scholarly journals The San Saturnino Basilica (Cagliari, Italy): An Up-Close Investigation about the Archaeological Stratigraphy of Mortars from the Roman to the Middle Ages

Heritage ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 1836-1853
Author(s):  
Fabio Sitzia
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Thermal Features ◽  
Production Technologies ◽  
Roman Age

The manufacturing technology of historical mortars from the Roman to Medieval period apparently has not undergone evolutions. As reported in the literature, a quality decrease in the raw material occurred after the fall of the Roman Empire. During the Roman Age, the mortars presented the requirements of long durability due to hydraulic characteristics, and in later times, the production has only partially maintained the ancient requirements. To focus on the different production technologies between Roman and Medieval mortar, this research presents the case study of San Saturnino Basilica (Italy), where an archaeological mortar stratigraphy from Roman to Middle Ages is well preserved. An archaeometric characterization was performed to compare the mortars of the Roman period with the mortars of the Medieval period collected from the case-study monument. This comparison was carried out by measuring some physical-mechanical, mineralogical, petrographic and thermal features that give more information about the durability and resistance to mechanical solicitations and weathering. After the characterizations, contrary to what is reported in the bibliography, a better quality of Medieval materials than Roman ones is pointed out. This has been highlighted by higher hydraulicity, mechanical performance, and a more appropriated particle-size distribution of aggregates.

Venedig und der „wilde Osten“

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 208-260
Author(s):  
Christof Paulus ◽  
Albert Weber
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Information Acquisition ◽  
Research Field ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Ranking Criteria ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
And Control

AbstractVenice is considered the best-informed community of the late Middle Ages. The study examines the availability of information for the second half of the 15th century, particularly with regard to the key year 1462/1463, and as a case study concentrates on areas of the supposed Venetian periphery of interest, above all Hungary and the two principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia. The result is a thoroughly differentiated system of information acquisition, verification and control. Means of communication, as well as different areas of interest of the Serenissima, can be identified. A distinction is made between information maps and communication maps. The latter also include the distribution of news from the lagoon city exchanged with foreign envoys. During the period concerned, news was exchanged in an astonishingly liberal way, in turn integrating the Serenissima into the information networks of the other Italian states. The study thus places the „information commodity“ within the research field of late medieval gift exchange and patronage structures. In short, a thoroughly pragmatic Venetian approach to news acquisition and evaluation can be observed. Verification of the quality of the information obtained was subject not least to quantitative and ranking criteria. Ultimately, the informational power of Venice was based above all on its outstanding reputation among its contemporaries.

J. H. Chajes. Between Worlds: Dybbuks, Exorcists, and Early Modern Judaism. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003. 278 pp.

AJS Review ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 378-380
Author(s):  
Anne Oravetz
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Spirit Possession ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
University Of Pennsylvania ◽  
Early Modern Europe ◽  
Modern Judaism ◽  
Complex Subject

Jewish mystical and magical texts are remarkably relevant to some of the most central historiographical themes of early modern Europe; they are also remarkably esoteric and confounding to any nonspecialist. Providing a remedy to this incongruity, J. H. Chajes makes a major contribution to both Jewish and general early modern historiography with his first book, on Jewish spirit possession and exorcism. His work offers a useful narrative of the development of Jewish exorcism traditions, presenting the complex subject in terms that make it more approachable without over-simplification. At the same time, Chajes lends the material depth and relevance through sensitive analysis of the chronologically and geographically local circumstances of the most significant early modern treatments of the phenomenon. The appendix alone would be an offering of some significance, consisting of eleven original translations of early modern accounts of spirit possession, and this quality of presenting important raw material runs throughout the volume. Competent and detailed legwork is evident in the exposition of various exorcists' techniques from the ancient world and Middle Ages, through Luria's unique methods in sixteenth-century Safed, and up to later seventeenth-century attitudes to possession and demonology. Much of this material is in the first chapter, “The Emergence of Dybbuk Possession,” which argues that “there was something new in the sixteenth century” as a long percolation of diverse traditions culminated in the formation of the “classic” view of the dybbuk in a period of unprecedented frequency of possession and exorcism events.

Language and Linguistics in Medieval Europe

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Hayden
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Liberal Arts ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Medieval Europe ◽  
Textual Culture ◽  
Verse Form ◽  
Scholastic Philosophy

During the period from the fall of the Roman empire in the late 5th century to the beginning of the European Renaissance in the 14th century, the development of linguistic thought in Europe was characterized by the enthusiastic study of grammatical works by Classical and Late Antique authors, as well as by the adaptation of these works to suit a Christian framework. The discipline of grammatica, viewed as the cornerstone of the ideal liberal arts education and as a key to the wider realm of textual culture, was understood to encompass both the systematic principles for speaking and writing correctly and the science of interpreting the poets and other writers. The writings of Donatus and Priscian were among the most popular and well-known works of the grammatical curriculum, and were the subject of numerous commentaries throughout the medieval period. Although Latin persisted as the predominant medium of grammatical discourse, there is also evidence from as early as the 8th century for the enthusiastic study of vernacular languages and for the composition of vernacular-medium grammars, including sources pertaining to Anglo-Saxon, Irish, Old Norse, and Welsh. The study of language in the later medieval period is marked by experimentation with the form and layout of grammatical texts, including the composition of textbooks in verse form. This period also saw a renewed interest in the application of philosophical ideas to grammar, inspired in part by the availability of a wider corpus of Greek sources than had previously been unknown to western European scholars, such as Aristotle’s Physics, Metaphysics, Ethics, and De Anime. A further consequence of the renewed interest in the logical and metaphysical works of Aristotle during the later Middle Ages is the composition of so-called ‘speculative grammars’ written by scholars commonly referred to as the ‘Modistae’, in which the grammatical description of Latin formulated by Priscian and Donatus was integrated with the system of scholastic philosophy that was at its height from the beginning of the 13th to the middle of the 14th century.

scholarly journals Fish Supply Chain Model in Traditional Market: Case Study of Beringharjo Market Yogyakarta

2020 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
pp. 02007
Author(s):  
Ensi Saraswati ◽  
Suadi
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Chain Model ◽  
Fresh Fish ◽  
Salted Fish ◽  
Supply Chain Model ◽  
Traditional Market

This research aimed to understand the flow of fish commodity, information, and financial in the fish supply chain at the traditional market, through case study in the Beringharjo market Yogyakarta. Data was collected through systematic interview with 18 fish businesspersons and observation on the study site. The study showed fish commodities in the market consisted of marine, freshwater and processed fish (salted/dried fish and soft bone milkfish/bandeng presto). The fish majorly supplied by suppliers from outside Yogyakarta, that reached 86-90% for fresh fish (marine and freshwater) and 100% for salted fish and raw material of bandeng presto. Suppliers and traders in Beringharjo market used flexible methods of payment, such as manual receipt and trust-based relation (for instance pay on other day). The suppliers and traders had been work together for more than five years. The emerging problems were the lack of fresh fish supply and the low quality of processed fish. The supply chain model for fresh fish involved three stages (supplier-seller-ultimate customer/household) and the supply chain model for processed fish in four stages (supplier-wholesaler-trader/seller-ultimate consumer). The supply chain model for the milkfish also consisted of four stages (supplier-fish processor-seller-ultimate consumer). The study indicates the importance of improving local fish production systems to fullfill growing fish consumption in DIY.

scholarly journals An Empire For Our Times? A Discussion of Peter Wilson's The Holy Roman Empire: A Thousand Years of Europe's History

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 547-572 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe ◽  
Holy Roman Empire ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
James Madison ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
History Of

In the two centuries since its dissolution in 1806, the Holy Roman Empire has usually been viewed as an antiquated relic of the medieval past, a dysfunctional polity that hindered Germany's development into a modern, liberal nation-state. In the wake of its demise, a chorus of famous intellectuals and statesmen—including Voltaire, James Madison, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Leopold von Ranke, and Heinrich von Treitschke—derided the Empire as a “monstrosity” hampered by outmoded institutions and backward policies. More recently, in the wake of World War II and the Holocaust, advocates of the so-called Sonderweg thesis blamed the Empire for Germany's belated unification and for the Germans’ supposedly “authoritarian” bent. In Heart of Europe [the American title of the study—Ed.], a bold and sweeping account of the Holy Roman Empire's thousand-year history, Peter Wilson sets out to supplant these anachronistic interpretations by explaining “what it was, how it worked, why it mattered, and its legacy for today” (5). With this important book, the best single-volume history of the Holy Roman Empire currently available, Wilson succeeds in answering these fundamental questions and provides fascinating insights into European politics from the early Middle Ages to the present. I would like to focus first on what I see as Wilson's most significant contributions to the existing scholarship on the Empire, and then examine how he treats the Protestant Reformation as a case study of the merits (and drawbacks) of his approach.

scholarly journals Mechanical performance of Scots pine wood from northwestern Poland – A case study

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 6781-6794
Author(s):  
Edward Roszyk ◽  
Przemysław Mania ◽  
Elżbieta Iwańska ◽  
Władysław Kusiak ◽  
Magdalena Broda
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Site Conditions ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Northwestern Poland

Scots pine is one of the most commercially important wood species in Europe. This study assessed the potential usefulness of pinewood from the Noteć Forest for construction purposes by evaluating its mechanical properties and investigating the influence of the site conditions on the pinewood performance. Additionally, the variability of the mechanical properties from the bark to the pith was analyzed. The results showed that the properties of pinewood varied significantly within the Noteć Forest despite similar growing conditions, which may be a result of genetic variation. Wood from Sowia Góra had the greatest density (566 kg/m3) and excellent mechanical performance (compressive strength of 64 MPa), while wood from Zamyślin exhibited the lowest density (526 kg/m3) and a lower compressive strength (54 MPa). Comparison of the properties of the pinewoods from various locations indicated that the general conditions in the forest stand, however crucial for tree growth, were not the only determinants of wood performance. The results also showed high variability in density and mechanical properties between juvenile and mature wood in all the examined trees. Overall, pinewood from the poor habitats of the Noteć Forest could be a useful raw material for various industrial purposes.

scholarly journals Technology of receiving fresh water from forcedly saturated air through the use of solar energy

2019 ◽  
Vol 91 ◽  
pp. 04008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Mironov ◽  
Yuriy Ivanyushin ◽  
Evgeniy Zhernakov ◽  
Dmitriy Mironov ◽  
Oleg Stepanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Water Production ◽  
Exhaustible Resource ◽  
Quality Of Living ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
Production Technologies ◽  
Drinking Quality

At present, as a result of climate change and man-caused impact on the environment, fresh drinking quality water deficit is observed in many regions of the world. The sufficiency of fresh water provides high quality of living, the stabilization of the internal and foreign political situation, especially in developing countries. A lot of fresh drinking quality water production technologies are known today. Most of them consume a significant amount of energy and pose a considerable danger to the environment. As a source of energy, as a rule, hydrocarbon raw material is used, which is an exhaustible resource. The authors developed a technology for obtaining fresh water of drinking quality from atmospheric air using the solar energy. The article provides a substantiation of the way of fresh water production from air and also describes the energy balance in its implementation.

scholarly journals CONDIÇÕES DE ARMAZENAGEM E QUALIDADE DA MATÉRIA PRIMA: ESTUDO DE CASO EM UMA DERIVADORA DE ALIMENTOS A BASE DE MILHO

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 18-33
Author(s):  
Samara Pereira Dias ◽  
Jamir Rauta ◽  
César Augustus Winck
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Direct Influence ◽  
Storage Process ◽  
Physical And Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The storage process, in some way, has a direct influence on the production and status of the derived final product. It was possible to verify in this case study that the storage system of the company is deficient, needing improvements, especially when entering the raw material for production. Such problems, such as impurities, broken and burned grains, are generated in the warehouse itself, due to lack of prudence and coordination. Findings that contradict the objective of storage that is the conservation of the particularities of the grains and that may detract from the attributes of the end product in terms of taste, physical and chemical characteristics and visual conditions. Among the possible causes of the disturbances are the lack of maintenance of the machines, inefficient aeration and thermometry gauging. As a suggestion, besides the improvements on the mentioned problems, the implantation of management and strategy of inventories, of programs and quality control, development of the producing agents, planning and methods of solution of problems. The decline in the quality of the raw material, corn, can result in chain effect, damaging the final product, thus damaging the financial results of the organization.

scholarly journals Mimicking Bone - Chemical and Physical Challenges

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-101
Author(s):  
Sophie C Cox ◽  
Sophie C. Cox
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Research Strategy ◽  
Porous Scaffolds ◽  
One Step ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Physical Features ◽  
Physical Challenges

It is known that chemical and physical features of bone contribute to its functionality, reactivity and mechanical performance. This fundamental rationale underpins the author’s research strategy. This paper presents a summary of efforts to fabricate a synthetic structure, referred to as a scaffold, that both chemically and physical emulates the intricate structure of bone. An understanding of key features of bone tissue that contribute to its remarkable properties is presented as a background to this work. Novel work aimed at improving the understanding of the synthesis of a ceramic biomaterial, namely hydroxyapatite, that is chemically similar to bone mineral is discussed. A case study involving the manufacture of porous scaffolds by 3D printing is also presented. In summary, this article highlights a number of on-going challenges that multidisciplinary tissue engineers aim to solve to get one step closer to mimicking bone, which clinically could improve the quality of life for millions of people worldwide.  Photo credit: By Doc. RNDr. Josef Reischig, CSc. (Author's archive) [CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

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