of somatic embryogenesis in the form of globular, heart, and torpedo.

Effect of experimental conditions and genotypic variability on somatic embryogenesis in Coffea arabica

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (11) ◽  
pp. 1496-1502 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Bieysse ◽  
A. Gofflot ◽  
N. Michaux-Ferrière
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Coffea Arabica ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Leaf Explants ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Genotypic Variability ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Embryogenic Cells

The somatic embryogenic potential of leaf explants from greenhouse-grown plants of eight Coffea arabica genotypes was investigated on three different gelose-gelled culture media (Dublin, Pierson, and Yasuda). Four of these genotypes were reactive. Optimal somatic embryogenesis was obtained when the explants were taken from microcutting and cultured on gelrite-gelled Yasuda's medium. Under these culture conditions, somatic embryos and plantlets were obtained in two previously recalcitrant genotypes. The histocytological callus development was found to be identical in responsive or recalcitrant genotypes. Embryogenic cells formed at two successive points during callogenesis and their subsequent development varied according to culture conditions. Cells initiated in 10- to 15-day-old calli either degenerated or developed directly into embryos. Cells initiated in 60-day-old calli became isolated and developed into embryos or their development was arrested. Embryos obtained in these conditions were able to develop into plantlets. Key words: Coffea arabica, genotypic variability, histocytology, in vitro culture, somatic embryogenesis.

scholarly journals Regeneration of Pinus halepensis (Mill.) through Organogenesis from Apical Shoot Buds

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 363
Author(s):  
Cátia Pereira ◽  
Itziar A. Montalbán ◽  
Ana Pedrosa ◽  
Jéssica Tavares ◽  
Alexey Pestryakov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Pinus Halepensis ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
In Vitro Regeneration ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Embryogenic Calli ◽  
Shoot Buds ◽  
Apical Shoot ◽  
Adult Trees

Organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis have been widely applied as the two main regeneration pathways in plant tissue cultures. However, recalcitrance is still the main restriction in the clonal propagation of many woody species, especially in conifers. They undergo a “phase change” that leads to significant loss of vegetative propagation capacity, reducing the aptitude of tissues and organs to be regenerated in vitro beyond this point. In line with this, the in vitro regeneration of mature conifer trees has been a long-cherished goal in many laboratories worldwide. Based on previous works in Pinus species regeneration from adult trees, we now present data about the culture of apical shoot buds in an attempt to induce organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis to clone mature trees of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis). Reinvigorated axillary shoots were submitted to conditions usually applied to induce somatic embryogenesis through the manipulation of culture media, including the use of auxins such as 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid, cytokinins (6-benzyladenine and kinetin), and phytosulfokine (50, 100, and 200 nM). Although somatic embryos could not be obtained, an embryogenic-like tissue was produced, followed by the emergence of actively proliferating non-embryogenic calli. Variations in the consistence, texture, and color of non-embryogenic calli were observed; especially those arising in the media containing phytosulfokine. Reinvigorated shoots, induced by 22 or 44 µM 6-benzyladenine, were obtained through organogenesis and acclimatized, and phenotypically normal plants were obtained.

scholarly journals Direct somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in tea by temporary liquid immersion Embriogenesis somatik langsung dan regenerasi tanaman teh melalui perendaman sesaat

2016 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J S TAHARDI ◽  
Tatik RAISAWATI ◽  
Imron RIYADI ◽  
W A DODD
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Culture Technique ◽  
Direct Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Temporary Immersion System ◽  
Single Leaf ◽  
Half Strength ◽  
Rapid Dissemination ◽  
Planting Materials

Ringkasan Perbanyakan tanaman teh [Camellia sinen­sis (L.) O. Kuntze] melalui stek tunas berdaun tunggal hanya dapat menghasilkan klon unggul dalam jumlah terbatas. Oleh sebab itu diperlukan metode alternatif dengan teknik kultur sel dan jaringan untuk perbanyakan klonal secara cepat. Dalam penelitian ini dikembangkan metode yang lebih efektif untuk regenerasi tanaman teh melalui embriogenesis somatik langsung. Massa pro­embriogenik dari eksplan kotiledon dihasilkan dengan frekuensi 56,7% dalam media MS padat setengah konsentrasi yang mengandung BAP 2 mg1L. Proliferasi, perkembangan, pendewasaan dan perkecambahan embrio somatik diperoleh dengan sistem perendaman sesaat (SPS) yang menggunakan media MS cair setengah konsen­trasi, yang diperkaya dengan zat pengatur tumbuh dengan berbagai konsentrasi. Proliferasi embrio meningkat 4,3 kali dalam media yang diberi BAP 2 mglL; perkembangan dan pendewasaannya meningkat dengan penambahan kinetin dan ABA masing-masing pada konsentrasi 0,1 mg1L yang 30% diantaranya berkecambah dan membentuk planlet tanpa penambahan zat pengatur tumbuh. Protokol SPS tersebut merupakan sistem in vitro yang berpotensi bagi proliferasi dan perkembang­an embrio somatik tanaman teh yang cepat dan sinkron dari kultur kotiledon, serta regenerasinya menjadi planlet tanpa melalui fase kalus.Summary Tea propagation by single-leaf bud cuttings has limited applications for rapid dissemination of planting materials from new elite clones. An alternative method for rapid cloning by cell and tissue culture technique is necessary. In this study we have established an improved method for tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] plant regenera­tion via direct somatic embryogenesis. Clumps of proembryogenic masses were initiated at a fre­quency of 56.7% from cotyledonary slices cul­tured on a half-strength MS agar-gelled medium supplemented with 2 mg/L BAP. Proliferation, development, maturation and germination of so­matic embryos were achieved using the temporary immersion system (TIS) provided with half­strength MS liquid media supplemented with varying concentrations of growth regulators. Em­bryo proliferation increased by 4.3-fold in me­dium provided with 2 mg/L BAP; their develop­ment and maturation were enhanced by the presence of both kinetin and ABA at 0.1 mg/L each. Germination and plant recovery were achieved at a frequency of about 30% without the use of growth regulators. The TIS protocol des­cribed above represents an in vitro system poten­tial for rapid proliferation and synchronized development of tea somatic embryos from cotyledon cultures, and their regeneration into plantlets without an intervening callus phase.

scholarly journals Somatic embryogenesis from young inflorescences of the giant bamboo Dendrocalamus asper (Schult f.) Backer ex Heyne

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago Sanches Ornellas ◽  
Yohan Fritsche ◽  
Edison Cardona Medina ◽  
Miguel Pedro Guerra
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Plant Regeneration ◽  
Callus Induction ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Dendrocalamus Asper ◽  
Bamboo Plant ◽  
Embryogenic Callus Induction

Abstract Bamboos are an important worldwide non-timber forest product with current rising interest due to their environmentally friendly applications. Besides the consolidated uses of the sweet shoots and culms for structural uses, Dendrocalamus asper is an imposing ornamental bamboo for horticulture. The present work aimed to establish in vitro calli culture and plant regeneration through somatic embryogenesis starting from young inflorescences of the giant bamboo, D. asper. Pre-anthesis inflorescences were collected, disinfested, and subjected to callus induction on MS basal medium supplemented by 0 µM, 9 µM, 18 µM, 27 µM, and 36 µM of 2,4-D in combination with 9 µM of 2-iP or 9 µM Kin. The different obtained calli types were characterized and subcultured in 0 µM, 4.5 µM, 9 µM, and 18 µM of 2,4-D in combination with 9 µM of both cytokinins for multiplication and differentiation. Additionally, the explant incision and its inoculation orientation onto culture media were tested for callus induction improvement. The 2,4-D was essential for callus induction, and its combination with both cytokinins resulted in embryogenic callus induction and further somatic embryos regeneration. The subsequent reduction of this auxin to 4.5 µM resulted in somatic embryo maturation. Somatic embryos transferred to a plant growth regulator-free medium resulted in plantlet conversion. The present work showed the feasibility of using inflorescences as explants and the efficiency of using the 2-iP in combination with 2,4-D to callus induction and in vitro bamboo plant regeneration through somatic embryogenesis.

Development of novel metastatic prostate cancer cell lines by “organoid” in vitro culture technology.

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 33-33
Author(s):  
Ian Vela ◽  
Dong Gao ◽  
Anuradha Gopalan ◽  
Andrea Sboner ◽  
Eva Undvall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Culture Technique

33 Background: The inability to propagate patient-derived prostate cancer cells in vitro is a major impediment in the mechanistic understanding of tumorigenesis and therapeutic response. In order to generate accurate in vitro models that represent the diversity of in situ prostate cancer, we have developed a three-dimensional “organoid” system to culture metastasis samples and integrated it into our precision medicine workflow of attaining and characterizing pre-treatment biopsies. Methods: Biopsy samples of prostate cancer metastases, both soft tissue and bone, acquired at the time of therapeutic or diagnostic interventions following informed consent and institutional review board approval were obtained from two institutions. Samples were digested in Type II Collagenase (Gibco) and re-suspended in growth factor reduced Matrigel (BD), plated on plastic, and overlaid with prostate culture media (PCM). PCM consists of serum free Advanced DMEM/F12 (Gibco) with multiple growth factors optimized to propagate benign primary prostate cells. Cultures were maintained at 37°C in 5% CO2. Results: In the initial 51 samples, 15 continuous organoid cultures (29%) were established from distinct sites (9 of 32 bone, 6 of 19 soft). Tumor content of the biopsy represents a major determinant of organoid growth. Once established, organoids propagate indefinitely with different kinetics (approximately 48 hours to 1 week doubling time), and can be cryopreserved. Histological analysis shows that the organoids recapitulate the structure of the in situ cancer and genomic analysis using array CGH and whole-exome sequencing (WES) shows the presence of typical copy number alterations including TMPRSS2-ERG interstitial deletion, PTEN loss, CHD1 loss, and AR amplification. WES of two organoid/metastasis pairs shows that the growth conditions do not generate additional mutations. Conclusions: This novel tissue culture technique enables the development of new cell lines derived from metastatic deposits. This advance will facilitate research by availing new and varied cell lines, which will hopefully be more closely aligned to the spectrum of behavior of the clinical disease in comparison to the limited and problematic cell line models currently available.

scholarly journals Optimizing Initiation and Maintenance of Vitis Embryogenic Cultures

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 1400-1406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadanand A. Dhekney ◽  
Zhijian T. Li ◽  
Michael E. Compton ◽  
Dennis J. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Medium Composition ◽  
Embryogenic Competence ◽  
Embryogenic Cultures ◽  
Vitis Riparia ◽  
Vitis Rupestris ◽  
In Vitro Micropropagation ◽  
Embryogenic Response

Stamens and pistils from mature grapevines and leaves from in vitro micropropagation cultures were used to optimize parameters influencing somatic embryogenesis in Vitis. Embryogenic competence was dependent on species/variety, explant type and developmental stage, medium composition, and growth regulator concentration. Of varieties evaluated, a greater number produced embryogenic cultures from stamens and pistils (26) compared with leaves (six). Among the different stamen and pistil stages, Stage II and III explants produced the maximum embryogenic response regardless of genotype and medium composition. Of seven culture media tested, the highest embryogenic response was recorded from varieties cultured on MSI (18) and PIV (16) media. Experiments annually repeated over 3 to 10 years demonstrated reproducible results. Highly reliable protocols for somatic embryogenesis were obtained for 29 Vitis species and varieties, including 18 Vitis vinifera varieties, Vitis riparia, Vitis rupestris, Vitis champinii, and eight Vitis hybrids. Embryogenic cultures were maintained on X6 medium for a period of 6 months to 2 years depending on the variety and used in studies involving genetic transformation and transgenic plant regeneration.

scholarly journals Lippia graveolens (Lamiales: Verbenaceae) and Oryganum vulgare (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) obtained by means of the in vitro propagation technique

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
María A. Aguilar Morales ◽  
Armandina De la Cruz Olvera ◽  
E. Archundia-Garduño ◽  
Rosy G. Cruz Monterrosa ◽  
Mayra Díaz-Ramírez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Callus Formation ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Leaf Explants ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Culture Technique ◽  
Ms Medium ◽  
Antioxidant Agents

Objective: The objective of this study was to establish the method of propagation of Oryganum vulgare and Lippia graveolens employing a plant tissue culture technique that decreased the phenolization percentages and increased the multiplication coefficients. Design/ methodology/ approach: The in vitro germination percentage was evaluated in both MS and MS medium + activated carbon. Microcuttings (small shoots) of both species were established in base medium added with different antioxidant agents to decrease the phenolization of explants; the treatments were arranged in a completely randomized block  design. For the propagation phase, a completely randomized factorial design was used, where the auxin/cytokinin phytoregulators, type of explants (axillary buds and leaves), and the species (Lippia graveolens and Oryganum vulgare)  were considered as factors. Results: maximum germination (63.3% ±12.5) was obtained on day 15 ​​in both culture media for L. graveolens and O. vulgare. The use of antioxidant agents mainly activated carbon, increased the in vitro establishment and activation of vegetative buds in both species by up to 90%. There were significant differences in the variables evaluated regarding the treatments, the explant, and the species in the multiplication phase. The combination 1.0/ 0.5 mg L-1 BA/AIB induces callus formation for both species. When used as leaf explants, callus formation was potentiated. Study Limitations / Implications: The results presented are advances from a long-term experiment. Findings/conclusions: The germination of L. graveolens seeds can be achieved in MS medium after 15 days. Microcuttings of both L. graveolens and O. vulgare were successfully established in MS basal medium enriched with 1 g L-1 charcoal that showed low oxidation percentages and induced up to 90% the production of shoots in the explants. The mixture of 1.0/0.5 mg L-1 BA/AIB induces callus formation for both species; when this medium is in contact with leaves as an explant, its formation is potentiated, achieving diameters up to 15 mm. In order to achieve the induction of shoots and roots, buds should be established in MS medium enriched with 0.5 mg L-1 IBA for both species; this mixture encreased the multiplication coefficients

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