Addressing the Licensed Doctor Maldistribution in China: A Demand-And-Supply Perspective

Background: The maldistribution of licensed doctors is one of the major challenges faced by the Chinese health sector. However, this subject remains underexplored, as the underlying causes of licensed doctor distribution have not been fully mapped out. To fill the research void, this study theoretically modeled and empirically measured various determinants of licensed doctor distribution from both the supply and demand sides while taking the spillover effect between the adjacent geographical units into consideration. Methods: The theory of demand and supply is adopted to construct a research framework so as to explain the imbalance in the licensed doctor distribution. Both direct effects and spillover effects of the supply-side factors and demand-side factors are empirically measured with the spatial panel econometric models. Results: The health service demand was found, as expected, to be the major driving force of the licensed doctor distribution across the nation. That is, the increase in health services demands in a province could significantly help one unit attract licensed doctors from adjacent units. Unexpectedly but intriguingly, the medical education capacity showed a relatively limited effect on increasing the licensed doctor density in local units compared with its spillover effect on neighboring units. In addition, government and social health expenditures played different roles in the health labor market, the former being more effective in increasing the stock of clinicians and public health doctors, the latter doing better in attracting dentists and general practitioners. Conclusions: The results provide directions for Chinese policy makers to formulate more effective policies, including a series of measures to boost the licensed doctor stock in disadvantaged areas, such as the increase of government or social health expenditures, more quotas for medical universities, and the prevention of a brain drain of licensed doctors.

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The macroeconomic effects of COVID-19 in Montenegro: a Bayesian VARX approach

Financial Innovation ◽

10.1186/s40854-020-00207-z ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Gordana Djurovic ◽

Vasilije Djurovic ◽

Martin M. Bojaj

Keyword(s):

Human Capital ◽

Capital Stock ◽

Economic Freedom ◽

Supply And Demand ◽

Health Expenditures ◽

Highly Qualified ◽

Demand And Supply ◽

Policy Responses ◽

Out Of Sample ◽

Policy Measures

Abstract This study examines, diagnoses, and assesses appropriate macroeconomic policy responses of the Montenegrin Government to the outbreak of COVID-19. The model econometrically measures the macroeconomic costs using a Bayesian VARX Litterman/Minessota prior to the pandemic disease in terms of demand and supply loss due to illness and closed activities and their effects on GDP growth in various pandemic scenarios. We explore five economic scenarios—shocks—using the available data from January 2006 to December 2019, following real out-of-sample forecasts generated from January 2020 to December 2020. Sensitivity scenarios spanning January 2020 to June 2020 from ± 10 to ± 60% were analyzed. We observed what happens to the supply and demand sides, namely, GDP, tourism, capital stock, human capital, health expenditures, economic freedom, and unemployment. The results show a toll on the GDP, tourism, unemployment, capital stock, and especially human capital for 2020. The recommended policy measures are public finance spending initiatives focused on securing employment and keeping highly qualified staff in Montenegrin companies. Considering all uncertainties, the rebound of the Montenegrin economy could take a few years to reach pre-COVID 19 output levels.

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Effects of tourism development on economic growth: An empirical study of China based on both static and dynamic spatial Durbin models

Tourism Economics ◽

10.1177/13548166211021175 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 135481662110211

Author(s):

Honghong Liu ◽

Ye Xiao ◽

Bin Wang ◽

Dianting Wu

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Spillover Effect ◽

Tourism Development ◽

Spillover Effects ◽

Policy Implications ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Spatial Spillover ◽

Domestic Tourism ◽

Inbound Tourism ◽

Spatial Spillover Effect

This study applies the dynamic spatial Durbin model (SDM) to explore the direct and spillover effects of tourism development on economic growth from the perspective of domestic and inbound tourism. The results are compared with those from the static SDM. The results support the tourism-led-economic-growth hypothesis in China. Specifically, domestic tourism and inbound tourism play a significant role in stimulating local economic growth. However, the spatial spillover effect is limited to domestic tourism, and the spatial spillover effect of inbound tourism is not significant. Furthermore, the long-term effects are much greater than the short-term impact for both domestic and inbound tourism. Plausible explanations of these results are provided and policy implications are drawn.

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Regional Disparity and Patients Mobility: Benefits and Spillover Effects of the Spatial Network Structure of the Health Services in China

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18031096 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 1096

Author(s):

Liping Fu ◽

Kaibo Xu ◽

Feng Liu ◽

Lu Liang ◽

Zhengmin Wang

Keyword(s):

Health Economic ◽

Health Services ◽

Network Structure ◽

Spillover Effect ◽

Spillover Effects ◽

Health Economy ◽

Spatial Network ◽

Spatial Effects ◽

Medical Resource ◽

Medical Resources

Background: The distribution of medical resources in China is seriously imbalanced due to imbalanced economic development in the country; unbalanced distribution of medical resources makes patients try to seek better health services. Against this backdrop, this study aims to analyze the spatial network characteristics and spatial effects of China’s health economy, and then find evidence that affects patient mobility. Methods: Data for this study were drawn from the China Health Statistical Yearbooks and China Statistical Books. The gravitational value of China’s health spatial network was calculated to establish a network of gravitational relationships. The social network analysis method was used for centrality analysis and spillover effect analysis. Results: A gravity correlation matrix was constructed among provinces by calculating the gravitational value, indicating the spatial relationships of different provinces in the health economic network. Economically developed provinces, such as Shanghai and Jiangsu, are at the center of the health economic network (centrality degree = 93.333). These provinces also play a strong intermediary role in the network and have connections with other provinces. In the CONCOR analysis, 31 provinces are divided into four blocks. The spillover effect of the blocks indicates provinces with medical resource centers have beneficial effects, while provinces with insufficient resources have obvious spillover effects. Conclusion: There is a significant gap in the geographical distribution of medical resources, and the health economic spatial network structure needs to be improved. Most medical resources are concentrated in economically developed provinces, and these provinces’ positions in the health economic spatial network are becoming more centralized. By contrast, economically underdeveloped regions are at the edge of the network, causing patients to move to provinces with medical resource centers. There are health risks of the increasing pressure to seek medical treatment in developed provinces with abundant medical resources.

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Spatial Spillover Effect and Influencing Factors of Information Flow in Urban Agglomerations—Case Study of China Based on Baidu Search Index

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13148032 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (14) ◽

pp. 8032

Author(s):

Chengzhuo Wu ◽

Li Zhuo ◽

Zhuo Chen ◽

Haiyan Tao

Keyword(s):

Influencing Factors ◽

Information Flow ◽

Spillover Effect ◽

Spillover Effects ◽

Urban Agglomeration ◽

Coordinated Development ◽

Spatial Spillover ◽

Urban Agglomerations ◽

Search Index ◽

Spatial Spillover Effect

Cities in an urban agglomeration closely interact with each other through various flows. Information flow, as one of the important forms of urban interactions, is now increasingly indispensable with the fast development of informatics technology. Thanks to its timely, convenient, and spatially unconstrained transmission ability, information flow has obvious spillover effects, which may strengthen urban interaction and further promote urban coordinated development. Therefore, it is crucial to quantify the spatial spillover effect and influencing factors of information flows, especially at the urban agglomeration scale. However, the academic research on this topic is insufficient. We, therefore, developed a spatial interaction model of information flow (SIM-IF) based on the Baidu Search Index and used it to analyze the spillover effects and influencing factors of information flow in the three major urban agglomerations in China, namely Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH), the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), and the Pearl River Delta (PRD) in the period of 2014–2019. The results showed that the SIM-IF performed well in all three agglomerations. Quantitative analysis indicated that the BTH had the strongest spillover effect of information flow, followed by the YRD and the PRD. It was also found that the hierarchy of cities had the greatest impact on the spillover effects of information flow. This study may provide scientific basis for the information flow construction in urban agglomerations and benefit the coordinated development of cities.

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The Rising Cost of Hospital Care, by Martin S. Feldstein. Washington: Information Resources Press, 1971, 88 pp., $4.25

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.51.2.326 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 51 (2) ◽

pp. 326-327

Author(s):

Leonard W. Cronkite

Keyword(s):

Hospital Cost ◽

Hospital Care ◽

Supply And Demand ◽

Information Resources ◽

Complex Issue ◽

The Past ◽

Hospital Economics ◽

Underlying Causes ◽

Lay Reader

Dr. Feldstein has produced an essay of extraordinary clarity for the lay reader. He bravely tackles the incredibly complex issue of hospital economics. He analyzes the course of hospital cost inflation during the past 20 years and attempts to define the underlying causes. Unlike many economists he does not fall into the trap of comparing hospitals with other industries nor does he try to apply the simplistic laws of supply and demand as they apply to the manufacturer of goods.

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Managerial Economics – Family Medicine Care

RAS Medical Science ◽

10.51520/2766-5240-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Ecler Jaqua ◽

Terry Jaqua ◽

Van Nguyen

Keyword(s):

Family Medicine ◽

Service Providers ◽

Supply And Demand ◽

Pricing Strategy ◽

Demand And Supply ◽

Business Opportunity ◽

Is Research ◽

The Us ◽

Managerial Economics

Supply and demand are amongst the essential requirements before starting up a business. Understanding the quantity of a commodity wished to be sold by producers based on different prices and the item needed by consumers wish purchasing is essential in coming up with ideas. Based on the understanding of this and background research on costs in healthcare, specifically family medicine, it is found that healthcare is amongst the essential requirements, and thus the critical focus of the business idea in a physician’s practice focusing on family medicine care in the US. Starting up the business is based on healthcare demands in the market and further the pricing strategy utilized by most family medicine clinics. Through a connection to the business based on visits in hospitals and the quality offered by these service providers, it is noted that the demand is high and is the most expensive sector in the world, but care is ineffective (The Peterson Center on Healthcare, n.d.) thus leading to searching for effective alternatives by consumers. This creates a potential for offering the most effective services to cater to the demands, and as noted by the Peterson Center on Healthcare (n.d.), the US healthcare system is the most expensive, and costs are projected to grow dramatically in the coming years thus creating the most significant business opportunity to entrepreneurs. By adjusting the resources and trying to cater to the demand in various locations, the key idea is to cater to the need and profit from the sector. The concern of gaining information in the market is research on different healthcare websites and the prices offered and the quality of their services. This will aid in adjusting the prices effectively and thus retaining the demand and supply chain.

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Spatial Heterogeneous Characteristics of Ridesharing in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region of China

Energies ◽

10.3390/en11113214 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 3214 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ye Ma ◽

Biying Yu ◽

Meimei Xue

Keyword(s):

Travel Behavior ◽

Environmental Influence ◽

Travel Pattern ◽

Regional Heterogeneity ◽

Demand And Supply ◽

Service Demand ◽

Depth Study ◽

Construction Condition ◽

Access Services ◽

Bth Region

Ridesharing is becoming popular in many cities in China where transportation alternatives are easily accessible. Individuals typically access services by smartphone app developed by ridesharing company to join a trip offered by other private vehicle’s drivers who share same or geographically close destination. However, there are some internal differences within this region indicating the service heterogeneity of ridesharing. In order to discover this regional heterogeneity, this paper chooses Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region as research target and uses BTH regional ridesharing data provided by DiDi Chuxing Company. Then, this paper conducts an in-depth study by summarizing the travel pattern characteristics and evaluating the environmental impacts that result from individuals participating in ridesharing services. Lifecycle analysis of fuel and environmental input–output are applied to estimate the direct and indirect environmental impact separately. The results reveal heterogeneous spatial heterogeneous of ridesharing, including travel pattern and environmental influence caused by service demand and supply, which results from the unbalance of regional development and infrastructure construction condition of the transportation system, and other travel behavior differences.

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Public Health Expenditures and Health Outcomes: New Evidence from Ghana

Economies ◽

10.3390/economies6040058 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 58 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Micheal Kofi Boachie ◽

K. Ramu ◽

Tatjana Põlajeva

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Health Outcomes ◽

Least Squares ◽

Health Expenditure ◽

Government Intervention ◽

Health Sector ◽

Health Expenditures ◽

Public Health Expenditure ◽

Life Expectancy At Birth ◽

The Cost

The effect of government spending on population’s health has received attention over the past decades. This study re-examines the link between government health expenditures and health outcomes to establish whether government intervention in the health sector improves outcomes. The study uses annual data for the period 1980–2014 on Ghana. The ordinary least squares (OLS) and the two-stage least squares (2SLS) estimators are employed for analyses; the regression estimates are then used to conduct cost-effectiveness analysis. The results show that, aside from income, public health expenditure contributed to the improvements in health outcomes in Ghana for the period. We find that, overall, increasing public health expenditure by 10% averts 0.102–4.4 infant and under-five deaths in every 1000 live births while increasing life expectancy at birth by 0.77–47 days in a year. For each health outcome indicator, the effect of income dominates that of public spending. The cost per childhood mortality averted ranged from US$0.20 to US$16, whereas the cost per extra life year gained ranged from US$7 to US$593.33 (2005 US$) during the period. Although the health effect of income outweighs that of public health spending, high (and rising) income inequality makes government intervention necessary. In this respect, development policy should consider raising health sector investment inter alia to improve health conditions.

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PERSONNEL SUPPLY AND DEMAND FOR CIVIL AVIATORS IN TAIWAN

Transport ◽

10.3846/16484142.2007.9638138 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 256-262 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Chin-Tsai Lin ◽

Pin-Ju Juan

Keyword(s):

Moving Average ◽

Transition Probability ◽

Supply And Demand ◽

Grey Theory ◽

Demand And Supply ◽

Study Results

This work was based on data from 2000–2005 provided by the Civil Aeronautics Administration Ministry of Transportation and Communications, and applied the GM (1,1) model of Grey theory to forecast annual demand and supply for civil aviators in Taiwan. This work adopted a five‐year moving average to calculate the transition probability for civil aviators in Taiwan from 2006–2010 considering various levels of seniority. The study results provide a valuable reference for the relevant authorities in identifying the manpower policies of Taiwanese airlines.

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Spatial Interaction Spillover Effects between Digital Financial Technology and Urban Ecological Efficiency in China: An Empirical Study Based on Spatial Simultaneous Equations

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18168535 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (16) ◽

pp. 8535

Author(s):

Yaya Su ◽

Zhenghui Li ◽

Cunyi Yang

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Spatial Interaction ◽

Spillover Effect ◽

Spillover Effects ◽

Simultaneous Equations ◽

Ecological Efficiency ◽

Core Component ◽

Coordinated Development ◽

Three Stage Least Squares ◽

Financial Technology

As a core component of the digital economy, digital financial technology has a complex interactive and interdependent relationship with ecological efficiency. From the holistic spatial interaction perspective, this paper uses spatial simultaneous equations and generalized spatial three-stage least squares (GS3SLS) to analyze the spatial interaction spillovers between digital financial technology and urban ecological efficiency based on data from 284 Cities in China from 2008 to 2018. The results show that: (1) Digital financial technology and urban ecological efficiency promote each other, and the latter is relatively dominant. (2) Both digital financial technology and urban ecological efficiency have significant spatial spillover effects. (3) Digital financial technology in surrounding cities has a restraining effect on local ecological efficiency, and the improvement of ecological efficiency in surrounding cities has a siphon effect on local digital financial technology. (4) There is spatial and period heterogeneity in the intensity of the spatial interaction spillover effect between the two. With resources and environment increasingly becoming rigid constraints on economic growth, these findings help identify new drivers of regional ecological efficiency and promote the coordinated development of digital finance and green ecology.

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