Was There a Pre-Roman Occupation in Coimbra, Portugal? The Contribution of Rua Fernandes Thomaz, 72–74 for Understanding Occupation of the Territory of Aeminium during the Transition from the Iron Age to the Roman Era

Iron Age studies are scarce for the city of Coimbra, besides the findings from the Machado Castro Museum, and therefore this intervention has revealed an important heritage collection. The recovered artefacts, which can be associated with the indigenous world, reveal regional parallels with Conimbriga, the Aeminium Forum and Lomba do Canho. There is clear evidence of region-wide homogenisation of pottery morphologies, surface treatments and production processes. A structure dated from the period of the Roman emperor Augustus aligned with the steep natural geological profile, with unobstructed views over the Mondego river, was found in the interior of a medieval defensive wall, making it possible to deconstruct the chronological periods of the locale, which is consistent with an Iron Age occupation, since at least the second century B.C. More importantly, it is necessary to understand the spatial contextualisation of this archaeological site through morphological analysis of the pottery in a local and regional context and comprehend the chronological hiatus and settlement between the archaeological sites located in the estuary mouth, from other sites found upstream along the Mondego river.

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The destruction and looting of cultural heritage sites by ISIS in Syria: The case of Manbij and its countryside

International Journal of Cultural Property ◽

10.1017/s0940739121000114 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 221-260

Author(s):

Adnan Almohamad

Keyword(s):

Archaeological Site ◽

Archaeological Sites ◽

Islamic State ◽

Documentary Evidence ◽

Income Source ◽

Heritage Sites ◽

Power Stations ◽

Primary Documents ◽

The Rich ◽

The City

AbstractThe Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) occupied the city of Manbij and its countryside from 23 January 2014 until 12 August 2016. During this period, the region suffered greatly as ISIS monopolized control and brutally imposed its ideology. Fierce battles were fought for the control of oil wells, bakeries, mills, dams, and power stations, all of which were sources of revenue. Antiquities were soon recognized as another potential income source. This article demonstrates the ways in which ISIS began to administer and facilitate the looting of antiquities through the Diwan Al-Rikaz. Within this diwan, ISIS established the Qasmu Al-Athar, which was specifically responsible for looting antiquities. Based on interviews conducted in 2015 and primary documents, this article studies the specific ways in which ISIS facilitated the quarrying and looting of antiquities in Manbij and the rich archaeological sites of its countryside. Further, by examining the damage at a previously undocumented archaeological site, Meshrefet Anz, the looting of antiquities under the direct supervision of the Diwan Al-Rikaz is studied. Using documentary evidence including ISIS’s internal documentation as well as photographs collected by the author between 2014 and 2016, the article demonstrates the methods used by ISIS, reveals its financial motivations, and bears witness to the damage done at specific Syrian heritage sites.

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Sites of archaeology in Ulvivok and its surroundings in the research of Lviv scientists

Materials and studies on archaeology of Sub-Carpathian and Volhynian area ◽

10.33402/mdapv.2019-23-337-361 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 23 ◽

pp. 337-361

Author(s):

Dmytro Pavliv

Keyword(s):

Bronze Age ◽

Iron Age ◽

Archaeological Site ◽

Large River ◽

Archaeological Sites ◽

Archaeological Heritage ◽

History Of ◽

Almost All ◽

Xix Century ◽

The Village

The old village of Ulvivok, located above the Bug River in Sokal district, Lviv region, is extremely rich with archaeological sites. Relief, favourable for living, fertile soils, large river have contributed to appearing of human settlements on this area since ancient times. This fact is witnessed by finds of numerous archaeological artifacts near Ulvivok and discovery of significant archaeological sites – cemeteries and settlements, which have an interesting history of research since the late XIX century and till nowadays, associated with many famous Lviv scientists. An important role in the preservation and study of local archaeological finds was played by Dzieduszycki Museum. The first references to finds from Ulvivok and the surrounding villages – Horodylovychi, Stargorod, Skomorokhy and Telyazh – are found at the works of local historian B. Sokalski and geologist A. Lomnitcki, published in 1899. J. Nykorovych – the owner of the village and amateur archaeologist contributed noticeably preservation and research of sites during XIX – beginning of XX century. The first extensive exploration in Ulvivok in 1923 was conducted by archaeologist and local historian, guardian of the prehistoric monuments of Lviv district B. Janusz, who discovered a tomb of Globular Amphorae culture and part of the burials of the most famous archaeological sites near Ulvivok – inhumation cemetery from the end of Bronze Age of “Ulvivok-Rovantsi type”. The same cemetery was investigated in 1931 by archaeologist T. Sulimirski, who published the results of excavations. Local archaeological finds were studied by famous Ukrainian archaeologist J. Pasternak, J. Bryk, K. Żurowski, J. Dąmbrowski, I. Sveshnikov, L. Krushelnytska. Nowadays, the exploration work was conducted by N. Wojceschuk, surveys in Ulvivok, Horodylovychi, Stargorod and excavation of Early Iron Age site were carried out by D. Pavliv. At least 14 archaeological sites (8 settlements and 6 cemeteries) and about 100 individual finds have been found on the territory of the village and surrounding area. This territory on the western part of Ukraine is extremely rich with archaeological sites of almost all epochs. It is witnessed by the great historical importance of this region and requires continuation of professional archaeological examinations and protective actions for the preservation of archaeological heritage. Key words: Ulvivok, archaeological site, Lviv scientists, Globular Amphorae culture, burial complex of Ulvivok-Rovantsi type.

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The city of Hartapu: results of the Türkmen-Karahöyük Intensive Survey Project

Anatolian Studies ◽

10.1017/s0066154620000046 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 70 ◽

pp. 1-27

Author(s):

James F. Osborne ◽

Michele Massa ◽

Fatma Şahin ◽

Hüseyin Erpehlivan ◽

Christoph Bachhuber

Keyword(s):

Iron Age ◽

Maximum Size ◽

Archaeological Site ◽

Capital City ◽

Western Region ◽

Late Chalcolithic ◽

Chalcolithic Period ◽

First Millennium ◽

The Western Region ◽

The City

AbstractThe Türkmen-Karahöyük Intensive Survey Project (TISP) has identified the archaeological site of Türkmen-Karahöyük on the Konya plain as a previously unknown Iron Age capital city in the western region of Tabal. Surface collections and newly discovered inscriptional evidence indicate that this city is the early first-millennium royal seat of ‘Great King Hartapu’, long known from the enigmatic monuments of nearby Kizildağ and Karadağ. In addition to demonstrating this Iron Age city's existence, supported principally by (1) the site's size at the time and (2) the discovery of a royal inscription authored by Hartapu himself, TISP has documented the site's existence from the Late Chalcolithic period until the late first millennium BCE, with a maximum size reached between the Late Bronze and Iron Age periods, suggesting that the city was at its greatest extent and the regional political centre from at least the late second to the mid-first millennium BCE.

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DISTRIBUIÇÃO ESPACIAL E ARQUEOLOGIA DA PAISAGEM: O Sítio Arqueológico El Socorro, um Padrão Atípico Mesoamericano

CLIO – Arqueológica ◽

10.20891/clio.v33n3p165-184 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 165

Author(s):

Pedro Jiménez Lara ◽

Carlos Fabiano Marques de Lima

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Satellite Images ◽

Complex Analysis ◽

Archaeological Site ◽

Archaeological Sites ◽

Contextual Approach ◽

Archaeological Data ◽

The City ◽

Present Text ◽

The Way

O presente texto surgiu como um desafio, a análise de um assentamento mesoamericano pré-hispânico, denominado El Socorro, localizado próximo a cidade de Tlacojalpan em Veracruz, México, região do Golfo da Mesoamerica. A realização de uma abordagem contextual dos sítios arqueológicos, numa perspectiva intra e extra sítio, num primeiro momento fazendo uso de ferramentas de geoprocessamento e de procedimentos topográficos com estação total. Optamos nesse texto utilizar como substrato para nossas observações e avaliação das imagens de satélite, desenhos topográficos e dados arqueológicos dos sítios pré-hispânicos uma abordagem centrada na arqueologia da paisagem para uma identificação em superficie mas ampla do sitio dentro do contexto regional e mesoamericano. Um analisis complexo por tratarse de um sitio excepcional pela distribuçao e forma como foi construído. SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND LANDSCAPE ARCHEOLOGY: The Socorro Archaeological Site, The El Socorro Archaeological Site, an Atypical Mesoamerican PatternABSTRACTThe present text appeared as a challenge, the analysis of a pre-Hispanic Mesoamerican settlement, named El Socorro, located near the city of Tlacojalpan in Veracruz, Mexico. region of the Gulf of Mesoamerica. The realization of a contextual approach of archaeological sites, in an intra and extra-site perspective, at first using geoprocessing tools and topographic procedures. We chose to use as substrate for our observations and evaluation of satellite images, topographical drawings and archaeological data of the prehispanic sites, an approach centered on landscape archeology for a broader surface identification of the site within the regional and Mesoamerican context. A complex analysis because it is an exceptional site for the distribution and the way it was buil.Keywords: El Socorro; Mesoamerica; Archaeological Site; Landscape

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Technical and Technological Analysis of Late Bronze Ceramics of the Ordynskoe-12 Settlement (Western Siberia)

Vestnik NSU Series History and Philology ◽

10.25205/1818-7919-2020-19-5-58-69 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (5) ◽

pp. 58-69

Author(s):

Dmitrii V. Selin

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Bronze Age ◽

Iron Age ◽

Western Siberia ◽

Transition Period ◽

Archaeological Site ◽

Crushed Stone ◽

Archaeological Sites ◽

Different Populations ◽

Archaeological Cultures

Purpose. The Ordynskoe-12 Settlement is an important site for the study of the Late Bronze Age in the south of Western Siberia. The ceramic complex allowed the author to characterize the Ordynsky type archaeological sites. There is a syncretism of the material, including components of other archaeological cultures. According to researchers, the ceramic complex of the site reflects the transition from Fedorovskaya culture to Irmenian culture, while the author identifies items close to ceramics of the Yelovskaya, Karasuk and Irmenian cultures, or a transformed version of Yelovskaya culture at a later stage of its existence. Results. A study of the composition of the clay paste revealed seven recipes. The dominant recipes feature an admixture of crushed stone and organic matter, and chamotte and organic matter, which together account for more than half of the studied samples. A separate group consists of samples mixed with crushed stone. Mixed recipes testify to the coexistence of different populations. Conclusion. The data obtained indicate that this settlement is a multicultural archaeological site. Three archaeological cultures coexisted and interacted in its place – Irmenian, Yelovskaya, and an eastern variant of Pakhomovo culture. Imported vessels indicate contacts with southern cultures, however, importing did not become a mass phenomenon until the transition period from the Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age.

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Defining Banjo Enclosures: Investigations, Interpretations, and Understanding in the Iron Age of Southern Britain

Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society ◽

10.1017/ppr.2016.10 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 82 ◽

pp. 341-361 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Alexander T.O. Lang

Keyword(s):

Theoretical Model ◽

Iron Age ◽

Large Scale ◽

Archaeological Site ◽

Aerial Survey ◽

Site Type ◽

Site Development ◽

Late Iron Age ◽

And Function ◽

Age Studies

Banjo enclosures are an important archaeological site type within British Iron Age studies, particularly for southern England. Significant numbers of these sites have been discovered through aerial survey but only a comparatively small number have been explored through additional survey and excavation. Chronologically these sites wholly exist within the Middle and Late Iron Age periods,c. 400bctoad43. As yet there has been no standard interpretive framework for these sites and our understanding and discussion has often been based on the theoretical model most popular at the time of investigation. A key aim of his paper is to question this piecemeal approach and incorporate more recent interpretations from a much-expanded dataset. Since the 1990s large-scale landscape surveys have increased considerably the numbers of sites identified and subsequently the regions in which they are located. Tying this in with recent excavations, we have begun to redefine our understanding of banjo enclosures as more complex in their site development and function, while also providing a simplified framework which accounts for the diversity of forms, locations, and relative associations. Ultimately these enclosures are more complex than previously realised, potentially serving a multiplicity of functions with different phases of use throughout a period of significant change at the end of prehistory.

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Evidence of Absence? The Rarity of Gold in Durotrigan Iron Age Coinage

Communities and Connections ◽

10.1093/oso/9780199230341.003.0030 ◽

2007 ◽

Author(s):

Philip De Jersey

Keyword(s):

Iron Age ◽

Second Century ◽

First Century ◽

Third Century ◽

Negative Evidence ◽

Distribution Maps ◽

Late Iron Age ◽

Absence Of Evidence ◽

Evidence Of Absence ◽

Age Studies

Generations of archaeologists have done well to remember the truism that ‘absence of evidence is not evidence of absence’. About fifteen years ago I presented Barry Cunliffe with what I regarded as some rather distressingly blank distribution maps of various Iron Age artefacts in northwest France. Far from agreeing with my pessimistic view of the possibility of saying anything very meaningful about such paltry evidence, Barry reminded me of the ‘absence of evidence’ maxim, and encouraged me to think more deeply about the apparent gaps, and to question my assumptions about the usefulness or otherwise of the data—in short, to look more positively at the opportunities for investigating such seemingly negative evidence. It is perhaps a little ironic, then, that in this tribute to Barry’s unrivalled influence on Iron Age studies, I would like to present an example where I am nearly sure that the absence of evidence does indicate evidence of absence. My subject is the lack of a significant gold coinage among the Durotriges of Dorset, in contrast to every other major coin-using polity in late Iron Age Britain. My aim is to demonstrate that this lack of gold coinage is a genuine phenomenon, and not the result of partial or inadequate evidence; and to suggest some reasons why this situation may have arisen. Before focusing more narrowly on Dorset in the mid-first century BC, we need to consider the background to the importation and the production of gold coinage in Britain. Although there were probably very occasional imports of coinage from the time of the earliest ‘Celtic’ imitations, perhaps in the mid-third century BC, the first significant inflows of gold coin did not occur until at least the mid-second century BC. These began with the ‘large flan’ stater and quarter stater (Gallo-Belgic A), probably struck in central and western Belgic Gaul, in the territories later identified with the Ambiani and the Bellovaci. Their distribution in Britain is focused on the Thames estuary, with the majority of findspots in Essex and Kent (Sills 2003: 136, 153). At roughly the same time, the ‘defaced die’ staters and quarter staters (Gallo-Belgic B) were also imported into Britain, perhaps from the territory of the Nervii (Sills 2003: 185–6).

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Excavations at Lincoln. Third Interim Report: Sites outside the Walled City 1972–1977

The Antiquaries Journal ◽

10.1017/s0003581500029036 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 61 (1) ◽

pp. 83-114 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

M. J. Jones ◽

Margaret J. Darling ◽

Brian Gilmour ◽

R. H. Jones ◽

K. F. Wood

Keyword(s):

Iron Age ◽

Historical Development ◽

Second Century ◽

Medieval Period ◽

The South ◽

The North ◽

Late Iron Age ◽

Ancient City ◽

The City ◽

Made In

SummaryExcavations outside the walled area (of the ancient city) have added much to our knowledge of Lincoln's historical development and have demonstrated the potential of the suburbs for further problem-orientated investigations. Evidence was recovered in 1972 for a late Iron Age settlement on the east bank of the Brayford to the south of the later Roman city. The Ermine Street frontage here was heavily built up from the mid-second century for a distance of at least 400 m. from the south gate of the extended colonia. Only slight traces of Roman occupation, however, have been recovered outside the east and west walls of the lower town. Investigation of the medieval suburb of Butwerk revealed a sequence of domestic structures from its origin c. A.D. 1000 through to the post-medieval period, while the development of the ecclesiastical site of St. Mark's church in Wigford reflected to a large extent the changing fortunes of this important southern suburb. Limited work on the north and east banks of Brayford Pool exposed remains of early medieval waterfronts, but the exploitation of the city's waterside is as yet little understood. Further progress has been made in understanding the structures connected with the water supply to the Roman city, and an interesting Roman tile kiln 10 km. south-east of the city is also described.

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HOW TO MANAGE AND ENHANCE ARCHEOLOGY AND LANDSCAPE AT THE ROYAL MAUSOLEUM OF MAURETANIA (TIPASA, ALGERIA)

ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-m-1-2020-513-2020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol XLIV-M-1-2020 ◽

pp. 513-520

Author(s):

L. Benali Aoudia ◽

D. Belkacemi Zebda

Keyword(s):

Archaeological Site ◽

The Other ◽

Archaeological Sites ◽

Archaeological Heritage ◽

Specific Strategy ◽

Territorial Planning ◽

Other Hand ◽

Landscape Transformations ◽

The City ◽

Heritage Development

Abstract. Archaeological site and landscape are two interdependent and sometimes merged notions. The first should be taken into consideration to achieve coherent territorial planning that reveals and preserves the character and identity of a setting, while the second should be respected, protected and promoted in responsible projects of management and enhancement of archaeological sites. Dynamics of landscape transformations should closely consider the archaeological sites thereof and regard them as ingredients to emphasize rather than impediments to surmount. On the other hand, landscape should be conceived as valuable asset and a resource for archaeological heritage development. Based on these views, this paper develops a reflection on how the enhancement of both Archaeology and Landscape can be combined in the case of the Royal Mausoleum of Mauretania set in the city of Tipasa, Algeria. It highlights the Tomb’s architectural and archaeological significance as well as the ecological, natural, symbolic and emotional values of its exceptional landscape. It proposes a specific strategy to conceive and develop this vestige in harmony with its landscape.

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Espaço e Materialidade na Tripolitania Romana: uma tentativa de reconstituição da cidade de Oea em meados do II Século * Space And Materiality In Roman Tripolitania: an attempt of recovery of the city of Oea in the Mid-Second Century

História e Cultura ◽

10.18223/hiscult.v2i3.1103 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 186

Author(s):

BELCHIOR MONTEIRO LIMA NETO

Keyword(s):

Roman Empire ◽

Urban Environment ◽

Urban Space ◽

Second Century ◽

Archaeological Sites ◽

North African ◽

Archaeological Artifacts ◽

African Writer ◽

The City ◽

Old Roman

Resumo: Oea, atualmente Trípoli, na Líbia, foi uma cidade que integrou o Império romano nos primeiros séculos de nossa era. Dela, poucas relíquias são hoje conhecidas, uma vez que a atual capital líbia fora construída sobre a antiga urbs romana. Tendo em vista tais limitações e com o intuito de superá-las, empreenderemos uma tentativa de reconstituição da antiga Oea. Intencionamos dar materialidade à cidade, haja vista o nosso interesse de pesquisar o espaço citadino onde Apuleio de Madaura, escritor norte-africano de meados do II século, foi publicamente difamado e acusado de praticante magia. Por meio da obra Apologia, dos diminutos artefatos arqueológicos e epigráficos e de comparações com as cidades vizinhas de Sabrata e Leptis Magna – cujos sítios arqueológicos são imensamente mais ricos e completos – acreditamos ser possível visualizar, mesmo que parcialmente, o ambiente citadino vivido por Apuleio entre os anos de 157 e 159.Palavras-chave: Oea – Espaço – Materialidade – Apuleio de Madaura. Abstract: Oea, now Tripoli, Libya, was a city that was part of the Roman Empire in the first centuries of our era. Few of its relics, however, are actually known, since the current Libyan capital was built on the old Roman urbs. Considering these limitations and in order to overcome them will undertake an attempt to reconstitute the ancient Oea. We intend to give materiality to the city, given our interest in researching the urban space where Apuleius of Madaura, North African writer of the mid-second century, was publicly vilified and accused of witchcraft. From the work Apology, the tiny epigraphic and archaeological artifacts and comparisons with the nearby cities of Leptis Magna and Sabrata - which archaeological sites are immensely richer and more complete - we believe we can shimmer the urban environment experienced by Apuleius between the years 157 - 159 A.D.Keywords: Oea – Space – Materiality – Apuleius of Madaura.

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