IONTOPHORESIS: A FUNCTIONAL APPROACH FOR ENHANCEMENT OF TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY

Iontophoresis is one of the most widely studied active techniques for enhancing transdermal delivery of drugs. However, its ability to enhance the delivery of highly lipophilic compounds is poor due to lack of any charge and poor water solubility of molecules. The skin has been used as a port for systemic delivery of therapeutic agents since several decades. The composition of stratum corneum renders it a daunting barrier to the topical and transdermal administration of therapeutic agents. The number of drug molecules for transdermal delivery is limited owing to the physicochemical restrictions. The delivery of drugs into systemic circulation via skin has generated much attention during the last decade. Transdermal therapeutic systems propound controlled release of active ingredients through the skin and into the systemic circulation in a predictive manner. Drugs administered through these systems escape first-pass metabolism and maintain a steady state scenario similar to a continuous intravenous infusion for up to several days. Keywords: Iontophoresis, non-invasive, stratum corneum, acid-alkaline reaction, chemical permeation enhancer, reverse iontophoresis.

DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF MEDICATED CHEWING GUM OF RALOXIFENE HYDROCHLORIDE

In this study we formulate Raloxifene hydrochloride, edicated chewing gum to overcome first pass metabolism of it so bioavability increase of drug. We take polyvinyl acetate as chewing gum base. Aspartame, mannitol and sucrose as sweetener. Glycerin as a plasticizer. Beta-cyclodextrine as solubility enhancer and taste masking agent. First we evaluate the API by its melting point after we derived its calibration curve. After this we select proper ratio of Beta-cyclodextrine and API. After we study drug and excipients compatibility by using FTIR. XRD study perform for API and formulation. After we formulate our formulation and perform post-evaluation study like hardness, weight variation, % drug content and % drug release. From all formulation F5 formulation shows best % drug release and % drug content. After we perform stability study for our formulation and after study no major change show in formulation. And in last we perform buccal permeability study. On basis of all study results we can say that our formulation is successfully formed. Keywords: Raloxifene hydrochloride, Medicated chewing gum, Buccal permeation, Osteoporosis.

OVERVIEW OF AN OVARIAN CANCER AND ITS TREATMENT ASPECTS

Cancer (medical term: malignant neoplasm) is a class of diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled growth, invasion that intrudes upon and destroys adjacent tissues, and sometimes metastasis, or spreading to other locations in the body via lymph or blood. These three malignant properties of cancers differentiate them from benign tumors, which do not invade or metastasize. Ovarian cancer is fundamentally a disease of failure of regulation of tissue growth. In order for a normal cell to transform into a cancer cell, the genes which regulate cell growth and differentiation must be altered. These brief surveys discuss the current therapy, novel treatment and its side effects. Keywords: Cancer, Cancer treatment, Liposomal formulation

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIACNE ACTIVITY OF LEAVES EXTRACT OF LAGERSTROEMIA INDICA

Medicinal plants have bioactive compounds which are used for curing of various human diseases and also play an important role in healing. Secondary constituents contain alkaloids, flavonoids, phenol, sapon in, steroids and tannins. Medicinal plants have anticancer, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antidiuretic and anti-inflammation activities. The increasing interest in powerful biological activity of secondary metabolites outlined the necessity of determining their contents in medicinal plants. In Indian Ayurvedic system, Lagerstroemia Indica (Lythraceae) are well-known plants used for major and minor ailments. The aim of the present study is to examine leaf of Lagerstroemia Indica for phytochemical profile, antioxidant potential, antimicrobial including anti acne activity. Qualitative analysis of various phytochemical constituents and quantitative analysis of total phenolics and flavonoids were determined by the well-known test protocol available in the literature. Quantitative analysis of phenolic and flavonoids was carried out by FolinsCiocalteau reagent method and aluminium chloride method respectively. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, fixed oil and fats. The present study concluded that the crude extract of Lagerstroemia Indica is a rich source of secondary phytoconstituents which impart significant antioxidant potential. The extract of Lagerstroemia Indica possess antimicrobial effectiveness againt P. acne and other microbes, In Vitro anti acne activity. The findings of the present study will be helpful to phytochemists, pharmacologists and pharmaceutical industries. Keywords: Lagerstroemia Indica, Phytochemical, Antioxidant, Antiacne.

EVALUATION OF ANTI ULCER ACTIVITY OF HYDROALCOHOLIC LEAVES EXTRACT OF LEUCAS ASPERA

The main aim of the study was to determine the phytoconstituents present in Leaves of Leucas aspera. The present study was therefore carried out to evaluate the anti-ulcer activity of Hydroalcoholic (70% methanol) leaf extract of Leucas aspera in rats. The effect of Leucas aspera extract on gastric ulcer in rats in indomethacin induced gastric ulcers model and ethanol-induced models was studied using single dosing (100, 200 mg/kg) and repeated dosing (200 mg/kg for 5 days) approaches. Ranitidine (50 mg/kg) and cimetidine (100 mg/kg) were used as the standard drugs. Depending on the model, outcome measures were volume ulcer index. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Leucas aspera significantly (P<0.001) reduced gastric ulcer, respectively, in indomethacin induced gastric ulcers model and ethanol-induced models at the 200 mg/kg dose, which is comparable to the standard drugs. 5 days pre-treatment with Leucas aspera 200 mg/kg exhibited significant (P<0.001) ulcer inhibition. Leucas aspera possesses both dose-dependent and time-dependent anti-ulcer effect in the two models. The oral median lethal dose (LD50) is estimated to be higher than 2000 mg/kg for the crude hydroalcoholic extract, and secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, tannins, and saponins were present. The findings of this study confirmed that Leucas aspera has anti-ulcer pharmacologic activity due to one or more of the secondary metabolites present in it. Therefore, this study validates its anti-ulcer use in Ethiopian folk medicine. Further investigations on isolation of specific phytochemicals and elucidating mechanisms of action are needed.

PHYTOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF INDIGOFERA ASTRAGALINA

The word diabetes is Greek for a draw off, referring to the ejection of a more quantity of urine; and mellitus is Latin used for sugar. Consequently diabetes mellitus means the passage of huge amounts of sweet urine. This is derived from the information that excess glucose in the blood spills over into the urine, absorbing fluids with it. Based on the exhaustive literature survey, the objective of the present work focussed on the search of herb to be proved as more suitable among the reported herbs/ herbal preparations/claimed herbs, towards the control of blood glucose level in hyperglycemic condition. In the present investigation herbs; Indigofera astragalina were considered based on their literature information. In general, there is very little biological knowledge on the specific modes of action in the treatment of diabetes, but most of the plants have been found to contain substances like phenols, glycosides, alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids etc., that are normally concerned as having antidiabetic effect. Keywords: Keywords: Antidiabetic activity, alkaloids, Flavonoid, Phenol and Indigofera Astragalina.

Lannea coromandelica: An Overview

Plants serve humans as primary sources for food, shelter and medicines. So understanding the plant uses in treating the diseases is very important for leading a healthier life. Our ancestors have used many plants as medicines and there is a need to provide scientific evidence for the same. Lannea coromandelica from family Anacardiaceae is one of the potent remedial plant. It is known as Modhad or Moi in Vernacular language and is found to be distributed throughout India. It is one of the common plants of deciduous forest and plains .It was extensively used by the tribes all over India to treat various diseases. Many investigations on the chemistry of the plant have been done. This article reviews about the plant L. coromandelica. Keywords: Lannea coromandelica , Anacardiaceae

SAFETY AND TOLERABILITY OF VILDAGLIPTIN IN CLINICAL PRACTICE: NEWER PROMISING GLIPTIN FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) increases with age. Older patients have an increased likelihood for T2DM-related morbidity and mortality. The dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor vildagliptin is approved for use as monotherapy and combination therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. This article reviews the clinical efficacy and tolerability of vildagliptin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, as well as summarizing its pharmacological properties. Improvements in glycaemic control were also seen with vildagliptin in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes and in patients with type 2 diabetes and moderate or severe renal impairment. Vildagliptin was generally well tolerated in patients with type 2 diabetes, was weight neutral and was associated with a low risk of hypoglycemia, reflecting its glucose-dependent mechanism of action. The elderly population with T2DM poses unique treatment challenges and have not been particularly well-represented in clinical trials, highlighting the need for additional studies to better define appropriate glucose targets and to ascertain the best strategies for achieving and maintaining appropriate glycaemic levels. In conclusion, vildagliptin is an important option for use in combination with metformin, a sulfonylurea or a thiazolidinedione in patients with type 2 diabetes who require combination therapy. Keywords: DPP-4 inhibitors, Elderly, Oral hypoglycemic agents, Type 2 diabetes, Vildagliptin

SCREENING & EVALUATION OF ANTI-DIABETIC SPECTRUM OF WITHANIA COAGULANS

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder. This review article is planned to The anti-diabetic effect of Withania Coagulans have been successfully used in Ayurvedic and other traditional formulations and found to be efficient and inexpensive as compared to synthetic drugs. It also aims to test and verify the W. coagulans fruits, showed significant inhibition on postprandial rise in hyperglycemia post-sucrose load in normoglycemic rats as well as streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. which is comparable to the standard antidiabetic drug Glibenclamide for medical care, The present study defines the systematic evaluation and the role of minerals in glycemic potential of aqueous extract of Withania coagulans fruits in order to develop an effective and safe alternative treatment for diabetes mellitus. These studies conducted to determine the antidiabetic effect of Withania coagulans and pancreatic histological features in streptozotocin induced diabetic rat. Results: The study is based on results of lowering in blood glucose levels of normal, sub, mild diabetic rats assessed during fasting blood glucose, glucose tolerance test studies. The dose of 1000mg/kg was identified as the most effective dose, which reduce the blood glucose level maximum by 35.2% at 5 hours in normal rats during blood glucose studies. Glucose tolerance test studies is normal, sub and mild diabetic rats showed the maximum reduction of 16.7, 29.8 and 38.5% at 4hour respectively. Long term study incase of severely diabetic rats showed reduction fasting glucose level respectively after 30 days of treatment. The present study confirming antidiabetic effect of aqueous extract of Withania Coagulans, helps in identifying the role of trace minerals like Mg and Ca responsible for antidiabetic potential of this potent indigenous shrub. Conclusion: The present research has presented comprehensive details of antidiabetic plants used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Most of these plant derived medicines. Keywords: Anti-Diabetic effect, Screening & Evaluation, Streptozocin, Glibenclamide, Diabetic rats.

DESIGN, OPTIMIZATION & IN-VITRO EVALUATION OF SODIUM ALGINATE BASED IN-SITU GEL OF RANITIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN ULCER TREATMENT

Peptic ulcer, it is the most common type of stomach disease, according to the American Gastroenterology Association. “We know that ulcers occur because there has been a disruption in the balance of factors that injure the digestive tract and those factors that protect it from injury,” The present investigation deal with the formulation, optimization and evaluation of sodium alginate based in situ gel of ranitidine hydrochloride (R-HCl) in ulcer treatment. The in-situ formulation are homogenous liquid when administration orally and become gel at the contact site. The evaluation of the formulation is dependent upon accurate results obtained by analytical method used during the study. Accurate results require the use of standard and a calibration procedure. Hence, standard plots of Ranitidine hydrochloride were prepared in (0.1N HCL, pH 1.2) solutions. Two, sodium alginate and calcium carbonate used as a polymer and cross-linking agent respectively in the formulation of in-situ gel. From the IR studies it may be concluded that the drug and carriers used undergo physical interaction there is no chemical change, and thus the gelling agent, cross-linking agent and other excipient is suitable for formulation of in-situ gel of ranitidine hydrochloride. Indicate that the formulation, DKF9 which was prepared by the Sodium alginate (2 gm) with Ranitidine Hydrochloride showed minimum drug release (sustained drug release) after 8 hrs. It can be concluded that the In-situ gel was beneficial for delivering the drug which needs sustained release to achieve the slow action. Keywords: In-situ gel, Peptic Ulcer, Ranitidine Hydrochloride (R-HCl), Sodium alginate.