scholarly journals A Comparison of Fresh Pork Colour Measurements by Using Four Commercial Handheld Devices

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2515
Author(s):  
Xinyi Wei ◽  
Stephanie Lam ◽  
Benjamin M. Bohrer ◽  
Bethany Uttaro ◽  
Oscar López-Campos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
B Value ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Handheld Devices ◽  
Colour Measurements ◽  
Great Reliability ◽  
Meat Samples ◽  
Calibration Time ◽  
Colour Coordinates

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of different low-cost instruments to measure pork colour in comparison to Minolta spectrophotometers and industry subjective standards. Canadian pork colour standards and commercial meat (252 loin chops and 46 tenderloins) were measured using two Minolta (CM 700D) spectrophotometers, four Nix sensors (two Nix Pro II and two Nix QC), and four Spectro devices (two Spectro 1 and two Spectro 1 Pro). Using Bland-Altman plots, all hand-held devices revealed similar performance on colour coordinates, except for the Nix Pro II, which had more variability on a* value, and Spectro 1 Pro on b* value, when compared to Minolta measurements. Low RSD values (< 5%) were obtained from repeated measurements on Canadian colour standards. The trend of colour coordinates on colour scores (0–6) were similar for all four commercial instruments, except for a* from Nix Pro and b* from Spectro 1. The correlation coefficients between subjective standards and colour coordinates from the Nix and Spectro devices were slightly higher than the Minolta spectrophotometers. Even though Nix and Spectro 1 series instruments generated different absolute colour coordinate values on meat samples, these pocket-size instruments presented great reliability to measure pork surface colour. However, operational limitations of the instruments, such as the internal calibration time between samples for the Spectro 1 series, should also be considered.

Note: Comparison of Colour Techniques to Measure Chocolate Fat Bloom

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 295-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Kumara ◽  
S. Jinap ◽  
Y. B. Che Man ◽  
M. S.A. Yusoff
Keyword(s):  
Digital Image ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Digital Camera ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
B Value ◽  
Fat Bloom ◽  
Colour Measurements ◽  
Instrumental Technique ◽  
Image Technique ◽  
Versatile Technique

A combination of digital camera, computer and graphic software can provide a less expensive and more versatile technique to determine the changes of colour on chocolate's surface in fat bloom assessment compared to instrumental colour measurement. Both techniques were applied and compared to measure the colour profiles at various locations on the surface of bloomed chocolates. Pearson correlation coefficients and sample paired t-test on whiteness index (WI) and L*a*b* values were calculated. The value of WI of chocolate samples from instrumental technique was in the range of 35.8-44.3 with a coefficient of variance (CV) ranging from 0.0 to 0.9%. Meanwhile, digital image technique gave a WI value ranging from 35.1 to 45.1 with a CV from 0.1 to 14.2%, respectively. A highly significant correlation was found for the means of WI (R21/4 0.821) and L* (R2 1/4 0.788) values between instrumental and digital image technique. b* value of digital image also had significant correlation with the instrumental data (R21/4 0.756). However, there were significantly different measurements in the values obtained (p<0.001) by both techniques. Thus, b* as well as a* values could not be used as a colour indicator in this study. The results suggested that though the digital image provided good measurement of WI and L*, the colour measurements of digital image were less precise as compared to the instrumental technique, therefore results from the digital image should be interpreted with caution.

Surface interaction of sweet potato peels (Ipomoea batata) with Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions in aqueous medium

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chem Int
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Medium ◽  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Adsorption Process ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Order Kinetic ◽  
Thermodynamic Evaluation ◽  
Dissociative Mechanism ◽  
Pseudo Second Order ◽  
Potato Peels

The removal of Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions from aqueous medium was studied using potato peels biomass. The adsorption process was evaluated using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The Vibrational band of the potato peels was studied using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The adsorption process was carried out with respect to concentration, time, pH, particle size and the thermodynamic evaluation of the process was carried at temperatures of 30, 40, 50 and 60(0C), respectively. The FTIR studies revealed that the potato peels was composed of –OH, -NH, –C=N, –C=C and –C-O-C functional groups. The optimum removal was obtained at pH 8 and contact time of 20 min. The adsorption process followed Freundlich adsorption and pseudo second-order kinetic models with correlation coefficients (R2) greater than 0.900. The equilibrium adsorption capacity showed that Pb(II) ion was more adsorbed on the surface of the potato peels biomass versus Cd (II) ion (200.91 mg/g &gt; 125.00 mg/g). The thermodynamic studies indicated endothermic, dissociative mechanism and spontaneous adsorption process. This study shows that sweet potato peels is useful as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions from aqueous medium.

Natural Locomotion Based on Foot-Mounted Inertial Sensors in a Wireless Virtual Reality System

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 298-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernesto de la Rubia ◽  
Antonio Diaz-Estrella
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Gait Cycle ◽  
Inertial Sensors ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Handheld Devices ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Virtual Reality System ◽  
Object Searching

Virtual reality has become a promising field in recent decades, and its potential now seems clearer than ever. With the development of handheld devices and wireless technologies, interest in virtual reality is also increasing. Therefore, there is an accompanying interest in inertial sensors, which can provide such advantages as small size and low cost. Such sensors can also operate wirelessly and be used in an increasing number of interactive applications. An example related to virtual reality is the ability to move naturally through virtual environments. This is the objective of the real-walking navigation technique, for which a number of advantages have previously been reported in terms of presence, object searching, and collision, among other concerns. In this article, we address the use of foot-mounted inertial sensors to achieve real-walking navigation in a wireless virtual reality system. First, an overall description of the problem is presented. Then, specific difficulties are identified, and a corresponding technique is proposed to overcome each: tracking of foot movements; determination of the user’s position; percentage estimation of the gait cycle, including oscillating movements of the head; stabilization of the velocity of the point of view; and synchronization of head and body yaw angles. Finally, a preliminary evaluation of the system is conducted in which data and comments from participants were collected.

Assessment of bruise age on dark-skinned individuals using tristimulus colorimetry

2011 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Thavarajah ◽  
P Vanezis ◽  
D Perrett
Keyword(s):  
Objective Assessment ◽  
B Value ◽  
Forensic Analysis ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Sri Lankan ◽  
Colour Difference ◽  
Tristimulus Colorimetry ◽  
South Indian ◽  
Colour Measurements ◽  
Significant Difference

Introduction Studies on the ageing of bruises have been reported on Caucasians or individuals of fair ethnicity. This study focuses on bruise changes in dark-skinned individuals using tristimulus colorimetry for forensic analysis in such individuals. Methods Eighteen subjects of South Indian or Sri-Lankan ethnicity were recruited. Subjects were bruised using a vacuum pump and then daily colour measurements were taken of the bruise using a tristimulus colorimeter. The L* a* b* readings were recorded of a control area and of the bruise until it disappeared. Two Caucasians were used for comparison. Results This study showed that, using colorimetry, bruises on dark-skinned individuals can be measured and analysed even if the bruises are unclear visually. As the bruise is beneath the skin, the colour difference Δ L*, Δ a* and Δ b* were calculated. All values showed a trend, indicating that the L* a* b* measuring technique is a reliable method to analyse bruises on dark-skinned individuals. Comparisons of Asian subjects and Caucasian subjects were performed. The largest difference was seen in the b* value. Statistical analysis showed that Δ L* colour difference was the most consistent (95% CI −4.05 to −2.49) showing a significant difference between days 1–4 and 5–8. Conclusion Objective assessment of bruises on dark-skinned individuals using the L* a* b* method of measuring gave reproducible results. Furthermore, the study showed that the yellowing of a bruise cannot be seen or measured with a tristimulus colorimeter on dark-skinned individuals due to the pigmentation of the skin. With further studies and more subjects, the age of bruises could potentially be assessed for use in forensic analysis.

scholarly journals Study of Temporal Correlations in the Urban Noise Monitoring Network of Milan, Italy

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Traffic Noise ◽  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Life Project ◽  
Temporal Correlations ◽  
Noise Data ◽  
Extended Area ◽  
Arbitrary Location

The European Life project, called DYNAMAP, has been devoted to provide a realimage of the noise generated by vehicular trafficin urban and suburban areas, developing a dynamic acoustic map based on a limited numberof low-cost permanent noise monitoring stations.In the urban area of Milan, the system has beenimplemented over the pilot area named Area 9.Traffic noise data, collected by the monitoringstations, each one representative of a numberof roads with similar characteristics (e.g. dailytraffic flow), are used to build-up a “real time”noise map. DYNAMAP has a statistical structure and this implies that information capturedby each sensor must be representative of an extended area, thus uncorrelated from other stations. The study of the correlations among thesensors represents a key-point in designing themonitoring network. Another important aspectregards the “contemporaneity” of noise fluctuations predicted by DYNAMAP with those effectively measured at an arbitrary location. Integration times heavily affect the result, with correlation coefficients up to 0.8-0.9 for updating timesof 1h. Higher correlations are observed when averaging over groups of roads with similar traffic flow characteristics

scholarly journals Handheld versus Mobile Data Acquisitions for Spatial Analysis of Natural Turfgrass Sports Fields

HortScience ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 1176-1183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chase M. Straw ◽  
Rebecca A. Grubbs ◽  
Kevin A. Tucker ◽  
Gerald M. Henry
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Devices ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Handheld Devices ◽  
Moderate Correlation ◽  
Mobile Data ◽  
Sampling Grid ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetative Index ◽  
Sports Fields

Research compared handheld and mobile data acquisitions of soil moisture [volumetric water content (VWC)], soil compaction (penetration resistance), and turfgrass vigor [normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI)] of four natural turfgrass sports fields using two sampling grid sizes (4.8 × 4.8 m and 4.8 × 9.6 m). Differences between the two sampling grid sizes were minimal, indicating that sampling with handheld devices using a 4.8 × 9.6 m grid (120–130 samples) would achieve results similar to the smaller grid size. Central tendencies and data distributions varied among the handheld and mobile devices. Moderate to strong correlation coefficients were observed for VWC and NDVI; however, weak to moderate correlation coefficients were observed for penetration resistance at three of the four locations. Kriged maps of VWC and NDVI displayed similar patterns of variability between handheld and mobile devices, but at different magnitudes. Spatial maps of penetration resistance were inconsistent due to device design and user reliability. Consequently, mobile devices may provide the most reliable results for penetration resistance of natural turfgrass sports fields.

scholarly journals Reproducibility and Validity of the 10-Meter Shuttle Ride Test in Wheelchair-Using Children and Adolescents With Cerebral Palsy

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (7) ◽  
pp. 967-974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olaf Verschuren ◽  
Maremka Zwinkels ◽  
Marjolijn Ketelaar ◽  
Femke Reijnders-van Son ◽  
Tim Takken
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Manual Wheelchair ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficients

BackgroundFor children with cerebral palsy (CP) who are able to walk or run, the 10-m shuttle run test is currently the test of choice to assess cardiorespiratory fitness. This test, however, has not yet been examined in wheelchair-using youth with CP.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to investigate the test-retest reproducibility and validity of the 10-m shuttle ride test (SRiT) in youth with CP.DesignRepeated measurements of the SRiT were obtained.MethodsTwenty-three individuals with spastic CP (18 boys, 5 girls; mean age=13.3 years, SD=3.6 years) using a manual wheelchair for at least part of the day participated in this study. During the study, all participants performed one graded arm exercise test (GAET) and 2 identical SRiTs within 2 weeks. Peak oxygen uptake (V̇o2peak), peak heart rate (HRpeak), and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were recorded. Intraclass correlation coefficients (2,1), the smallest detectable difference, and the limits of agreement (LOA) were calculated. The association between the results of the SRiT and GAET was tested using Pearson correlation coefficients.ResultsIntraclass correlation coefficients (.99, 95% confidence interval=.98–1.00) for all variables indicated highly acceptable reproducibility. The LOA analysis revealed satisfactory levels of agreement. The SRiT variables demonstrated strong, significant positive correlations for V̇o2peak values obtained during the SRiT and the GAET (r=.84, P&lt;.01).LimitationsAlthough the GAET is considered the gold standard, the cardiorespiratory demand during the GAET was significantly lower compared with during the SRiT. Future studies should determine whether the GAET can still be accepted as the gold standard for upper-extremity exercise.ConclusionsThe SRiT is a reproducible and valid test for measuring cardiorespiratory fitness in youth with spastic CP who self-propel a manual wheelchair.

scholarly journals The effect of storage on the colour of paprika powders with added oleoresin

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-59
Author(s):  
Zs. H. Horváth
Keyword(s):  
Natural Food ◽  
Colour Measurements ◽  
Food Colour ◽  
Powder Samples ◽  
Paprika Oleoresin ◽  
Colour System ◽  
Plant Grown ◽  
Cielab Colour ◽  
Colour Coordinates ◽  
Food Colours

Abstract The use of natural food colours is preferred to that of arti­ficial dyestuffs for modern alimentary purposes. Paprika is a spice plant grown and consumed in considerable quantities worldwide and also used as a natural food colour, so the colouring power of powders is very important. The colour of paprika powder is highly relevant too because the consumer concludes its colouring power based on its colour. The colouring power of paprika powders is directly determined by the quality and quantity of the colouring agent of paprika. The paprika oleoresin, that is an oil soluble extract from the fruits of Capsicum Annum Linn or Capsicum Frutescens, is suitable to raise the colour agent content of paprika powders. We investigated how the colour and the characteristics of paprika powder samples with added oleoresin change in the course of storage. The colour agent content of 7 different quality powders was increased with 7-75% using oleoresin. The initial colour agent content of samples changed between 41 and 169 ASTA units. The powders were made from Chinese, Peruvian, and Hungarian paprika. Colour measurements were performed with a HunterLab MiniScan colour-measuring instrument. The CIELab colour system was used for colour characterization. The colour agent content and the colour coordinates of samples were measured throughout 9 months. The decrease of colour agent con­tent varied between 22 and 51 percent, while the average reduction was 33 percent. The quantity of added oleoresin did not influence the colour agent content decrease significantly. The values of colour difference changed between 2 and 4.5 units. The initial paprika powder influenced the variation significantly, but the quantity of added oleoresin did not have a significant effect.

Reliability and reproducibility of a clinical application of a simple technique for repeated circumferential leg measurements

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
A te Slaa ◽  
P Mulder ◽  
D Dolmans ◽  
P Castenmiller ◽  
G Ho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Simple Technique ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Intra Class Correlation ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Simple Instrument ◽  
Reproducible Method

Objective The aim of this study is to determine the reliability and reproducibility of repeated tape measurements to assess the leg circumference during a long period. Methods A tape measure is a simple instrument that is applicable in the presence of oedema. Measurements were performed by four observers on 11 volunteers. Four measurements were done in the first week (short term), a fifth measurement at two weeks (medium term) and a sixth measurement was done at 12 weeks (long term). Results The short-, medium- and long-term intra-class correlation coefficients for repeated measurements were 0.90, 0.89 and 0.78, respectively. The short-term and long-term reproducibility indices equalled 4.4% and 6.5%. If only a single observer would be involved, the short-term intra-class correlation coefficients would improve to 0.94 (reproducibility index 3.3%). Conclusion Tape measurements have been proved to be a reliable and reproducible method to asses the lower limb circumference.

The Kinetics Studies for the Adsorption of Furadan from Aqueous Solution by Orange Peel

2013 ◽  
Vol 842 ◽  
pp. 187-191
Author(s):  
Guang Fu Xu ◽  
Zhao Xi Shen ◽  
Rui Xin Guo
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Orange Peel ◽  
Intraparticle Diffusion ◽  
Time Range ◽  
Intraparticle Diffusion Model ◽  
First Order ◽  
Pseudo First Order

As an agricultural waste available in large quantity in China, Orange peel was utilized as low-cost adsorbent to remove furadan from aqueous solution by adsorption. Pseudo-first-order, second-order models and intraparticle diffusion model were applied to analyze experimental data and thus elucidated the kinetic adsorption process. The high values of correlation coefficients showed the data conformed well to the pseudo-first-order rate kinetic model over the initial stage of the adsorption processes. The plots were not linear over the whole time range, implying that more than one process affected the adsorption: the first one representing surface adsorption at the beginning of the reaction and the second one was the intraparticle diffusion at the end of the reaction. The results in this study indicated that orange peel was an attractive candidate for removing furadan from the aqueous solution.

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