scholarly journals Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a Potential Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker for Chronic Inflammatory Lung Diseases

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1054
Author(s):  
Dejan Marčetić ◽  
Miroslav Samaržija ◽  
Andrea Vukić Dugac ◽  
Jelena Knežević
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Balance Control ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Pathophysiological Mechanism ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Potential Biomarker

Chronic inflammatory lung diseases are characterized by uncontrolled immune response in the airways as their main pathophysiological manifestation. The lack of specific diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers for many pulmonary diseases represents a major challenge for pulmonologists. The majority of the currently approved therapeutic approaches are focused on achieving disease remission, although there is no guarantee of complete recovery. It is known that angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), an important counter-regulatory component of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), is expressed in the airways. It has been shown that ACE2 plays a role in systemic regulation of the cardiovascular and renal systems, lungs and liver by acting on blood pressure, electrolyte balance control mechanisms and inflammation. Its protective role in the lungs has also been presented, but the exact pathophysiological mechanism of action is still elusive. The aim of this study is to review and discuss recent findings about ACE2, including its potential role in the pathophysiology of chronic inflammatory lung diseases:, i.e., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and pulmonary hypertension. Additionally, in the light of the coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19), we will discuss the role of ACE2 in the pathophysiology of this disease, mainly represented by different grades of pulmonary problems. We believe that these insights will open up new perspectives for the future use of ACE2 as a potential biomarker for early diagnosis and monitoring of chronic inflammatory lung diseases.

scholarly journals Hyperglycemia and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 in Pulmonary Function in the Context of SARS-CoV-2 Infection

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose R. Vargas-Rodriguez ◽  
Idalia Garza-Veloz ◽  
Virginia Flores-Morales ◽  
Jose I. Badillo-Almaraz ◽  
Maria R. Rocha-Pizaña ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Pathophysiological Mechanism ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Worse Prognosis

Since the appearance of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2003 in China, diabetes mellitus (DM) and hyperglycemia in patients infected with SARS-CoV, represent independent predictors of mortality. Therefore, metabolic control has played a major role in the prognosis of these patients. In the current pandemic of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), multiple studies have shown that DM is one of the main comorbidities associated with COVID-19 and higher risk of complications and death. The incidence and prevalence of COVID-19 complications and death related with hyperglycemia in patients with or without DM are high. There are many hypotheses related with worse prognosis and death related to COVID-19 and/or hyperglycemia. However, the information about the interplay between hyperglycemia and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the critical receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection, is almost null, but there is enough information to consider the possible participation of hyperglycemia in the glycation of this protein, unleashing a pool of reactions leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with COVID-19. In this document we investigated the current evidence related with ACE2 as a key element within the pathophysiological mechanism related with hyperglycemia extrapolating it to context of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its relationship with worse prognosis and death for COVID-19.

scholarly journals Identification of the SARS-CoV-2 Entry Receptor ACE2 as a Direct Target for Transcriptional Repression by Miz1

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Yang ◽  
Edith A. Perez ◽  
Changchun Hou ◽  
Pin Zhang ◽  
Michelle Van Scoyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Lung Epithelial Cells ◽  
Cigarette Smoke Exposure ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Copd Patients ◽  
Lung Epithelial

Multiple lines of evidence have demonstrated that cigarette smoke or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease upregulates angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, the cellular receptor for the entry of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, which predisposes individuals to develop severe Coronavirus disease 2019. The reason for this observation is unknown. We recently reported that the loss of function of Miz1 in the lung epithelium in mice leads to a spontaneous COPD-like phenotype, associated with upregulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. We also reported that cigarette smoke exposure downregulates Miz1 in lung epithelial cells and in mice, and Miz1 is also downregulated in the lungs of COPD patients. Here, we provide further evidence that Miz1 directly binds to and represses the promoter of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in mouse and human lung epithelial cells. Our data provide a potential molecular mechanism for the upregulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 observed in smokers and COPD patients, with implication in severe Coronavirus disease 2019.

scholarly journals ACE2 Expression Is Increased in the Lungs of Patients With Comorbidities Associated With Severe COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 222 (4) ◽  
pp. 556-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruna G G Pinto ◽  
Antonio E R Oliveira ◽  
Youvika Singh ◽  
Leandro Jimenez ◽  
Andre N A Gonçalves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systems Biology ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Obstructive Lung Disease ◽  
Human Lung ◽  
Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Network Analyses

Abstract Patients who died from COVID-19 often had comorbidities, such as hypertension, diabetes, and chronic obstructive lung disease. Although angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is crucial for SARS-CoV-2 to bind and enter host cells, no study has systematically assessed the ACE2 expression in the lungs of patients with these diseases. Here, we analyzed over 700 lung transcriptome samples from patients with comorbidities associated with severe COVID-19 and found that ACE2 was highly expressed in these patients compared to control individuals. This finding suggests that patients with such comorbidities may have higher chances of developing severe COVID-19. Correlation and network analyses revealed many potential regulators of ACE2 in the human lung, including genes related to histone modifications, such as HAT1, HDAC2, and KDM5B. Our systems biology approach offers a possible explanation for increased COVID-19 severity in patients with certain comorbidities.

Regulation of Cardiovascular Control Mechanisms by Angiotensin-(1–7) and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2

2007 ◽  
pp. 43-59
Author(s):  
Carlos M. Ferrario ◽  
David B. Averill ◽  
K. Bridget Brosnihan ◽  
Mark C. Chappell ◽  
Debra I. Diz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Cardiovascular Control ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2

Thermodynamics of the interaction between the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome- coronavirus-2 and the receptor of human angiotensin converting enzyme 2. Effects of possible ligands

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Garcia-Iriepa ◽  
Cecilia Hognon ◽  
Antonio Francés-Monerris ◽  
Isabel Iriepa ◽  
Tom Miclot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Molecular Design ◽  
Binding Free Energy ◽  
Transmembrane Protein ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Rational Molecular Design ◽  
Rational Evaluation

<div><p>Since the end of 2019, the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has caused more than 180,000 deaths all over the world, still lacking a medical treatment despite the concerns of the whole scientific community. Human Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) was recently recognized as the transmembrane protein serving as SARS-CoV-2 entry point into cells, thus constituting the first biomolecular event leading to COVID-19 disease. Here, by means of a state-of-the-art computational approach, we propose a rational evaluation of the molecular mechanisms behind the formation of the complex and of the effects of possible ligands. Moreover, binding free energy between ACE2 and the active Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is evaluated quantitatively, assessing the molecular mechanisms at the basis of the recognition and the ligand-induced decreased affinity. These results boost the knowledge on the molecular grounds of the SARS-CoV-2 infection and allow to suggest rationales useful for the subsequent rational molecular design to treat severe COVID-19 cases.</p></div>

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