Microscopic Characterization of the Mucous Cells and Their Mucin Secretions in the Alimentary Canal of the Blackmouth Catshark Galeus melastomus (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii)

Sharks belong to the most primitive group of jawed vertebrates and have some special structural and functional features such as a cartilaginous skeleton, a spiral intestinal valve, and a rectal gland for osmoregulation. In January 2020, ten specimens of Galeus melastomus, the Blackmouth catshark, were collected from the Gulf of Asinara (North Sardinia, Italy) and the entire alimentary canal was studied using histochemical reactions to characterize the mucous cell types. In the alimentary canal of G. melastomus, mucous cells mainly secrete a mixture of acidic and neutral mucins. Of the acidic mucins, only the carboxylated type was present in mucous cells of the stomach, while the sulfated type predominated in the esophagus and the intestines. The use of lectins revealed a distribution of sugar residues in mucins related to cellular activities of the different regions of the catshark alimentary canal. The current study is the first report to characterize the intestinal mucous cells of G. melastomus and to provide quantitative data on their different populations in the alimentary canal.

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Cell types of the gastic mucosa of a teleost, the river blackfish, Gadopsis marmoratus

Marine and Freshwater Research ◽

10.1071/mf9821103 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 33 (6) ◽

pp. 1103 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

AS Giraud ◽

ND Yeomans

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Gastric Mucosa ◽

Endocrine Cells ◽

Mucous Cell ◽

Cell Types ◽

Gastric Epithelium ◽

Mucous Cells ◽

Cell Type ◽

Oxynticopeptic Cells

The gastric mucosa of G. marmoratus was examined by electron microscopy and cytochemistry. The gastric epithelium is composed of three cell types: surface mucous cells, oxynticopeptic cells, and endocrine cells (with three subtypes identified). These cells show ultrastructural homologies with the major cell types in the gastric mucosa of classes of tetrapod vertebrates. However, one cell type present in stomachs of other vertebrates, but lacking from the blackfish stomach, is the glandular mucous cell.

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CHARACTERIZATION OF RELIGIOUS STYLE AS A FUNCTIONAL STYLE IN LINGUISTICS

International journal of word art ◽

10.26739/2181-9297-2020-1-33 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 236-242

Author(s):

Barnokhon Kushakova ◽

Keyword(s):

Social Life ◽

Religious Language ◽

Religious Texts ◽

World Outlook ◽

The People ◽

The Social ◽

Functional Features ◽

The Creation

This article discusses the conditions, reasons and factors of characterization of religious style as a functional style in the field of linguistics. In addition, religious style and its main peculiarities, its importance in the social life, and the functional features of religious style are highlighted in the article. As a result of our investigation, the following results were obtained: a) the increase in the need for the creation and significance of religious language, particularly religious texts has been scientifically proved; b) the possibility of religious texts to represent the thoughts of the people, culture and world outlook has been verified; c) the specificity of religious language, religious texts has been revealed; d) the development of religious style as a functional style has been grounded.

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CELL AND TISSUE THERAPY OF HEART

Physical and rehabilitation medicine, medical rehabilitation ◽

10.36425/2658-6843-2019-2-77-84 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 77-84

Keyword(s):

Extracellular Matrix ◽

Cell Types ◽

Heart Tissue ◽

Decellularized Extracellular Matrix ◽

Tissue Therapy ◽

Essential Components ◽

Long Time ◽

Different Populations ◽

A Site ◽

Recipient Tissue

The strategy of heart tissue engineering is simple enough: first remove all the cells from a organ then take the protein scaffold left behind and repopulate it with stem cells immunologically matched to the patient in need. While various suc- cessful methods for decellularization have been developed, and the feasibility of using decellularized whole hearts and extracellular matrix to support cells has been demonstrated, the reality of creating whole hearts for transplantation and of clinical application of decellularized extracellular matrix-based scaffolds will require much more research. For example, further investigations into how lineage-restricted progenitors repopulate the decellularized heart and differentiate in a site-specific manner into different populations of the native heart would be essential. The scaffold heart does not have to be human. Pig hearts carries all the essential components of the extracellular matrix. Through trial and error, scaling up the concentration, timing and pressure of the detergents, researchers have refined the decellularization process on hundreds of hearts and other organs, but this is only the first step. Further, the framework must be populated with human cells. Most researchers in the field use a mixture of two or more cell types, such as endothelial precursor cells to line blood vessels and muscle progenitors to seed the walls of the chambers. The final challenge is one of the hardest: vasculariza- tion, placing a engineered heart into a living animal, integration with the recipient tissue, and keeping it beating for a long time. Much remains to be done before a bioartificial heart is available for transplantation in humans.

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Morphological and Ultrastructural Characterization of Hemocytes in an Insect Model, the Hematophagous Dipetalogaster maxima (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects12070640 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 640

Author(s):

Natalia R. Moyetta ◽

Fabián O. Ramos ◽

Jimena Leyria ◽

Lilián E. Canavoso ◽

Leonardo L. Fruttero

Keyword(s):

Cell Biology ◽

Cell Types ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Ultrastructural Characterization ◽

Current Classification ◽

Contrast Microscopy ◽

First Time ◽

Controversial Aspect

Hemocytes, the cells present in the hemolymph of insects and other invertebrates, perform several physiological functions, including innate immunity. The current classification of hemocyte types is based mostly on morphological features; however, divergences have emerged among specialists in triatomines, the insect vectors of Chagas’ disease (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Here, we have combined technical approaches in order to characterize the hemocytes from fifth instar nymphs of the triatomine Dipetalogaster maxima. Moreover, in this work we describe, for the first time, the ultrastructural features of D. maxima hemocytes. Using phase contrast microscopy of fresh preparations, five hemocyte populations were identified and further characterized by immunofluorescence, flow cytometry and transmission electron microscopy. The plasmatocytes and the granulocytes were the most abundant cell types, although prohemocytes, adipohemocytes and oenocytes were also found. This work sheds light on a controversial aspect of triatomine cell biology and physiology setting the basis for future in-depth studies directed to address hemocyte classification using non-microscopy-based markers.

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Connectivity characterization of the mouse basolateral amygdalar complex

Nature Communications ◽

10.1038/s41467-021-22915-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Houri Hintiryan ◽

Ian Bowman ◽

David L. Johnson ◽

Laura Korobkova ◽

Muye Zhu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Granular Cell ◽

Cell Types ◽

Projection Neurons ◽

Cell Type ◽

Connectivity Map ◽

Analysis Techniques ◽

Domain Specific ◽

Cell Type Specific ◽

Unique Domain

AbstractThe basolateral amygdalar complex (BLA) is implicated in behaviors ranging from fear acquisition to addiction. Optogenetic methods have enabled the association of circuit-specific functions to uniquely connected BLA cell types. Thus, a systematic and detailed connectivity profile of BLA projection neurons to inform granular, cell type-specific interrogations is warranted. Here, we apply machine-learning based computational and informatics analysis techniques to the results of circuit-tracing experiments to create a foundational, comprehensive BLA connectivity map. The analyses identify three distinct domains within the anterior BLA (BLAa) that house target-specific projection neurons with distinguishable morphological features. We identify brain-wide targets of projection neurons in the three BLAa domains, as well as in the posterior BLA, ventral BLA, posterior basomedial, and lateral amygdalar nuclei. Inputs to each nucleus also are identified via retrograde tracing. The data suggests that connectionally unique, domain-specific BLAa neurons are associated with distinct behavior networks.

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Synthesis and characterization of 19F NMR chelators for measurement of cytosolic free Ca

AJP Cell Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpcell.1987.252.4.c441 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 252 (4) ◽

pp. C441-C449 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

L. A. Levy ◽

E. Murphy ◽

R. E. London

Keyword(s):

Chemical Shifts ◽

Cell Types ◽

Free Calcium ◽

Tetraacetic Acid ◽

Nmr Studies ◽

Cytosolic Free Calcium ◽

Fluorine Nmr ◽

Dissociation Constant Kd

Fluorine 19 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies of intracellular fluorinated calcium chelators provide a useful strategy for the determination of cytosolic free calcium levels in cells and perfused organs. However, the fluorinated chelator with the highest affinity for calcium ions which has been described to date. 1,2-bis-(2-amino-5-fluorophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (5FBAPTA), exhibits a dissociation constant (Kd) value 5- to 10-fold greater than the intracellular calcium concentration levels in most cell types, thus limiting the ability of fluorine NMR to report these concentrations reliably. We have consequently designed and synthesized several fluorinated calcium chelators with higher affinity for calcium. The best of these, 2-(2-amino-4-methyl-5-fluorophenoxy)-methyl-8 aminoquinidine-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (quinMF), has a Kd value approximately 10 times lower than that of 5FBAPTA. Several of the newly synthesized indicators have different chemical shifts for the calcium complexed and uncomplexed chelators to allow the simultaneous use of two indicators. In addition to providing information about the level of cytosolic free calcium, chelators containing a quinoline ring exhibit considerable sensitivity to magnesium levels and hence have potential application for the determination of cytosolic-magnesium concentrations. Application of these chelators is illustrated by determination of the cytosolic-free calcium level in erythrocytes. Use of quinMF, the chelator with the lowest Kd value, gives a calcium value of 25-30 nM.

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Ostm1 from Mouse to Human: Insights into Osteoclast Maturation

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21165600 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (16) ◽

pp. 5600 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jean Vacher ◽

Michael Bruccoleri ◽

Monica Pata

Keyword(s):

Bone Formation ◽

Bone Mass ◽

Bone Fractures ◽

Bone Development ◽

Bone Matrix ◽

Adult Life ◽

Cell Types ◽

Severe Form ◽

Isolation And Characterization

The maintenance of bone mass is a dynamic process that requires a strict balance between bone formation and resorption. Bone formation is controlled by osteoblasts, while osteoclasts are responsible for resorption of the bone matrix. The opposite functions of these cell types have to be tightly regulated not only during normal bone development, but also during adult life, to maintain serum calcium homeostasis and sustain bone integrity to prevent bone fractures. Disruption of the control of bone synthesis or resorption can lead to an over accumulation of bone tissue in osteopetrosis or conversely to a net depletion of the bone mass in osteoporosis. Moreover, high levels of bone resorption with focal bone formation can cause Paget’s disease. Here, we summarize the steps toward isolation and characterization of the osteopetrosis associated trans-membrane protein 1 (Ostm1) gene and protein, essential for proper osteoclast maturation, and responsible when mutated for the most severe form of osteopetrosis in mice and humans.

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Electron Microscopic Immunogold Localization of Salivary Mucins MG1 and MG2 in Human Submandibular and Sublingual Glands

Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry ◽

10.1177/002215540305100109 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 51 (1) ◽

pp. 69-79 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Marco Piludu ◽

Sean A. Rayment ◽

Bing Liu ◽

Gwynneth D. Offner ◽

Frank G. Oppenheim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salivary Glands ◽

Expression Patterns ◽

Cell Types ◽

Mucous Cells ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

Thin Sections ◽

Dense Cores ◽

Duct Cells ◽

Rabbit Igg ◽

Lowicryl K4m

The human salivary mucins MG1 and MG2 are well characterized biochemically and functionally. However, there is disagreement regarding their cellular and glandular sources. The aim of this study was to define the localization and distribution of these two mucins in human salivary glands using a postembedding immunogold labeling method. Normal salivary glands obtained at surgery were fixed in 3% paraformaldehyde-0.1% glutaraldehyde and embedded in Lowicryl K4M or LR Gold resin. Thin sections were labeled with rabbit antibodies to MG1 or to an N-terminal synthetic peptide of MG2, followed by gold-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG. The granules of all mucous cells of the submandibular and sublingual glands were intensely reactive with anti-MG1. No reaction was detected in serous cells. With anti-MG2, the granules of both mucous and serous cells showed reactivity. The labeling was variable in both cell types, with mucous cells exhibiting a stronger reaction in some glands and serous cells in others. In serous granules, the electron-lucent regions were more reactive than the dense cores. Intercalated duct cells near the acini displayed both MG1 and MG2 reactivity in their apical granules. In addition, the basal and lateral membranes of intercalated duct cells were labeled with anti-MG2. These results confirm those of earlier studies on MG1 localization in mucous cells and suggest that MG2 is produced by both mucous and serous cells. They also indicate differences in protein expression patterns among salivary serous cells.

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Systematic comparison of high-throughput single-cell RNA-seq methods for immune cell profiling

BMC Genomics ◽

10.1186/s12864-020-07358-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Tracy M. Yamawaki ◽

Daniel R. Lu ◽

Daniel C. Ellwanger ◽

Dev Bhatt ◽

Paolo Manzanillo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Single Cell ◽

High Throughput ◽

Immune Cell ◽

Cell Types ◽

Data Interpretation ◽

Detection Sensitivity ◽

Rna Seq ◽

Cell Recovery

Abstract Background Elucidation of immune populations with single-cell RNA-seq has greatly benefited the field of immunology by deepening the characterization of immune heterogeneity and leading to the discovery of new subtypes. However, single-cell methods inherently suffer from limitations in the recovery of complete transcriptomes due to the prevalence of cellular and transcriptional dropout events. This issue is often compounded by limited sample availability and limited prior knowledge of heterogeneity, which can confound data interpretation. Results Here, we systematically benchmarked seven high-throughput single-cell RNA-seq methods. We prepared 21 libraries under identical conditions of a defined mixture of two human and two murine lymphocyte cell lines, simulating heterogeneity across immune-cell types and cell sizes. We evaluated methods by their cell recovery rate, library efficiency, sensitivity, and ability to recover expression signatures for each cell type. We observed higher mRNA detection sensitivity with the 10x Genomics 5′ v1 and 3′ v3 methods. We demonstrate that these methods have fewer dropout events, which facilitates the identification of differentially-expressed genes and improves the concordance of single-cell profiles to immune bulk RNA-seq signatures. Conclusion Overall, our characterization of immune cell mixtures provides useful metrics, which can guide selection of a high-throughput single-cell RNA-seq method for profiling more complex immune-cell heterogeneity usually found in vivo.

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