scholarly journals A Visual Investigation of CO2 Convective Mixing in Water and Oil at the Pore Scale Using a Micromodel Apparatus at Reservoir Conditions

Gases ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-67
Author(s):  
Widuramina Amarasinghe ◽  
Seyed Farzaneh ◽  
Ingebret Fjelde ◽  
Mehran Sohrabi ◽  
Ying Guo
Keyword(s):  
Water Saturation ◽  
Multiphase System ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Pore Scale ◽  
Convective Mixing ◽  
Co2 Transport ◽  
Dead End ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Reservoir Conditions ◽  
First Time

CO2 convective mixing in water has been visualized in Hele-Shaw and PVT cell experiments but not at the pore scale. Furthermore, CO2 convective mixing in a three-phase system (i.e., CO2 in the presence of both water and oil) has not been visually investigated. A vertically placed micromodel setup was used to visualize CO2 convective mixing at 100 bar and 50 °C, representative of reservoir conditions. To the best of our knowledge, for the first time, we have visually investigated CO2 convective mixing in water at the pore scale and also CO2 convective mixing in a multiphase system (water and oil). CO2 mixing in water governed by both diffusion and convection mechanisms was observed. The vertical CO2 transport velocity was calculated to be 0.3 mm/min in both a 100% water saturation system and a residual oil-saturated system. First, CO2 always found the easiest path through the connected pores, and then CO2 was transported into less connected pores and dead-end pores. CO2 transport into dead-end pores was slower than through the preferential path. CO2 transport into water-filled ganglia with trapped oil was observed and was slower than in water.

EXTENDED CLARKE TRANSFORMATION FOR n-PHASE SYSTEMS

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (0) ◽  
pp. 5-26
Author(s):  
Michał JANASZEK
Keyword(s):  
Coordinate System ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Multiphase System ◽  
Inverse Transformation ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Orthogonal Coordinate System ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Clarke Transformation ◽  
Drive Systems ◽  
Orthogonal Coordinate Systems

The article describes how to convert space vectors written in a stationary multiphase system, consisting of a number of phases where n > 3, to the stationary alfa beta orthogonal coordinate system. The transformation of vectors from a stationary n-phase system to the stationary alfa beta orthogonal coordinate system is defined The inverse transformation of a vector written in the orthogonal coordinate system to a stationary n-phase system is also defined. The application of the extended Clarke transformation allows control calculations to be performed in both stationary alfa beta or rotating dq orthogonal coordinate systems. This gives the possibility of performing different control strategies. It has a practical application for drive systems with five-phase, six-phase or dual three-phase motors.

Field Data and Laboratory Study to Investigate Water and Gas Injectivity and Cyclic Hysteresis in Miscible WAG Injection in Carbonate Reservoir

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shehadeh Masalmeh ◽  
Aaesha Al-Keebali ◽  
Arit Igogo
Keyword(s):  
Field Data ◽  
Water Saturation ◽  
Carbonate Reservoir ◽  
Carbonate Reservoirs ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Water Mobility ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Reservoir Conditions ◽  
Cycle Dependent ◽  
Better Than

Abstract The objective of this paper is to investigate the water and gas injectivity in water alternating gas (WAG) projects using laboratory and field scale data. It has been reported in the literature that both gas and water mobility has been significantly reduced in three-phase flow compared to two-phase flow. This behaviour has been attributed to a cycle dependent hysteresis effect which reduced both gas and water mobility in the different injection cycles. To address the gas and water injectivity and the cycle dependent hysteresis concept, the results of a detailed experimental program in addition to field injectivity data will be presented. The experimental program included three-phase experiments performed under reservoir conditions using live crude oil and carbonate reservoir core material. The core wettability was restored by ageing the core in crude oil for several weeks under reservoir conditions and CO2 was used as miscible injectant. The field injectivity data is obtained from two CO2 WAG pilots in a carbonate reservoir. The main conclusions of the study are: 1- Gas injectivity in the presence of mobile water is much lower than that in the absence of water, 2- Water injectivity in experiments starting with water cycle is better than that in experiments starting with gas cycle when compared at the same water saturation, 3- Cyclic hysteresis in gas relative permeability was observed when comparing the first and second gas cycle, however, no further hysteresis was observed in the subsequent gas injection cycles, 4- Cyclic hysteresis in water relative permeability was not observed, the injectivity was either the same or higher in the subsequent cycles. 5- The gas injectivity at similar gas saturation for experiments starting with gas is better than that for experiments starting with water, 6- Gas and water injectivity field data from ongoing CO2 WAG projects in carbonate reservoirs showed no cyclic hysteresis, the injectivity either the same or improved in the subsequent cycles, 7- The CO2 injectivity was lower than expected, in the same order as water injectivity, which could be due to injecting CO2 in high water saturation zone and 8) The low CO2 injectivity could have a positive impact on sweep efficiency and potential improvement of oil recovery. This paper presents the results of a well-designed experimental program and field data from two CO2 WAG pilots to systematically investigate water and gas injectivity in miscible WAG projects in carbonate reservoirs. The paper provides a rich and rarely available set of experimental and field data that can help improve and optimize gas and WAG injection projects in carbonate reservoirs. Detailed analysis of the field gas and water injectivity data will be presented and discussed in-light of the laboratory experimental data.

scholarly journals Pore-Scale Simulation of Particle Flooding for Enhancing Oil Recovery

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 2305
Author(s):  
Xiangbin Liu ◽  
Le Wang ◽  
Jun Wang ◽  
Junwei Su
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Flow Behavior ◽  
Ct Scanning ◽  
Water Flooding ◽  
Pore Scale ◽  
Simulation Techniques ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Remaining Oil ◽  
Three Phase Flow ◽  
Displacement Force

The particles, water and oil three-phase flow behaviors at the pore scale is significant to clarify the dynamic mechanism in the particle flooding process. In this work, a newly developed direct numerical simulation techniques, i.e., VOF-FDM-DEM method is employed to perform the simulation of several different particle flooding processes after water flooding, which are carried out with a porous structure obtained by CT scanning of a real rock. The study on the distribution of remaining oil and the displacement process of viscoelastic particles shows that the capillary barrier near the location with the abrupt change of pore radius is the main reason for the formation of remaining oil. There is a dynamic threshold in the process of producing remaining oil. Only when the displacement force exceeds this threshold, the remaining oil can be produced. The flow behavior of particle–oil–water under three different flooding modes, i.e., continuous injection, alternate injection and slug injection, is studied. It is found that the particle size and the injection mode have an important influence on the fluid flow. On this basis, the flow behavior, pressure characteristics and recovery efficiency of the three injection modes are compared. It is found that by injecting two kinds of fluids with different resistance increasing ability into the pores, they can enter into different pore channels, resulting in the imbalance of the force on the remaining oil interface and formation of different resistance between the channels, which can realize the rapid recovery of the remaining oil.

Technical advances in pulsed-neutron interpretation for cased-hole logging: Physics, interpretation, and log examples

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. SA159-SA166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry Jacobson ◽  
Venkataraman Jambunathan ◽  
Zhipeng Liu ◽  
Weijun Guo
Keyword(s):  
Data Quality ◽  
Phase Formation ◽  
Water Saturation ◽  
Log Data ◽  
Gas Saturation ◽  
Fluid Analysis ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Technical Advances ◽  
Interpretation Process ◽  
Pulsed Neutron

Recently developed multidetector pulsed-neutron tools (MDPNTs — a term describing a pulsed-neutron tool with at least three detectors) can provide three-phase formation fluid analysis in cased wells. These tools are 43 mm (1 11/16 in.) or 54 mm (2 1/8 in.) in diameter and can be logged in or below most tubing sizes. We reviewed traditional oil- and water-saturation techniques as well as indirect gas-saturation techniques, and we compared them with recently developed direct gas-saturation techniques, now available from MDPNTs. A log example developed the data verification and interpretation process. The interpretation process was divided into two parts: First, we verified the log data quality and second, we applied a newly developed gas model to the log data providing gas saturation without any reliance on the previously determined oil and water saturation.

scholarly journals Aerosol measurements at the Gual Pahari EUCAARI station: preliminary results from in-situ measurements

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (15) ◽  
pp. 7241-7252 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.-P. Hyvärinen ◽  
H. Lihavainen ◽  
M. Komppula ◽  
T. S. Panwar ◽  
V. P. Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
In Situ Measurements ◽  
Aerosol Size Distribution ◽  
Finnish Meteorological Institute ◽  
Convective Mixing ◽  
Average Fraction ◽  
Mode Size ◽  
First Time ◽  
Pm10 Mass

Abstract. The Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), together with The Energy and Resources Institute of India (TERI), contributed to the European Integrated project on Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air Quality Interactions, EUCAARI, by conducting aerosol measurements in Gual Pahari, India, from December 2007 to January 2010. This paper describes the station setup in detail for the first time and provides results from the aerosol in-situ measurements, which include PM and BCe masses, aerosol size distribution from 4 nm to 10 μm, and the scattering and absorption coefficients. The seasonal variation of the aerosol characteristics was very distinct in Gual Pahari. The highest concentrations were observed during the winter and the lowest during the rainy season. The average PM10 concentration (at STP conditions) was 216 μgm−3 and the average PM2.5 concentration was 126 μgm−3. A high percentage (4–9%) of the PM10 mass consisted of BCe which indicates anthropogenic influence. The percentage of BCe was higher during the winter; and according to the diurnal pattern of the BCe fraction, the peak occurred during active traffic hours. Another important source of aerosol particles in the area was new particle formation. The nucleated particles grew rapidly reaching the Aitken and accumulation mode size, thus contributing considerably to the aerosol load. The rainy season decreased the average fraction of particle mass in the PM2.5 size range, i.e. of secondary origin. The other mechanism decreasing the surface concentrations was based on convective mixing and boundary layer evolution. This diluted the aerosol when sun radiation and the temperature was high, i.e. especially during the pre-monsoon day time. The lighter and smaller particles were more effectively diluted.

scholarly journals Hardware for classification of power quality problems in three phase system using Microcontroller

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1386364 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Asha Kiranmai ◽  
A. Jaya Laxmi ◽  
Qingsong Ai
Keyword(s):  
Power Quality ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Three Phase

Numerical Modeling of Multi-Frequency Complex Dielectric Permittivity Dispersion of Sedimentary Rocks

Geophysics ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-69
Author(s):  
Artur Posenato Garcia ◽  
Zoya Heidari
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Dielectric Permittivity ◽  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Dielectric Response ◽  
Water Saturation ◽  
Pore Scale ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Wet Rocks ◽  
Permittivity Measurements ◽  
The Impact

The dielectric response of rocks results from electric double layer (EDL), Maxwell-Wagner (MW), and dipolar polarizations. The EDL polarization is a function of solid-fluid interfaces, pore water, and pore geometry. MW and dipolar polarizations are functions of charge accumulation at the interface between materials with contrasting impedances and the volumetric concentration of its constituents, respectively. However, conventional interpretation of dielectric measurements only accounts for volumetric concentrations of rock components and their permittivities, not interfacial properties such as wettability. Numerical simulations of dielectric response of rocks provides an ideal framework to quantify the impact of wettability and water saturation ( Sw) on electric polarization mechanisms. Therefore, in this paper we introduce a numerical simulation method to compute pore-scale dielectric dispersion effects in the interval from 100 Hz to 1 GHz including impacts of pore structure, Sw, and wettability on permittivity measurements. We solve the quasi-electrostatic Maxwell's equations in three-dimensional (3D) pore-scale rock images in the frequency domain using the finite volume method. Then, we verify simulation results for a spherical material by comparing with the corresponding analytical solution. Additionally, we introduce a technique to incorporate α-polarization to the simulation and we verify it by comparing pore-scale simulation results to experimental measurements on a Berea sandstone sample. Finally, we quantify the impact of Sw and wettability on broadband dielectric permittivity measurements through pore-scale numerical simulations. The numerical simulation results show that mixed-wet rocks are more sensitive than water-wet rocks to changes in Sw at sub-MHz frequencies. Furthermore, permittivity and conductivity of mixed-wet rocks have weaker and stronger dispersive behaviors, respectively, when compared to water-wet rocks. Finally, numerical simulations indicate that conductivity of mixed-wet rocks can vary by three orders of magnitude from 100 Hz to 1 GHz. Therefore, Archie’s equation calibrated at the wrong frequency could lead to water saturation errors of 73%.

Activity coefficients, densities, dipole moments, and surface tensions of the system triethylamine–methylethylketone–water

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan N. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Dipole Moments ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Constant Composition ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Isothermal System ◽  
Total Composition ◽  
Two Phases

The properties named in the title have been determined by standard methods. Viscosity, molar volume, and orientation polarisation all indicate abnormalities of the nature of association between the components.The most interesting result is that of surface tension which indicates that, in the case of the binary system triethylamine–water, a surface layer of constant composition is formed over a wide range of total composition. When, by a rise in temperature of two or three degrees, this layer becomes unstable, it splits into two phases of different composition. The surface layer may then be instantaneously reformed and so on. A mechanism for the generation of a two-phase system is thus established. The data for the three-phase, isothermal, system are not so convincing, for reasons that are suggested.

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