Activity coefficients, densities, dipole moments, and surface tensions of the system triethylamine–methylethylketone–water

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan N. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Dipole Moments ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Constant Composition ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Isothermal System ◽  
Total Composition ◽  
Two Phases

The properties named in the title have been determined by standard methods. Viscosity, molar volume, and orientation polarisation all indicate abnormalities of the nature of association between the components.The most interesting result is that of surface tension which indicates that, in the case of the binary system triethylamine–water, a surface layer of constant composition is formed over a wide range of total composition. When, by a rise in temperature of two or three degrees, this layer becomes unstable, it splits into two phases of different composition. The surface layer may then be instantaneously reformed and so on. A mechanism for the generation of a two-phase system is thus established. The data for the three-phase, isothermal, system are not so convincing, for reasons that are suggested.

Influence of biomass on hydrodynamics of an internal loop airlift reactor

2006 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Juraščík ◽  
M. Hucík ◽  
I. Sikula ◽  
J. Annus ◽  
J. Markoš
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Gluconic Acid ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Biomass Concentration ◽  
Airlift Reactor ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Internal Loop ◽  
Three Phase

AbstractThe effect of the biomass presence on the overall circulation velocity, the linear velocities both in the riser and the downcomer and the overall gas hold-up was studied in a three-phase internal loop airlift reactor (ILALR). The measured data were compared with those obtained using a two-phase system (air—water). All experiments were carried out in a 40 dm3 ILALR at six different biomass concentrations (ranging from 0 g dm−3 to 7.5 g dm−3), at a temperature of 30°C, under atmospheric pressure. Air and water were used as the gas and liquid model media, respectively. Pellets of Aspergillus niger produced during the fermentation of glucose to gluconic acid in the ILALR were considered solid phase. In addition, liquid velocities were measured during the fermentation of glucose to gluconic acid using Aspergillus niger. All measurements were performed in a bubble circulation regime. At given experimental conditions the effect of the biomass on the circulation velocities in the ILALR was negligible. However, increasing of the biomass concentration led to lower values of the total gas hold-up.

Robotic Hardware and Software Integration for Changing Human Intentions

2012 ◽  
pp. 380-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akif Durdu ◽  
Ismet Erkmen ◽  
Aydan M. Erkmen ◽  
Alper Yilmaz
Keyword(s):  
Video Processing ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Robot Interaction ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Video Frames ◽  
Human Intention ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Intention Estimation

Estimating and reshaping human intentions are among the most significant topics of research in the field of human-robot interaction. This chapter provides an overview of intention estimation literature on human-robot interaction, and introduces an approach on how robots can voluntarily reshape estimated intentions. The reshaping of the human intention is achieved by the robots moving in certain directions that have been a priori observed from the interactions of humans with the objects in the scene. Being among the only few studies on intention reshaping, the authors of this chapter exploit spatial information by learning a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) of motion, which is tailored for intelligent robotic interaction. The algorithmic design consists of two phases. At first, the approach detects and tracks human to estimate the current intention. Later, this information is used by autonomous robots that interact with detected human to change the estimated intention. In the tracking and intention estimation phase, postures and locations of the human are monitored by applying low-level video processing methods. In the latter phase, learned HMM models are used to reshape the estimated human intention. This two-phase system is tested on video frames taken from a real human-robot environment. The results obtained using the proposed approach shows promising performance in reshaping of detected intentions.

scholarly journals The interaction of insulin with phospholipids

1971 ◽  
Vol 125 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Perry ◽  
W. Tampion ◽  
J. A. Lucy
Keyword(s):  
Phosphatidic Acid ◽  
Functional System ◽  
Buffer System ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Phospholipid Micelles ◽  
Structural And Functional Properties ◽  
Chloroform Phase ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Triton X

1. A simple two-phase chloroform–aqueous buffer system was used to investigate the interaction of insulin with phospholipids and other amphipathic substances. 2. The distribution of 125I-labelled insulin in this system was determined after incubation at 37°C. Phosphatidic acid, dicetylphosphoric acid and, to a lesser extent, phosphatidylcholine and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide solubilized 125I-labelled insulin in the chloroform phase, indicating the formation of chloroform-soluble insulin–phospholipid or insulin–amphipath complexes. Phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingomyelin, cholesterol, stearylamine and Triton X-100 were without effect. 3. Formation of insulin–phospholipid complex was confirmed by paper chromatography. 4. The two-phase system was adapted to act as a simple functional system with which to investigate possible effects of insulin on the structural and functional properties of phospholipid micelles in chloroform, by using the distribution of [14C]glucose between the two phases as a monitor of phospholipid–insulin interactions. The ability of phospholipids to solubilize [14C]glucose in chloroform increased in the order phosphatidylcholine<sphingomyelin<phosphatidylethanolamine<phosphatidic acid. Insulin decreased the [14C]glucose solubilized by phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidic acid, but not by sphingomyelin. 5. The significance of these results and the molecular requirements for the formation of insulin–phospholipid complexes in chloroform are discussed.

Influence of Compressed Carbon Dioxide on the Oxidation of Cyclohexane with Hydrogen Peroxide in Acetic Acid

2006 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Gao ◽  
Tao Jiang ◽  
Buxing Han ◽  
Baoning Zong ◽  
Xiaoxin Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Binary System ◽  
Reaction System ◽  
Phase Region ◽  
Phase Behaviour ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Three Phase

The oxidation of cyclohexane with H2O2 in a compressed CO2/acetic acid binary system was studied at 60.0 and 80.0°C, at pressures up to 18 MPa, and with the zeolite TS-1 as catalyst. The phase behaviour of the reaction system was also observed. There are three fluid phases in the reaction system at lower pressure but two at higher pressures. In the three-phase region the yields of the products, cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone, increase considerably with increasing pressure and reaches a maximum near the phase-separating pressure. CO2 can thus enhance the reaction effectively. However, the effect of pressure on the yield is very limited after the transition to a two-phase system.

Recent Progress in the Studies of Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flows at Microgravity Conditions

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoji Takamasa ◽  
Takashi Hibiki
Keyword(s):  
Recent Progress ◽  
Interfacial Area ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Two Phase Flows ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Interfacial Area Transport ◽  
Drift Flux ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Microgravity Conditions ◽  
Heat Loads

In a thermal system of spacecraft, two-phase flow system now is an excellent alternative to the conventional single-phase system in transporting large amount of thermal energy at a uniform temperature regardless of variations in the heat loads. In addition, two-phase flows exist in a wide range of applications and enabling technologies in space. This report outlines recent progress in the studies of gas-liquid two-phase flows at microgravity conditions, especially for which regarding to interfacial area transport and drift flux.

scholarly journals Polymer-Salt Aqueous Two-Phase System (ATPS) Micro-Droplets for Cell Encapsulation

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Mastiani ◽  
Negar Firoozi ◽  
Nicholas Petrozzi ◽  
Seokju Seo ◽  
Myeongsub Kim
Keyword(s):  
Umbilical Vein ◽  
Cell Encapsulation ◽  
Salt System ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Aqueous Two Phase System ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

Abstract Biosample encapsulation is a critical step in a wide range of biomedical and bioengineering applications. Aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) droplets have been recently introduced and showed a great promise to the biological separation and encapsulation due to their excellent biocompatibility. This study shows for the first time the passive generation of salt-based ATPS microdroplets and their biocompatibility test. We used two ATPS including polymer/polymer (polyethylene glycol (PEG)/dextran (DEX)) and polymer/salt (PEG/Magnesium sulfate) for droplet generation in a flow-focusing geometry. Droplet morphologies and monodispersity in both systems are studied. The PEG/salt system showed an excellent capability of uniform droplet formation with a wide range of sizes (20–60 μm) which makes it a suitable candidate for encapsulation of biological samples. Therefore, we examined the potential application of the PEG/salt system for encapsulating human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). A cell viability test was conducted on MgSO4 solutions at various concentrations and our results showed an adequate cell survival. The findings of this research suggest that the polymer/salt ATPS could be a biocompatible all-aqueous platform for cell encapsulation.

Ground substance mucopolysaccharides and plasma proteins: their role in capillary water balance

1976 ◽  
Vol 230 (4) ◽  
pp. 1121-1125 ◽  
Author(s):  
CA Wiederhielm ◽  
Fox ◽  
DR Lee
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Ground Substance ◽  
Free Fluid ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Volume Measurements ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Computer Simulation Studies ◽  
Tracer Molecules ◽  
Selection Of

The osmotic interaction of mucopolysaccharides and plasma proteins, normally present in the interstitium, has been investigated. It has been found that hyaluronate-plasma protein mixtures may be treated as a two-phase system and that the two phases are in osmotic equilibrium. The osmotic pressures exerted by these mixtures are higher than the algebraic sum of the two components. At concentrations normally present in the interstitium of skin and muscle (0.6% mucopolysaccharides and 2% protein), the osmotic pressure exerted by the mixture is on the order of 10 mmHg, which is in agreement with predictions from earlier computer-simulation studies. The partition of fluid between the gel-like mucopolysaccharide compartment and the free-fluid containing the protein is approximately 50% in the "gel" phase at concentrations found in the interstitium. The volume exclusion effects of the interstitial mucopolysaccharides are significant, both in terms of selection of tracer molecules for interstitial volume measurements and also as an osmotic buffering mechanism which aids in maintaining the partition of fluid between the circulation and the interstitial space.

scholarly journals Tiny Bubbles

2009 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-5
Author(s):  
Stephen W. Carmichael
Keyword(s):  
Lower Energy ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Interfacial Area ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Liquid Phases ◽  
Phase Systems ◽  
Two Phases

This is not an article about the song made famous by the late (great) Don Ho. This is about a breakthrough in the understanding of how micrometer-sized bubbles can be stabilized for long periods of time. This can influence the taste, smell, and consistency of consumer products including food and cosmetics.In two-phase systems, which can include air (as bubbles) suspended within a liquid, the structures of the dispersed (bubbles) and continuous (liquid) phases play a critical role in determining the properties of the material. There is also the function of time in that the microstructure of the dispersed phase continuously evolves toward a state of lower energy by minimizing the surface area between the two phases (referred to as the interfacial area). In the long term, this time evolution diminishes the usefulness of two-phase systems. Emilie Dressaire, Rodney Bee, David Bell, Alex Lips, and Howard Stone have devised a way to stabilize a two-phase system for time periods of a year or longer.

WELL-POSEDNESS OF A PHASE TRANSITION MODEL WITH THE POSSIBILITY OF VOIDS

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (04) ◽  
pp. 559-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHEL FRÉMOND ◽  
ELISABETTA ROCCA
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transition ◽  
Balance Equation ◽  
Strain Tensor ◽  
Absolute Temperature ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Transition Model ◽  
Well Posedness ◽  
State Variables ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Two Phases

The paper deals with a phase transition model applied to a two-phase system. There is a wide literature on the study of phase transition processes in case that no voids nor overlapping can occur between the two phases. The main novelty of our approach is the possibility of having voids during the phase change. This aspect is described in the model by the mass balance equation whose effects are included by means of the pressure of the system in the dynamical relations. The state variables are the absolute temperature (whose evolution is ruled by the entropy balance equation), the strain tensor (satisfying a quasi-static macroscopic equation of motion), and the volume fractions of the two phases (whose evolutions are described by a vectorial equation coming from the principle of virtual power and related to the microscopic motions). Well-posedness of the initial-boundary value problem associated to the PDEs system resulting from this model is proved.

scholarly journals Robotic Hardware and Software Integration for Changing Human Intentions

Robotics ◽  
2013 ◽  
pp. 1381-1406
Author(s):  
Akif Durdu ◽  
Ismet Erkmen ◽  
Aydan M. Erkmen ◽  
Alper Yilmaz
Keyword(s):  
Video Processing ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Robot Interaction ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Video Frames ◽  
Human Intention ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Intention Estimation

Estimating and reshaping human intentions are among the most significant topics of research in the field of human-robot interaction. This chapter provides an overview of intention estimation literature on human-robot interaction, and introduces an approach on how robots can voluntarily reshape estimated intentions. The reshaping of the human intention is achieved by the robots moving in certain directions that have been a priori observed from the interactions of humans with the objects in the scene. Being among the only few studies on intention reshaping, the authors of this chapter exploit spatial information by learning a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) of motion, which is tailored for intelligent robotic interaction. The algorithmic design consists of two phases. At first, the approach detects and tracks human to estimate the current intention. Later, this information is used by autonomous robots that interact with detected human to change the estimated intention. In the tracking and intention estimation phase, postures and locations of the human are monitored by applying low-level video processing methods. In the latter phase, learned HMM models are used to reshape the estimated human intention. This two-phase system is tested on video frames taken from a real human-robot environment. The results obtained using the proposed approach shows promising performance in reshaping of detected intentions.

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