scholarly journals The Urban Double-Crop: Can Fall Vegetables and a Warm-Season Lawn Co-Exist?

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 505
Author(s):  
Ellen M. Bauske ◽  
S. Dorn ◽  
F. C. Waltz ◽  
L. Garcia Chance
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Lactuca Sativa ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Swiss Chard ◽  
Satisfactory Recovery ◽  
The Ideal

A gardening methodology using double-cropped cool-season vegetables and warm-season turfgrass, thereby capitalizing on the ideal growing season for each, was developed in field trials and tested in volunteers’ landscapes. Broccoli (Brassica oleracea’), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), and Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris subsp. Cicla) were planted into an established hybrid bermudagrass lawn (Cynodon dactylon (L) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy ‘Tifsport’) in September. The vegetables were planted into tilled strips, 5 cm × 10 cm holes and 10 cm × 10 cm holes in the turf. All treatments produced harvestable yield, though the yield of vegetables planted in the tilled treatments and larger holes was greater than in smaller holes. Efforts to reduce turfgrass competition with vegetables by the application of glyphosate or the use of the Veggie Lawn Pod (an easily installed plastic cover on the lawn) did not increase yield. Tilled treatments left depressions that discouraged spring turfgrass recovery. The double-crop was tested by seven volunteers on their lawns. Though lawn-planted vegetables did not produce as much yield as those planted in the volunteers’ gardens, the volunteers were enthusiastic about this methodology. The volunteers reported that lawn vegetables were more difficult to plant but not more difficult to maintain, and they were easier to harvest than vegetables in their gardens. All volunteers reported satisfactory recovery of their lawns in the spring.

Seasonal and temperature effects on mycorrhizal activity and dependence of cool- and warm-season tallgrass prairie grasses

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (8) ◽  
pp. 1596-1602 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. Bentivenga ◽  
B. A. D. Hetrick
Keyword(s):  
Tallgrass Prairie ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Cool Temperature ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Fungal Activity ◽  
Prairie Grasses ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Warm Season Grasses

Previous research on North American tallgrass prairie grasses has shown that warm-season grasses rely heavily on vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, while cool-season grasses are less dependent on the symbiosis (i.e., receive less benefit). This led to the hypothesis that cool-season grasses are less dependent on the symbiosis, because the growth of these plants occurs when mycorrhizal fungi are inactive. Field studies were performed to assess the effect of phenology of cool- and warm-season grasses on mycorrhizal fungal activity and fungal species composition. Mycorrhizal fungal activity in field samples was assessed using the vital stain nitro blue tetrazolium in addition to traditional staining techniques. Mycorrhizal activity was greater in cool-season grasses than in warm-season grasses early (April and May) and late (December) in the growing season, while mycorrhizal activity in roots of the warm-season grasses was greater (compared with cool-season grasses) in midseason (July and August). Active mycorrhizal colonization was relatively high in both groups of grasses late in the growing season, suggesting that mycorrhizal fungi may proliferate internally or may be parasitic at this time. Total Glomales sporulation was generally greater in the rhizosphere of cool-season grasses in June and in the rhizosphere of the warm-season grasses in October. A growth chamber experiment was conducted to examine the effect of temperature on mycorrhizal dependence of cool- and warm-season grasses. For both groups of grasses, mycorrhizal dependence was greatest at the temperature that favored growth of the host. The results suggest that mycorrhizal fungi are active in roots when cool-season grasses are growing and that cool-season grasses may receive benefit from the symbiosis under relatively cool temperature regimes. Key words: cool-season grasses, tallgrass prairie, vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae, warm-season grasses.

scholarly journals The Performance of Representative Asian Vegetables in Different Production Systems in Texas

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1874
Author(s):  
Genhua Niu ◽  
Joseph Masabni ◽  
Triston Hooks ◽  
Daniel Leskovar ◽  
John Jifon
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Technical Information ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
High Yield ◽  
High Tunnel ◽  
Leafy Greens ◽  
Postharvest Management

Demand for Asian vegetables is rising rapidly due to changing demographics and increasing consumer awareness of their health benefits. However, growers are not familiar with growing these “foreign” crops due to insufficient technical information regarding suitable cultivars for different regions, production schedules, disease and pest susceptibility, and postharvest management. The objective of this study was to conduct trials in different production systems and climate regions to demonstrate the potential of growing Asian vegetables in Texas. We conducted preliminary trials of nine leafy greens in the open field, high tunnel, and greenhouse (container and hydroponic production) to explore the suitability and potential for year-round production. We also conducted field trials for warm season crops in the open field in different climate zones. Results indicated that for cool season leafy greens, open field production has a limited growing season, high tunnel has the potential to extend the growing season, while greenhouse may provide year-round production using soilless substrate container culture or hydroponic system. For warm season crops, early planting is recommended for high yield. Additional research is warranted in different regions to test more species and cultivars and optimize the production system of high-performing cultivars to maximize production and profitability.

scholarly journals Steaming and Flaming for Converting Cool-season Turfgrasses to Hybrid Bermudagrass in Untilled Soil

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 682-689
Author(s):  
Marco Fontanelli ◽  
Michel Pirchio ◽  
Christian Frasconi ◽  
Luisa Martelloni ◽  
Michele Raffaelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Mediterranean Climate ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Chemical Application ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Photographic Survey ◽  
Different Doses

Turfgrass species can be classified into two main groups: cool-season and warm-season species. Warm-season species are more suited to a Mediterranean climate. Transplanting is a possible method to convert a cool-season to a warm-season turfgrass in untilled soil. It generally requires the chemical desiccation of the cool-season turfgrass. However, alternative physical methods, like flaming and steaming, are also available. This paper compares flaming, steaming, and herbicide application to desiccate cool-season turfgrass, for conversion to hybrid bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon x C. transvaalensis) in untilled soil, using transplanting. Two prototype machines were used, a self-propelled steaming machine and a tractor-mounted liquefied petroleum gas flaming machine. Treatments compared in this work were two flaming treatments and two steaming treatments performed at four different doses together with two chemical treatments with glufosinate-ammonium herbicide applications. The cool-season turfgrass species were tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). The desiccation effect of the various treatments on cool-season turf was assessed by photographic survey 15 days after treatment. The percentage cover of hybrid bermudagrass was visually assessed at 43 weeks after planting. Steaming and flaming effects on both parameters were described by logistic curves. The highest doses of steaming and flaming almost completely desiccated cool-season turf, and similar hybrid bermudagrass cover was established by both the methods as the chemical application (50% to 60%). Thus both flaming and steaming may be considered as valid alternatives to herbicides aimed at turf conversion.

scholarly journals Cryptic Infection and Systemic Colonization of Leguminous Crops by Verticillium dahliae, the Cause of Verticillium Wilt

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (12) ◽  
pp. 3166-3171 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Lloyd ◽  
N. McRoberts ◽  
T. R. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Verticillium Wilt ◽  
Verticillium Dahliae ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Common Vetch ◽  
Rotation Scheme ◽  
Sunn Hemp ◽  
Leguminous Crops ◽  
Rotation Crop

Verticillium dahliae, the cause of Verticillium wilt, is a widespread pathogen that affects many crops in California and throughout the world. Cover cropping with leguminous species is often integrated into a rotation scheme for its contribution to soil nitrogen, and can contribute to management of Verticillium wilt provided the chosen crop does not support development of V. dahliae. Seven cool season legumes (faba bean, bell bean, field pea, hairy vetch, common vetch, purple vetch, and woollypod vetch), and three warm season legumes (sesbania, sunn hemp, and black-eyed pea) were evaluated as hosts for reproductive growth of V. dahliae. All 10 legumes were colonized by V. dahliae, while remaining symptomless, when subjected to a root-dip inoculation. Similar results were obtained when plants were grown in infested potting soil, albeit with a lower frequency of infection than in root-dip assays. All tested legumes were also infected in field trials, with the exception of bell bean. Overall, warm season legumes sustained higher rates of infection than cool season legumes. Common vetch was the most extensively colonized of the cool season legumes. Based on the results of this study, legumes may not be an appropriate rotation crop in fields where Verticillium wilt is a problem.

scholarly journals 267 Phytotoxic Effect of Pine Bark Mulch in Landscape Beds

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 488C-488
Author(s):  
R.A. Mirabello ◽  
A.E. Einert ◽  
G.L. Klingaman
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Initial Study ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Phytotoxic Effect ◽  
Soil Temperatures

The use of shredded bark, wood chips, and other organic mulches to conserve water and moderate soil temperatures is a common practice in landscape maintenance. Four mulch materials (cottonseed hulls, cypress pulp, pine bark, and pine straw) were examined to determine effects on plant growth and soil conditions in annual flower beds during a 1-year rotation of warm season to cool season annuals. Inhibited plant growth was observed in pine bark treatments at the conclusion of the growing season for both plantings. Effects on soil conditions were insignificant over the year-long study in pine bark treatments. To further investigate potential phytotoxic effects of pine bark and other mulch used in the initial study, a seed bioassay was performed to determine the influence of mulch extracts in solution on germination and primary root elongation.

scholarly journals Turf Species Affects Establishment and Growth of Redbud and Pecan

HortScience ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason J. Griffin ◽  
William R. Reid ◽  
Dale J. Bremer
Keyword(s):  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Resource Competition ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Cool Season

Establishment and growth of eastern redbud (Cercis canadensis L.) and pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] were studied where soil surfaces were either covered with each of three common turfgrass species or maintained free of vegetation by the use of an herbicide or an organic mulch layer. Turf species included two cool-season grasses, tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), and the warm-season bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.]. After two growing seasons, tree caliper of both species was 100% greater in turf-free plots compared with trees in the cool-season grass plots. Root weight of pecans increased nearly 200% when turf was eliminated, and redbud root weight increased nearly 300%. Top weight of redbuds increased 300% and pecans increased 200% when turf was eliminated. Total leaf weight of both species was 300% greater in the turf-free plots, and leaf area increased 200% in both species. Net photosynthesis of redbud trees tended to be higher in the plots without turfgrass, and cool-season grasses inhibited photosynthesis to a greater extent than the warm-season grass. Foliar tissue analysis revealed that nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) were the only elements that increased in concentration when turf was eliminated. However, nutrient concentrations in all treatments were within recommended standard ranges. The results suggest that landscape tree establishment and growth are greatly inhibited by the presence of cool-season turfgrasses and that the inhibition may be more complicated than resource competition.

scholarly journals Temporal Weed Interference with Young Pecan Trees

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 1723-1725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael W. Smith ◽  
Becky S. Cheary ◽  
Becky L. Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Warm Season ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Carya Illinoinensis ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Vegetation Control ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Herbaceous Dicots ◽  
Warm Season Grasses

Vegetation surrounding pecan (Carya illinoinensis Wangenh. C. Koch) trees in a 4.3 × 6 m area was either controlled with a nonresidual herbicide for the entire growing season, not controlled, or controlled at certain times during the growing season. After three growing seasons, trunk diameters were suppressed 54% when vegetation was not controlled, 47% when not controlled until 1 Aug., and 37% if not controlled after 1 June compared to entire growing season vegetation control. Trunk diameters were not significantly different from entire season vegetation control when vegetation was controlled from 1 June through fall frost or vegetation controlled from April until 1 Aug. Vegetation in the plots was typically dominated by cool season herbaceous dicots in May and June, and warm-season grasses during August and September.

scholarly journals Postemergence Weed Control in Warm-season Turfgrass with a Mixture of Pyrimisulfan and Penoxsulam

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 960-963 ◽  
Author(s):  
James T. Brosnan ◽  
Gregory K. Breeden
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Virginia Buttonweed

Pyrimisulfan is a sulfonanilide herbicidal inhibitor of acetolactate synthase (ALS) used to control grass and sedge weeds of rice (Oryza stricta L.) production. Penoxsulam is an ALS-inhibiting herbicide that provides early postemergence control of broadleaf weeds in managed turfgrass. Separate field trials were conducted in Knoxville, TN, during Summer 2017 and 2018 to evaluate the efficacy of pyrimisulfan + penoxsulam for control of white clover (Trifolium repens L.), yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.), wild violet (Viola spp.), ground ivy (Glechoma hederacea L.), and virginia buttonweed (Diodia virginiana L.) in common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) turf. All treatments were applied on a granular fertilizer carrier (mean particle size, 1.5 mm) that contained 21% N : 0% P2O5 : 3% K2O. Treatments were applied at an early postemergence growth stage during April of each year and were irrigated into the soil within 24 hours of application. Weed control was assessed from 4 to 10 weeks after initial treatment (WAIT) relative to untreated control plots in each replication. White clover and wild violet were controlled effectively with pyrimisulfan + penoxsulam at 70 + 70 g·ha−1 whereas sequential applications at either 70 + 70 g·ha−1 followed by 35 + 35 g·ha−1 or 52.5 + 52.5 g·ha−1 followed by 52.5 + 52.5 g·ha−1 were needed to control yellow nutsedge, ground ivy, and virginia buttonweed effectively. Future research should explore long-term control of these species, particularly wild violet, ground ivy, and virginia buttonweed with pyrimisulfan + penoxsulam applied over multiple seasons. Chemical names: 2′-[(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)(hydroxy) methyl]-1,1-difluoro-6′-(methoxymethyl)methanesulfonanilide (pyrimisulfan); 2-(2,2-difluoroethoxy)-N-(5,8-dimethoxy1,2,4triazolo 1.5-c-pyrimidin-2-yl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonamide (penoxsulam).

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