scholarly journals Complexity in Implementing Community Drowning Reduction Programs in Southern Bangladesh: A Process Evaluation Protocol

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Medhavi Gupta ◽  
Aminur Rahman ◽  
Kamran ul Baset ◽  
Rebecca Ivers ◽  
Anthony Zwi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Process Evaluation ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Safe Environment ◽  
Evaluation Protocol ◽  
Community Based Programs ◽  
Key Informant ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Depth Interviews

Living and geographical conditions in Bangladesh expose children to a high risk of drowning. Two programs operating in the Barishal Division of Bangladesh aim to reduce drowning risk through the provision of crèches (Anchal) and swim and rescue classes (SwimSafe). Anchal provides a safe environment with early childhood education to children aged 1–5 years old, while SwimSafe teaches children aged 6–10 years old basic swimming and rescue skills. Despite evidence for their effectiveness, it is unclear under which conditions these programs best operate. This protocol describes a project that seeks to conduct a process evaluation and gender analysis to identify implementation inefficiencies and contextual considerations for improved sustainability of the programs. A mixed- method approach using both qualitative and quantitative data will be used. Quantitative program data will be analysed to measure program utilisation, delivery and reach, while qualitative data will be collected via key informant in-depth interviews (IDIs), focus group discussions (FGDs) and observations. The process evaluation of the Anchal and SwimSafe programs provides an opportunity for implementers to identify practical strategies to improve program delivery and improve contextual adaptability of these programs. Furthermore, the findings may provide guidance to other implementers aiming to deliver community-based programs in rural lower-middle income contexts.

Assessing determinants of programmatic performance of community management of malaria, pneumonia, and diarrhea in children in Africa: Protocol and data collection for a mixed-methods evaluation of iCCM (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aliya Karim ◽  
Don de Savigny ◽  
Serge Ngaima ◽  
Daniel Mäusezahl ◽  
Daniel Cobos Muñoz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Focus Group ◽  
Child Health ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Intervention Effectiveness ◽  
Focus Group Discussions ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Key Informant ◽  
Low And Middle Income

BACKGROUND Integrated community case management (iCCM) is a child health program designed to provide integrated, community-based care for pneumonia, malaria and diarrhea for children in hard-to-reach areas of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The foundation of the intervention is service-delivery by community health workers (CHWs) who depend on reliable provision of drugs and supplies, consistent supervision, comprehensive training, and community acceptance and participation to perform optimally. The effectiveness of the program may also depend on a number of other elements, including an enabling policy environment, financing mechanisms from the national to the local level, data transmission systems, and appropriate monitoring and evaluation. The extent to which these factors act upon each other to influence the effectiveness and viability of iCCM is both variable and challenging to assess, especially across different implementation contexts. OBJECTIVE In this paper, we describe a mixed-methods systems-based study protocol to assess the programmatic components of iCCM which are associated with intervention effectiveness, and report preliminary results of data collection. METHODS This protocol employs a mixed qualitative and quantitative study design based on a Systems Thinking approach within four iCCM programs in Malawi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Niger State, and Abia State, Nigeria. Routine monitoring data is collected to determine intervention effectiveness, namely testing, treatment and referral outcomes. Surveys with CHWs, supervisors, and caregivers are performed to collect quantitative data on their demographics, activities, and experiences within the program, and how these relate to the areas of intervention effectiveness. Focus group discussions are conducted with these stakeholders as well as local traditional leaders to contextualize this data. Key informant interviews are undertaken with national and district-level program stakeholders and officers knowledgeable in critical program processes. RESULTS We performed 3,836 surveys and 45 focus group discussions with CHWs, supervisors, and caregivers, and traditional leaders; 120 key informant interviews with district and national-level program managers, health officers, and ministry officials. Policy and program documents were additionally collected for review. CONCLUSIONS Evidence from this study will inform child health programs and practice in low- and middle-income settings, and future policy development within the iCCM intervention.

scholarly journals Faith Effect and Voice on Early Marriage in a Nigerian State

SAGE Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 215824402091951
Author(s):  
Jimoh Amzat
Keyword(s):  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Early Marriage ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Faith Leaders ◽  
The Social ◽  
Key Informant ◽  
Second Category ◽  
Depth Interviews

The rate of early marriage is 87% in northwest Nigeria, although it is 56% in Kaduna. One major issue is that early marriage is often rationalized as a religious norm. This study explores the role of faith leaders in advancing the cause of adolescent girls regarding the timing of marriage in Kaduna state. This qualitative study took place in three local government areas: Chikun (Mixed Christians and Muslims), Makarfi (majority Muslims), and Zangon-Kataf (majority Christians) were purposively selected to have a variety of mixed religious contexts. Using purposive sampling methods, the researcher conducted 24 focus group discussions with adolescent girls, 24 in-depth interviews with faith leaders, and 12 key informant interviews with other stakeholders. The study used a framework method for analyzing qualitative data. The study found that faith leaders play essential roles in rationalizing or discouraging early marriage through preaching and other activities. The study identifies three categories of faith leaders concerning early marriage. Some are proactive, discoursing about it. The second category is the passive faith leaders, somehow indifferent but has never preached against or in favor of early marriage. The last set consists of faith leaders promoting early marriage—who think early marriage is still beneficial. The study recommends that considering the social position of faith leaders and critical role in sanctioning marital unions, they could be considered as a vital link in efforts to curtail early marriage.

scholarly journals Landlords’ and Compound Managers’ Role in Improving and Sustaining Shared Latrines in Three Dhaka City Slums

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2073
Author(s):  
Farzana Yeasmin ◽  
Mahbubur Rahman ◽  
Stephen P Luby ◽  
Jyoti Bhushan Das ◽  
Farzana Begum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leadership Role ◽  
Organizational Changes ◽  
Focus Group Discussions ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Hygiene Practices ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Key Informant ◽  
Improved Sanitation ◽  
Depth Interviews

(1) Background: Residents of Dhaka slums frequently lack clean and functional shared latrines. We explored the role of landlords and compound managers in promoting latrine cleanliness in the intervention arm of a randomized trial; (2) Methods: We conducted focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and in-depth interviews with community health promoters, landlords, and compound managers to better understand the decision-making process, barriers to contributing to sanitation, and cleanliness of shared latrines. (3) Results: Landlords’ and compound managers’ engagement in promoting clean and functional latrines depended, in part, on their own proximity to the properties they own and manage. The compound managers played a leadership role through engagement with health promoters, oversight of implementation of a cleaning schedule, and support for installation and maintenance of sanitation hardware, resulting in improved sanitation practices; (4) Conclusions: Interventions in slums in Bangladesh should consider engaging landlords and compound managers in efforts to bring about structural and organizational changes to support the adoption of improved water, sanitation, and hygiene practices.

scholarly journals Community Perception about Children with Hydrocephalus in Lagos State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-164
Author(s):  
Mistura A. Bakare
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Health Belief ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Community Perception ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Key Informant ◽  
Belief Model ◽  
Depth Interviews

This study which was anchored in Health Belief Model and Functionalism investigated the perceived cause of hydrocephalus and the influence of socio-demographic characteristics on such perception. Data were collected through questionnaire survey, Focus group discussions (FDGs), In-depth Interviews (IDIs) and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs). Results indicate that perception about the cause of the condition included that it is a kind of punishment for sin (50%), spiritual attacks (27.3%), genetic (13.7%) and infection (9%). Community perception was higher especially with respondents age 42-47 (OR=1.32), female (OR=1.47), tertiary education (OR=0.69), punishment for sin (OR=0.61), spiritual attacks (OR=0.26) and infection (OR=0.48) than genetic factor. Community belief that hydrocephalus does not require medical attention negatively affected seeking medical help early. Other limiting factors were fear of surgical complications, inability of mothers to take responsibility; poor family social supports system and stigmatisation. There is need for stakeholders and agencies to enlighten community members on hydrocephalus and provide social support for children with the condition.

scholarly journals Strategies to Connect Low-income Communities With the Proposed Sewerage Network of the Dhaka Sanitation Improvement Project, Bangladesh: A Qualitative Assessment of the Perspectives of Policymakers and Residents

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahbub-Ul Alam ◽  
Fazle Sharior ◽  
Sharika Ferdous ◽  
Atik Ahsan ◽  
Tanvir Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Improvement Project ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Key Informant ◽  
Construction Operation ◽  
Sewerage Network

Globally, 2.2 billion urban residents are living without safely-managed sanitation, the majority of whom are slum residents. To improve the situation, Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (DWASA) is implementing the Dhaka Sanitation Improvement Project (DSIP), mostly funded by the World Bank. This study assessed the feasibility of connecting low-income communities (LICs) within the proposed sewerage network by 2025. We conducted nine key-informant interviews from DWASA and City Corporation, and 23 focus-group discussions with landlords, tenants and Community Based Organisations (CBOs) from 16 LICs near the proposed catchment area. To achieve connections, LICs would require improved toilet infrastructures and have to be connected to main roads. Construction of large communal septic tanks is also required where individual toilet connections are difficult. To encourage connection in LICs, income-based or area-based subsidies were recommended. For financing maintenance, respondents suggested monthly fee collection for management of the infrastructure by dividing bill equally among sharing households, or by users per household. Participants also suggested the government's cooperation with development-partners/NGOs to ensure sewerage connection construction, operation and maintenance and prerequisite policy changes such as assuring land tenure.

scholarly journals Destinations of Male Outmigration and their Drivers in Indian Sundarbans

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-142
Author(s):  
Shatabdi Saha ◽  
Rupak Goswami
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Stage ◽  
International Travel ◽  
Support Networks ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Key Informant ◽  
Fixed Condition ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Migration Chronology ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Method Approach

Economic liberalisation has created opportunities for semi-skilled labours within and outside India. This study investigates the male out-migration from the Sundarbans region of India with special reference to the choice of their destinations. Following a mixed-method approach, we collected data through a questionnaire survey, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, key-informant interviews, and Participatory Rural Appraisal. Analyses revealed that migrants tended to travel to diverse inland and even to overseas destinations on a fixed condition, facilitated by pre-existing support networks. The decision on choosing a destination is regulated by several micro-level determinants such as migration chronology, education, and acquired skill, life cycle stage of the migrants, the expected amount of remittance, the reason for migration, and nature of the job at the destination. The destinations abroad are often preceded by migration to inland destinations leading to higher acquired skill and savings. Joint families, having the ability to support international travel and access to support networks, were more prone to reach international destinations.

scholarly journals The Development Of Election Smart House As A Tool Of Political Education Based On Local Wisdom

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-77
Author(s):  
Al Rafni ◽  
Suryanef Suryanef
Keyword(s):  
Lesson Plan ◽  
Political Education ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Focus Group Discussions ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Model Research ◽  
Smart House ◽  
Election Commission ◽  
Depth Interviews

Election Smart house that established by the General Election Commission in every province is the innovative effort in providing the facility for political education in society. The problem is RPP has not been used optimally by users and still needs to be institutionalized as a tool of political education based on local wisdom. This paper aims to elaborate on the forms of political education activities, especially voter education contained in the RPP, even how the model for the development of RPP as a tool of political education based on local wisdom. The research approach uses a more intensive qualitative approach through focus group discussions/ FGDs and in-depth interviews. While to build the model, Research and Development (R & D) are used. The results of the study show that the political education services contained in the lesson plan need to be developed by standardizing services and supporting facilities that can be a model for political education facilities for the community based on local wisdom.

Intensification, Crop Diversification, and Gender Relations in Malawi

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Mvula ◽  
Wapulumuka Mulwafu
Keyword(s):  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Crop Diversification ◽  
Agricultural Policies ◽  
Focus Group Discussions ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
Key Informant ◽  
And Gender

In this chapter a variety of methods were used to collect data to study smallholders in Malawi. The surveys were complemented by a set of qualitative interviews to establish gender dynamics in agriculture and for livelihoods. Key informant interviews were conducted with agricultural personnel in the sampled districts and focus group discussions were held with some farmers. For a bigger picture of the agricultural policies and practices, the study relied on a review of key documents and publications by government and other agencies implementing agricultural programmes in the country. Descriptive statistics demonstrate that a shift from maize and tobacco to Irish potatoes, groundnuts, and soya beans in the areas under study has provided an opportunity for smallholder farmers to diversify and increase production and thus improve their livelihoods. Another noticeable change has been the increased participation of women in the production and marketing of crops.

scholarly journals Qualitative exploration of sociocultural determinants of health inequities of Dalit population in Dhaka City, Bangladesh

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. e022906 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashraful Kabir ◽  
Mathilde Rose Louise Maitrot ◽  
Ahsan Ali ◽  
Nadia Farhana ◽  
Bart Criel
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Focus Group ◽  
Health Inequalities ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Access To Healthcare ◽  
Dhaka City ◽  
Focus Group Discussions ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Key Informant ◽  
Depth Interviews

ObjectivesIn recent years, Bangladesh has made remarkable advances in health outcomes; however, the benefits of these gains are unequally shared among citizens and population groups. Dalits (jaatsweepers), a marginalised traditional working community, have relatively poor access to healthcare services. This study sought to explore the sociopolitical and cultural factors associated with health inequalities among Dalits in an urban setting.DesignAn exploratory qualitative study design was adopted. Fourteen in-depth interviews, five focus group discussions and seven key informant interviews were conducted. The acquired data were analysed using an iterative approach which incorporated deductive and inductive methods in identifying codes and themes.SettingsThis study was conducted in two sweeper communities in Dhaka city.ParticipantsParticipants were Dalit men and women (in-depth interviews, mean age±SD 30±10; and focus group discussions), and the community leaders and non-governmental organisation workers (key informant interviews).ResultsThe health status of members of these Dalit groups is determined by an array of social, economic and political factors. Dalits (untouchables) are typically considered to fall outside the caste-based social structure and existing vulnerabilities are embedded and reinforced by this identity. Dalits’ experience of precarious access to healthcare or poor healthcare is an important manifestation of these inequalities and has implications for the economic and social life of Dalit populations living together in geographically constrained spaces.ConclusionsThe provision of clinical healthcare services alone is insufficient to mitigate the negative effects of discriminations and to improve the health status of Dalits. A better understanding of the precise influences of sociocultural determinants of health inequalities is needed, together with the identification of the strategies and programmes needed to address these determinants with the aim of developing more inclusive health service delivery systems.

scholarly journals The Values of Multicultural Education in Munanese Traditional Culture

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
La Ode Ali Basri ◽  
La Aso ◽  
Abdul Halim Momo ◽  
I Wayan Mudana ◽  
La Taena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Multicultural Education ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Traditional Culture ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Data Presentation ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Neutrality ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
High Work

This study aims to reveal elements of multicultural education in traditional culture of Muna, one of ethnic groups in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia, by employing a descriptive qualitative research method. Main informants of the study included maestros of tradition preservation, traditional prominent figures, main figures of the society, and youth figures. Data were collected by conducting participatory observations, in-depth interviews, and focused group discussions. The data were then analyzed by performing data reduction, data presentation, and conclusions drawing. Findings of the study showed that Munanese traditional culture contains values of multicultural education such as appreciation of others’ services and creations, harmoniously living with others, awareness of a fundamental nature of human as a creature subject to weaknesses, advocating the need to exhibit noble characters, recognition and respect of others’ right, high work ethic, and gender neutrality. These values of multicultural education are embedded in taboo tradition, traditional sayings, folklores, and traditional riddles.

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