scholarly journals Art Casting in Portuguese 19th Century Industrial Foundries: A Multi-Analytical Study of an Emblematic Copper-Based Alloy Monument

Heritage ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 3050-3064
Author(s):  
Pablo General-Toro ◽  
Rui Bordalo ◽  
Patrícia Raquel Moreira ◽  
Eduarda Vieira ◽  
Antonio Brunetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Technical Information ◽  
Conservation Strategy ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Minor Elements ◽  
Symbolic Value ◽  
Outdoor Sculpture ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Copper Based Alloy

The outdoor sculpture of the first Portuguese king, D. Afonso Henriques (c. 1109–1185 AD), placed in Guimarães (North Portugal), is one of the most emblematic national sculptures. Created in 1887 by António Soares dos Reis, it possesses a remarkable symbolic value in the presumed birthplace of the king. In addition to the artistic and heritage importance of the monument, it is one of the few sculptures cast by a Portuguese industrial foundry in the 19th century. This study obtained data on the sculpture’s elemental composition and corrosion products, gathering important historical and technical information. For this purpose, a multi-analytical approach consisting of X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS) was carried out to characterise the bulk metal and corrosion layers. The data revealed a ternary alloy of Cu, Sn and Zn, with Pb, Fe, As, Bi and Mn as minor elements. The alloy matches that of other sculptures cast in that period. In terms of corrosion, it is characterised by the presence of oxides. These results represent the first step for applying an appropriate conservation strategy for bronze sculptures with similar characteristics.

scholarly journals Art Casting in Portuguese 19th-Century Industrial Foundries: A Multi-Analytical Study of an Emblematic Copper-Based Alloy Monument

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo General-Toro ◽  
Rui Bordalo ◽  
Patrícia R. Moreira ◽  
Vieira Eduarda ◽  
Antonio Brunetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Technical Information ◽  
Conservation Strategy ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Minor Elements ◽  
Symbolic Value ◽  
Outdoor Sculpture ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Copper Based Alloy

The outdoor sculpture of the first Portuguese king, D. Afonso Henriques (~1109 – 1185 AD), placed in Guimarães (North Portugal) is one of the most emblematic national sculptures. Created in 1887 by António Soares dos Reis, it possesses a remarkable symbolic value in the presumed birthplace of the king. In addition to the artistic and heritage importance of the monument, it is one of the few sculptures cast by a Portuguese industrial foundry in the 19th-century. This study obtained data on the sculpture's elemental composition and corrosion products, gathering important historical and technical information. For this purpose, a multi-analytical approach consisting of X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS) was carried out to characterise the bulk metal and corrosion layers. The data revealed a ternary alloy of Cu, Sn, Zn with Pb, Fe, As, Bi and Mn as minor elements. The alloy matches that of other sculptures cast in that period. In terms of corrosion, it is characterised by the presence of oxides. These results represent the first step for applying an appropriate conservation strategy for bronze sculptures with similar characteristics.

scholarly journals PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDY AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS SWARNA MAKSHIKA BHASMA.

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajni Bhardwaj ◽  
Smita Johar ◽  
Amit Kapila ◽  
Amandeep Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Major Element ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Minor Elements ◽  
Rhombohedral Crystal ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Reddish Brown Color

Swarnamakshika is grouped under Updhatu of Swarna and is composed of Copper, Iron and Sulphur. In this study Swarnamakshika was subjected to Shodhana by Bharjana with Nimbuka swarasa and Shudha Swarnamakshika was given Bhavana with Nimbuka swarasa and subjected to Varahaputa. With ten Varahaputa Bhasma Siddhi Lakshanas were attained swarnamakshika Marana was done by using Nimbuka swarasa until bhasma siddi lakshanas found and it took 10 puta till it attained reddish brown color. The X-ray diffraction analysis showed that d-identified peaks after 10th puta Swarnamakshika bhasma composition is of Iron oxide with rhombohedral crystal system as main component. EDX analysis of Swarna makshika bhasma shows that it contains Iron and Oxygen, as major element and Copper, Sulphur, Carbon, Aluminium, Calcium etc. as minor elements. FESEM study revealed that the particle size of Ashudha and Shudha Swarnamakshika was in the range of 500 nm-3nm. Keywords: Swarnamakshika Bhasma, Nimbuka swarasa, puta

scholarly journals Seven Unknown Drawings by Luigi Manini

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-260
Author(s):  
Luís Manuel Sêrro
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Artistic Expression ◽  
Social Response ◽  
Art Nouveau ◽  
Final Phase ◽  
Art Exhibition ◽  
Art Deco ◽  
Architectural Element ◽  
Symbolic Value ◽  
The 19Th Century

Luigi Manini, set designer at the Nacional Theatre of S. Carlos lived in the second half of the 19th century, which was characterized, in the field of aesthetics, by the transition from romanticism to naturalism. This article aims to analyze seven unknown drawings by Luigi Manini, as an expression and illustration of this artistic period. For this, we analyse the three major periods of art exhibition by Hegel in his work Aesthetics. Integrated in this analysis the evolution of artistic expression, with more emphasis, is illustrated the study of ornamentation, its nature, its importance in stylistic participation and, along its journey, the variation between the expression plane and the content plane that the ornament, as a sign, suffered. To conclude this journey, romanticism, used ornamentation as an evocative element of cultural styles and cultures, consistent with the essence of romanticism: a sublime expression. But in its final phase, romanticism evolved into naturalism that manifests, not the differentiated architectural element, but its collective nature. Urbanism is a social response of Architecture. The ornament loses, at this time, its symbolic value, but maintains its expression plan that was developed with an appreciation of its plastic value. It’s the ornate by the ornate that keeps, still, more time in Belle Époque; in Art Nouveau and Art Deco, to disappear completely in Modernism. These drawings, from an affirmation phase of Luigi Manini’s, are integrated at this time, and their analysis will be concluded from the historical conclusion of this article.

scholarly journals Nacre morphology and chemical composition in Atlantic winged oyster Pteria colymbus (Röding, 1798)

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11527
Author(s):  
Pablo Santana ◽  
Dalila Aldana Aranda
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Organic Matrix ◽  
Carbonyl Groups ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Mineral Phase ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Minor Elements ◽  
Scanning Electron

The microstructure and nanostructure of nacre in Pteria colymbus were studied with high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The tablets were found to be flat and polyhedral with four to eight sides, and lengths ranging from 0.6 to 3.0 µm. They consisted of nanocrystals 41 nm wide, growing in the same direction. X-ray diffraction showed the crystals to be mineral phase aragonite, which was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy identified a band at 1,786.95 cm−1 attributed to carboxylate (carbonyl) groups of the proteins present in the organic matrix as well as bands characteristic of calcium carbonate. X-ray fluorescence showed the nacre to contain 98% calcium carbonate, as well as minor elements (Si, Na, S and Sr) and trace elements (Mg, P, Cu, Al, Fe, Cl, K and Zn).

scholarly journals «Descubrir» y «descubrirse» en el románico: un ejemplo catalán de patrimonio de la humanidad

CEM ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 108-126
Author(s):  
Maria Garganté Llanes
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
World Heritage ◽  
World Heritage Site ◽  
Heritage Site ◽  
The World ◽  
National Movements ◽  
Romanesque Art ◽  
Symbolic Value ◽  
The 19Th Century

The aim of this work is to present a case study on the identification between Romanesque art and national identity in Catalonia, an association that emerged in the framework of the emergence of national movements at the end of the 19th century, but that was recovered a century later when the process for the declaration of the Romanesque churches of the Boí Valley as a world heritage site by UNESCO began. The identification of the Romanesque with a «national art» is reinforced in this case because it is a Romanesque art located in the heart of the Pyrenees, with the strong symbolic value of the mountain as the «cradle» of the Catalan nation. We will analyse the World Heritage process and its effects in the context of a small territory, with a scarce population and dependent to a great extent on the seasonality of tourism.

Serendipity: Werner's argument that the `two-only forms' (green and violet) of [CoCl2(en)2]+ salts demanded his octahedral model was correct. True?

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 298-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Bernal ◽  
Roger A. Lalancette
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Elemental Composition ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Elemental Analysis ◽  
Asymmetric Unit ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Third ◽  
Alfred Werner

Chemists of the late 19th century, including Alfred Werner, prepared salts containing either green or violet cations of composition [CoCl2(en)2]+ (en is ethylenediamine, C2H8N2); we now refer to these as trans-dichloro and cis-dichloro species. We have discovered a third salt, purple in color, containing cations of the same elemental composition and whose asymmetric unit composition is [CoCl2(en)2]2Cl2·3H2O, in which the cobalt cations are a cis:trans dichloro pair. Such a discovery would undermine Werner's argument that if only two forms can be prepared, his octahedral theory was proven. Probably because his students never examined their crystals under a microscope, they failed to observe the `third' species, thereby ruining Werner's argument since he relied strictly on color to identify them. That was fortunate since our purple salt would have led him to abandon, or certainly delay, his momentous discovery. Our crystals consist of a 1:1 mixture of the cis and trans cations, thereby sharing the same elemental analysis and conductivity as the single salts, but not their crystal structure, inasmuch as X-ray diffraction had not even been discovered then. Serendipitously, our discovery would have been a great boon to his theoretical acumen, while his `two-color' argument may have doomed him.

1. The roots of biochemistry

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Mark Lorch
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Structural Biology ◽  
Ribonucleic Acid ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Crystallography ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

This chapter traces the history of biochemistry, which is linked to the understanding of arguably the oldest uses of biotechnology—fermentation and the production of alcoholic beverages and cheese. In the 19th century, at the same time as the fermentation debates and enzymology flourished, the nature of proteins was under scrutiny. The chapter then considers the contribution that X-ray crystallography has made to structural biology. By the mid-20th century, the structures of the two massive molecular players, protein and nucleic acids (DNA along with ribonucleic acid), and their myriad roles were in place. It was becoming apparent that these were the fundamental molecular machines that marshal the chemistry within cells.

scholarly journals Fifteen Years of Radionuclide Research at the KIT Synchrotron Source in the Context of the Nuclear Waste Disposal Safety Case

Geosciences ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg Rothe ◽  
Marcus Altmaier ◽  
Ron Dagan ◽  
Kathy Dardenne ◽  
David Fellhauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Radionuclide Studies ◽  
Synchrotron Source ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Safety Case ◽  
Material Sciences ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Analytical Tools ◽  
X Ray Absorption ◽  
Analytical Power

For more than 120 years, systematic studies of X-ray interaction with matter have been the basis for our understanding of materials—both of natural or man-made origin—and their structure-function relationships. Beginning with simple radiographic imaging at the end of the 19th century, X-ray based analytical tools such as X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence and photoemission or X-ray absorption techniques are indispensable in almost any field of chemical and material sciences—including basic and applied actinide and radionuclide studies. The advent of dedicated synchrotron radiation (SR) sources in the second half of the last century has revolutionized the analytical power of X-ray probes, while—with increasing number of SR facilities—beamline instrumentation followed a trend towards increasing specialization and adaption to a major research topic. The INE-Beamline and ACT station at the KIT synchrotron source belong to the exclusive club of a few synchrotron beamline facilities—mostly located in Europe—dedicated to the investigation of highly radioactive materials. Since commissioning of the INE-Beamline in 2005, capabilities for synchrotron-based radionuclide and actinide sciences at KIT have been continuously expanded, driven by in-house research programs and external user needs.

Composition and Microstructures of Imperial Brass Chinese Coins

2010 ◽  
Vol 636-637 ◽  
pp. 531-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J. Furtado ◽  
Rui Jorge C. Silva ◽  
M.F. Araújo ◽  
Francisco Manuel Braz Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Equilibrium Phase ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Minor Elements ◽  
Brass Alloys ◽  
Scanning Electron

Twenty brass Chinese cash coins with complex compositions were studied for a better understanding of the metallurgical cash production in China, during the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. Elemental composition was obtained through energy-dispersive micro X-ray fluorescence spectrometry of small cleaned areas on the coins rims. Results showed that these brass alloys (Cu-Zn) frequently contain up to 3% Sn, have highly variable Pb content (from n.d. up to 14%) and Fe, Sb, and As as minor elements. Microstructures were assessed by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy, and preliminary micro X-ray diffraction analysis. All the coins present typical as-cast microstructures although very fine-grained, which are supported by binary (Cu-Zn) and ternary (Cu-Zn-Sn) equilibrium phase diagrams, that explain microstructural differences due to the presence of Sn in these brasses.

scholarly journals ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE ANCIENT BRONZE COINS BY X-RAY FLUORESCENCE TECHNIQUE USING SIMULTANEOUSLY RADIOISOTOPE SOURCE AND X-RAY TUBE

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
NGUYEN THE QUYNH ◽  
TRUONG THI AN ◽  
TRAN DUC THIEP ◽  
NGUYEN DINH CHIEN ◽  
DAO TRAN CAO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elemental Composition ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Elemental Analysis ◽  
Fluorescence Technique ◽  
Interesting Point ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Radioisotope Source ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Fluorescence Spectrometer ◽  
The 19Th Century

The results on elemental analysis of the vietnamese ancient bronze coins during the time of the Nguyen dynasty (19th century) are presented. The samples were provided by the Vietnam National Historical Museum and the elemental analysis was performed on the home-made model EDS-XT-99-01 X-ray fluorescence spectrometer in the Institute of Materials Science, NCST of Vietnam. The samples exited simultaneously by radioisotope source and X-ray tube. The analytical results show the similarity in the elemental composition of the coins issued by different kings of the Nguyen dynasty, but there is the difference in the concentration of the used elements. Another interesting point is that all the coins have zinc (Zn) in their composition, which shows clearly the influence of the occidental metallurgical technology on the money-making technique in Vietnam during the 19th century.

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