scholarly journals Consumption Rates and Use Patterns of Firewood and Charcoal in Urban and Rural Communities in Yedashe Township, Myanmar

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zar Win ◽  
Nobuya Mizoue ◽  
Tetsuji Ota ◽  
Tsuyoshi Kajisa ◽  
Shigejiro Yoshida
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Fuel Use ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Consumption Rates

There is concern over the environmental impact of charcoal use for cooking in urban areas; however, studies have mainly been limited to Africa and South Asia. This investigation aimed to evaluate woodfuel consumption rates and patterns in an urban area in Yedashe Township, Myanmar and compared them with results from a rural area in the same township. From interviews with 66 urban households, it was evident that firewood and charcoal consumption rates in the urban area were about one-third and one-fourth, respectively, of those in the rural area. These low consumption rates were because of multiple-fuel use (mainly woodfuel and electricity) in the urban area in contrast to single-fuel use in the rural area. We estimated the forest area required to meet woodfuel demand of the whole township to be 3738 ha; that could decrease by almost 40% (1592 ha) if the single-fuel use in the rural area switched to the multiple-fuel methods used in the urban area. This study confirms that urbanization with an “energy stack” in multiple-fuel use, rather than an “energy ladder” from firewood to charcoal, could largely reduce the environmental impact on forests.

scholarly journals Authors Response: Clinical differences between children with asthma and rhinitis in rural and urban areas

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-48
Author(s):  
Jorge Sánchez ◽  
Andrés Sánchez ◽  
Ricardo Cardona
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sample Size Calculation ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Children With Asthma ◽  
The Difference

We greatly appreciate the interest shown in the article "Clinical differences between children with asthma and rhinitis in rural and urban areas", which we hope will be one of several future articles that we intend to carry out in the study cohort. To the questions generated by the reader, one is focused on the calculation of the sample size, while the other two questions are focus in the method of analysis, and the reader suggests, it could be more robust. Regarding the sample size, we describe that infant asthma in urban areas of Medellin was 11% and rhinitis 23%, according to previous studies. There is no data available for the rural area. We note that with a confidence level of 95%, a power of 80% and a sample size error of 0.5%, the sample size was calculated; estimating 201 children for the urban area and 128 for the rural area. Finally, we recruited and were able to continue for a year, a total of 248 children from the urban area and 134 from the rural area. The complaint of the reader, is focus that the more appropriated technique would be "… the appropriate sample size calculation must have been the difference of means between two independent populations, although the authors did not report any ACT effect size based on previous studies."...

scholarly journals Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in Indonesia: a qualitative and quantitative study

2016 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 302
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Yohmi ◽  
Nanis Sacharina Marzuki ◽  
Eveline Nainggolan ◽  
I Gusti Ayu Nyoman Partiwi ◽  
Badriul Hegar Sjarif ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sampling Design ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Breastfeeding Rate

Background Breast milk is the best and most ideal food for babies because it contains all nutrition needed for their optimal growth and development. Babies who receive breast milk will have strong immune system, good brain development, and closer emotional bonding with their mothers. Considering the importance of breast milk, Indonesian government has been campaigning to endorse exclusive breastfeeding up to six months in the last four years. To date, there is no national data available to evaluate the exclusive breastfeeding program. Therefore, Indonesian Pediatric Society (IDAI) conducted a national survey on breastfeeding to investigate exclusive breastfeeding rate in Indonesia.Objective To find out the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in Indonesia.Methods This study included 22 provinces in Indonesia and targeted on mothers with infants aged 0-11 months. For the quantitative portion of the study we used simple random sampling design to get the prevalence from the population. For the qualitative interview data we used a stratified random sampling design to ensure that each infant age group was well represented. Survey location in each province was selected based on defining the capital city to be urban area and its sub-urban areas to be rural. This study was performed between October – November 2010.Results We found that the prevalences of breastfeeding among baby 0-11 months was quite high which were 91%, 86%, and 72% in infants aged 0-3 months, 0-6 months, and 6-11 months, respectively. Interestingly, the prevalence of breastfeeding in urban area was higher than in rural area for infants aged 6-11 months. However, despite the high prevalence of giving breast milk, less than half of mothers gave breast milk exclusively, to babies aged 0-3 months and to those aged 0-6 months. The awareness to exclusively breastfeed was greater for urban mothers than for rural ones in those with infants aged 0-6 months. Mothers with high socioeconomic status had the highest prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding. The prevalence of breastfeeding without formula was still the highest up to 12 months but the role of giving formula was increasing especially in rural area. The prevalence of breast milk introduced as the first milk was around 60%. Java and Sumatra had lower prevalence of breast milk introduced as the first milk compared to Kalimantan and Sulawesi. We also found that mothers started giving solid food from an early age, especially in rural areas. With increasing age, the frequency of giving breast milk declined in both urban and rural areas.Conclusion The overall prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months of age in Indonesia was 49.8%. Maternal unemployment and high family socioeconomic status were associated with longer duration of breastfeeding. 

scholarly journals Rural and urban prevalence of sexual assault against women in an African population

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 628-635
Author(s):  
Adeleke NA ◽  
Adebimpe WO ◽  
Farinloye EO ◽  
Olowookere AS
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Background: Sexual assault is about the most dehumanizing form of gender based violence against women worldwide. Nigeria and many other countries in Africa do not have National data on women sexual assault. This survey is aimed at generating data on sexual assault against women in Osun state, Nigeria. Objective: To determine the patterns of sexual assault against women in Urban and Rural areas of Osun State in South western Nigeria. Methodology: A cross section survey using interviewer administered questionnaire was carried out among selected 1,200 women aged 15 years and above in urban and rural areas, between August and December 2014. The questionnaire was patterned after WHO Multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence data instrument. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 17.0. Results: Mean age of the respondents was 23.75 ±(13.22) years in rural area, in the urban area it was 27.69 ±(10.23) years. 46 % and 54 % were married in urban and rural areas respectively. The prevalence of completed rape was 10.0 % in urban and 9.2 % in rural, while that of attempted rape was 31.4 % and 20.0 % in the urban and rural area respectively. Women in the rural areas experienced repeat sexual assault and suffered non-genital injuries more the in urban area. Having partner and living in urban area were associated with female sexual assault. Conclusions: Sexual assault against women constitutes public health issue in Osun state with rural women incurring greater negative health consequences. Primary prevention strategies should focus at young men and women in both rural and urban areas of the state. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.18(3) 2019 p.628-635

scholarly journals Mental Stress and Multiple Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases with Regional Variations in Women of Urban and Rural Areas of Sindh, Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Psychological Stress ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Mental Stress ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Urban Population

Introduction: The high prevalence of risk factors in women in developing countries of South Asia appears to have been translated into early and severe CHD in contrast to their counterpart in the first world nations, which has been related to obesity and insulin resistance and genetically determined increased lipoprotein Lp(a) levels. Mental stress due to urbanization, sedentary life style and physical inactivity may be the most important factor initiating obesity and the clustering of all other risk factors hypertension, dyslipidaemia and (WHR). These risk factors vary in different regions of South Asia. Aims and Objectives: Our aim of the study was to describe and analyse differences between the frequency of risk factors such as psychological stress due to, socio-economical aspects, life style especially physical activity, and health behaviours which may contribute in the course of CAD in women of both rural and urban areas of Pakistan because no such significant data is available in women with CAD. Study Design: This descriptive cross-sectional comparative study was conducted in Cardiology Department of Dow University of Health and Sciences Karachi, Pakistan, from March 2014 to March 2016 by filling a questionnaire and laboratory data. The study group comprised female subjects around 577 (Urban 347 {60.1%} and Rural 230 {39.9%}) women ranged from 25-65 years of age who underwent coronary angiography and had definite coronary atherosclerotic diseases. Our study was conducted by examining the psychological stress in women of both areas and its strength of association with frequency of other risk factors in female patients of urban and rural areas with definite CHD taking account the difference in age and education level into account. Result: Analysis of this study conducted at department of Cardiology in Dow University Karachi from March 2014 to March 2017 revealed that the women of rural area were comparatively more physically active then women of urban area. Prevalence of mental stress, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, higher BMI, hyperlipidaemia (especially TC) waist and hip circumference of both areas were found to be different after adjustment made for age. A considerable association was found between psychological stress and other factors in ischemic heart disease patients showing the p-value (p=0.043). Psychological stress was found 82% in both groups and (13%) women had no stress rated as normal more in rural (26%) vs (04%) in urban population. Physical inactivity in women with CHD was found in 92% urban in contrast to 45% in rural population, (p=0.009). Hypertension prevalence was more in urban 253 in comparison to 151 women in rural area. Diabetes Mellitus was also found more in urban than rural population, especially in age below 50, 79 (23%) urban vs 60 (26%) in rural population. Women beyond 50 years of age, 85 (24%) urban vs 64 (27%) rural area had prevalence of obesity comparatively higher in urban residents 71 (20%) than 44(%) in rural dwellers and 32 (9%) urban vs 16 (7%) in rural women in age range below 50 years. Higher waist circumstance was observed more in urban residents (4.8 cm) whereas BMI was more (1.8 unit) in women of rural area than urban women. Prevalence of smoking and nicotine chewing was relatively higher in urban population in below 50 years of age with 30 (09%) urban vs 13 (05%) in rural women and in age beyond 50, 11 (03%) urban vs 10 (04%) in rural women was witnessed. Average total cholesterol, serum triglycerides and LDL were found to be higher in urban compared to rural area residents and HDL was comparatively lower in urban area group. Mean cholesterol level was seen at average of 353 mg% in urban vs 223 mg% in rural population. Serum cortisol level showed significant variation in urban group 19.1 vs 14.2 in rural group (sample, as well as serum fibrinogen was raised more raised in urban population). Conclusion: Our study shows increased prevalence of mental stress and physical inactivity in female residents of urban area leading to Higher blood pressure, DM, dyslipidaemia and central obesity specially in Waist circumference than rural area. The mental stress induced by excessive demands of work at home and at working place with too little control is not unique to women of urban areas.

scholarly journals Does Rural to Urban Migration Improves Indian Women's Health Status and Knowledge of AIDS

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sutapa Agrawal ◽  
Praween Agrawal
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Multivariate Techniques ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Condition Of Women

The present paper explores the effect of patterns and duration of migration upon health and morbidity condition of women and knowledge and awareness of AIDS. Cross-sectional data from India's second National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2, 1998-99) is used for this study. Analysis is based on 73,558 women age 15-49 years who belonged to different streams of migration. Bivariate as well as multivariate techniques have been used for data analysis.Women migrating towards rural area are more underweight than migrating towards urban area whereas reverse for overweight. However, women migrating from rural to rural area were more anaemic than women migrating from rural to urban area. Significant differences were also found for morbidity conditions like Asthma, Tuberculosis, Jaundice, Malaria and some reproductive health problems according to streams of migration. Knowledge of AIDS also significantly differs according to the stream and duration of migration. We found stream of migration and duration of migration plays a key role in health, morbidity condition and knowledge of AIDS among women. Therefore, quality of health care in urban areas should be more widely disseminated in rural areas to improve the health status of women. Also the information-education-communication (IEC) programmes related to AIDS should be made more strengthened and effective through television, radio and also through the school teachers to reach the rural masses in India.

Synanthropy of dipterans collected in cattle feces in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 050-053
Author(s):  
Carlos Henrique Marchiori
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Adequate Model ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Cattle Feces ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Arthropod Fauna ◽  
Ecological Importance ◽  
Area Percentage

Cattle feces accumulated in pastures and stables constitute an especially favorable microhabitat for the development of a rich and heterogeneous arthropod fauna. This study determined the species of Diptera of Medical, Veterinary and Agricultural importance present in forest, rural and urban areas in the municipality of Monte Alegre, state Minas Gerais Southeast region, Brazil in the period from March to November 2006. The dipterans pupae were individually placed in glass jars until the emergence of the dipterans. A total of 372 dipteran pupae were collected, 107 in the forest area, 194 in the rural area and 71 in the urban area. Percentage of dipterans in forest, rural and urban areas were 28.7%, 52.2% and 19.1%, respectively. Sorcophagula occidua (Fabricius, 1794) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) was the most frequent species with 42.2%. Regarding the synanthropy index of the species Archisepsis scabra (Loew, 1861) (Diptera: Sepsidae) Palaeosepsis pusio (Schiner, 1868) (Diptera: Sepsidae), Brontaea quadristigma (Thomson, 1869) (Diptera: Muscidae) and S. occidua presented an index of 16.0%, - 64%, +18.4% and +7.7%, respectively. Dipterans constitute the adequate model for the study of synanthropy, not only for their ecological importance, but also for their medical-sanitary aspect.

Town and City Consolidation in Connecticut

1942 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 492-502
Author(s):  
Max R. White
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Entire Area ◽  
City Area ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Services ◽  
Farming Area ◽  
The People ◽  
Rural And Urban

Town and city consolidation in Connecticut serves purposes similar to those of city and county consolidation. Duplicating corporate bodies and officials are eliminated, and one government provides those services that are required only in urban areas as well as those required by both rural and urban areas. In addition, by the use of separate taxing districts a method has been developed whereby the people of the entire area pay for the general services while the people in the urban area do, and the people in the rural area do not, pay for the special urban services. Thus, it is possible to bring together a farming area and a city area under one government.

scholarly journals Consumption of the trans fats and fats in adult females in urban and rural areas of Ludhiana: a population-based study

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 4769
Author(s):  
Govind Maakhni ◽  
Shavinder Singh ◽  
Deepshikha Kamra
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Trans Fats ◽  
Adult Females

Background: In India, fast foods are becoming part of our daily lifestyle. Foods prepared in restaurants are very high in trans fats (TFs). Also, alarmingly about 400,000 tonnes of snacks, which are largely prepared in TFs are consumed every year. According to recent studies, TFs levels are 5 to 12 times higher in the oils consumed in India as compared to the world standard. The WHO recommends that TFs intake be less than 1 percent of total caloric intake. The objective of the study was to assess the consumption of TFs and fats in foods by the population in urban and rural areas.Methods: This was a community-based cross-sectional study. All adult females above 18 years of age who took an active part in kitchen were interviewed. Their dietary patterns were assessed. The sampling was done using a systematic random sampling technique and 200 participants each in rural and urban areas were selected.Results: 12 percent participants in the urban area and 9 percent participants in the rural area were exceeding WHO limit of less than 1 percent TFs consumption. The median value of TFs consumption was higher in urban area (0.575 grams/day) than in rural area (0.427 grams/day).Conclusions: The study concludes that 12 percent participants in the urban area and 9 percent participants in the rural area were exceeding TFs consumption. Therefore, a proactive approach to ensure that these WHO regulations have the full intended effect needs to be taken.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study to Assess the Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Intra Uterine Growth Retardation and its Prevention Among Antenatal Mothers in Rural and Urban Areas

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Vanitha Chittaluri ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Growth Retardation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Uterine Growth ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude ◽  
Intra Uterine Growth Retardation

Intra Uterine Growth Retardation is an important cause of fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. The present study was undertaken to compare the knowledge and attitude regarding intra uterine growth retardation and its prevention among antenatal mothers in rural and urban areas Khammam, Telangana. The objectives of the study were to describe the levels of knowledge and attitude, to compare the levels of Knowledge and attitude in rural and urban areas, to find out the association between knowledge and attitude scores with their selected socio-demographic variables. A quantitative survey approach and comparative descriptive design was used for this study. The sample for current study is antenatal mothers who were residing at Raghunadhapalem rural area and Ballepalli urban area, Khammam. The sample size was 100((50 rural+50 urban) and the sample was selected by non-probability convenience sampling technique. Data was collected by using structure interview schedule. The Findings revealed that the knowledge means of antenatal mothers in rural and urban areas were 14.10 and 16.68 respectively. Standard deviations were 3.29 and 3.3 respectively. The ‘t’ calculated value was 3.89 which is significant at 0.05. The attitude means of antenatal mothers in rural and urban areas were 36.08 and 36.02 respectively. Standard deviations were 2.15 and 2.48 respectively. The ‘t’ calculated value was 0.12 which is significant at 0.05. The study concluded that the level of knowledge is low in rural area by comparing with urban area. There is an increased need for awareness program regarding intra uterine growth retardation and its prevention in selected setting in order to promote the health of the fetus and the mother.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of oral candidiasis: a household-based population survey in a medium-sized city in Amazonas

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. e127101018664
Author(s):  
Ellen Roberta Lima Bessa ◽  
Luciane Dias de Oliveira ◽  
Ana Bessa Muniz ◽  
Giselle Diniz Guimarães da Silva ◽  
Ormezinda Celeste Cristo Fernandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Elderly Person ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Species Differentiation

There was an increase in the number of elderly people in Brazil and, along with this fact, there was an increase in the incidence of oral candidiasis in this population, so the early identification of the disease and the etiologic agent for effective intervention is essential. The study aimed to describe the prevalence of oral candidiasis and its clinical manifestations, identifying Candida yeast species and their prevalence in the palatine mucosa and dentures in the palatine mucosa and dentures, comparing these factors in rural and urban elderly people in this city. The study was conducted in the city of Tefé, Amazonas, with elderly people aged 65 to 74 years old registered in primary health care services in urban and rural areas, where through sample calculation we had a total sample of 484 elderly people after losses and refusals. These elderly people were randomly selected from within the entire public service network, which enabled the samples to be collected in all municipal Basic Health Units. Data collection included clinical oral examinations (use, duration, and need for dental prosthesis) and collection of biological material with swabs, which were stored in CHROMAgar™ Candida medium, during home visits to determine the prevalence of the species through staining and colony morphology. Statistical analysis was performed with Stata MP software, using relative and absolute frequencies. The prevalence of oral candidiasis was found in 20.7% of the elderly in the different areas of residence studied. A greater number of cases and clinical manifestations of the disease were found in elderly people living in urban areas (p < 0.05). The odds ratios for developing the disease were higher in women, edentulous elderly, and users of dental prostheses. Candida albicans species were prevalent in infection and colonization of prostheses, while oral colonization showed similar percentages among Candida non-albicans (p = 0.657). As for the prevalence of species about the studied area of ​​residence, Candida albicans prevailed in the urban area and Candida non-albicans in the rural area (p <0.05). In conclusion, this study identified a high prevalence of oral candidiasis in elderly participants in the research, who were mainly infected with Candida albicans species, but when comparing the living areas of the elderly, those living in the urban area had more prevalent colonization in the area. urban and Candida non-albicans in the rural area, therefore, species differentiation was found regarding the place where the elderly person lives.

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