Cd, Cu, and Zn Accumulations Caused by Long-Term Fertilization in Greenhouse Soils and Their Potential Risk Assessment

The intense management practices in greenhouse production may lead to heavy metal (HM) accumulations in soils. To determine the accumulation characteristics of HM and to evaluate possible HM sources in greenhouse soils, thirty typical greenhouse soil samples were collected in Shouguang District, Shandong Province, China. The results indicate that the Cd, Cu, and Zn concentrations are, respectively, 164.8%, 78.6%, and 123.9% higher than their background values. In the study area, Cd exhibits certain characteristics, such as wide variations in the proportion of its exchangeable form and the highest mobility factor and geo-accumulation index, which are indicative of its high bioavailability and environmental risk. In addition, there is a significant positive correlation between pairs of Cd, P, soil organic carbon, and cultivation age. Combined with principal component analysis, the results indicate the clear effects that agricultural activities have on Cd, Cu, and Zn accumulation. However, Cr, Ni, and Pb have a significant correlation with soil Fe and Al (hydr)-oxides, which indicates that these metals mainly originate from parent materials. This research indicated that long-term intensive fertilization (especially the application of chemical fertilizers and livestock manure) leads to Cd, Cu, and Zn accumulation in greenhouse soils in Shouguang. And the time required to reach the maximum permeable limit in agricultural soils for Cd, Cu, and Zn is 23, 51, and 42 years, respectively, based on their current increasing rates.

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Assessment of heavy metals in soils of a vineyard region with the use of principal component analysis

Scientia Agricola ◽

10.1590/s0103-90162009000300011 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 66 (3) ◽

pp. 361-367 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Gustavo Souza Valladares ◽

Otávio Antônio de Camargo ◽

José Ruy Porto de Carvalho ◽

Alessandra Maria Cia Silva

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Principal Component Analysis ◽

Agricultural Soils ◽

Principal Component ◽

Component Analysis ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Metal Concentrations ◽

Zn Content ◽

Heavy Metals In Soils ◽

Cu And Zn

Agricultural management with chemicals may contaminate the soil with heavy metals. The objective of this study was to apply Principal Component Analysis and geoprocessing techniques to identify the origin of the metals Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cr and Cd as potential contaminants of agricultural soils. The study was developed in an area of vineyard cultivation in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Soil samples were collected and GPS located under different uses and coverings. The metal concentrations in the soils were determined using the DTPA method. The Cu and Zn content was considered high in most of the samples, and was larger in the areas cultivated with vineyards that had been under the application of fungicides for several decades. The concentrations of Cu and Zn were correlated. The geoprocessing techniques and the Principal Component Analysis confirmed the enrichment of the soil with Cu and Zn because of the use and management of the vineyards with chemicals in the preceding decades.

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More than efficacy revealed by single-cell analysis of antiviral therapeutics

10.1101/606715 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Wu Liu ◽

Mehmet U. Caglar ◽

Zhangming Mao ◽

Andrew Woodman ◽

Jamie J. Arnold ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Single Cell ◽

Drug Targets ◽

Single Cell Analysis ◽

Single Cells ◽

Principal Component ◽

Viral Population ◽

Cell Analysis ◽

Toxic Dose ◽

Time Required

SUMMARYDevelopment of antiviral therapeutics emphasizes minimization of the effective dose and maximization of the toxic dose, first in cell culture and later in animal models. Long-term success of an antiviral therapeutic is determined not only by its efficacy but also by the duration of time required for drug-resistance to evolve. We have developed a microfluidic device comprised of ~6000 wells, with each well containing a microstructure to capture single cells. We have used this device to characterize enterovirus inhibitors with distinct mechanisms of action. In contrast to population methods, single-cell analysis reveals that each class of inhibitor interferes with the viral infection cycle in a manner that can be distinguished by principal component analysis. Single-cell analysis of antiviral candidates reveals not only efficacy but also properties of the members of the viral population most sensitive to the drug, the stage of the lifecycle most affected by the drug, and perhaps even if the drug targets an interaction of the virus with its host.

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Cattle manure loadings and legacy effects on Cu and Zn availability under rainfed and irrigated conditions

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.1139/cjss-2020-0124 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Srimathie Priyanthika Indraratne ◽

Matthew Spengler ◽

Xiying Hao

Keyword(s):

Cattle Manure ◽

Legacy Effects ◽

Nutrient Pools ◽

Application Rates ◽

Wet Weight ◽

Using Data ◽

Time Required ◽

Zn Availability ◽

Cu And Zn

Long term cattle manure applications build up nutrient pools and can lead to trace element enrichments in soils. The objectives of this study were to evaluate Cu and Zn loadings in the soil during continuous annual cattle manure applications and determine the time required for soil to return to its pre-manure available Cu and Zn levels after manure is discontinued. The manure application rates were 0, 30, 60, and 90 Mg ha-1 for rainfed and 0, 60, 120, and 180 Mg ha-1 (wet weight) for irrigated plots. While manure was applied for 45 years in some plots, applications were terminated in one subset of treatments after 14 years and in another subset after 30 years to study legacy effects after 31 and 15 years, respectively. Soil samples were collected in the fall of 2003, 2008, 2013, and 2018 and analyzed for available Cu and Zn. Crops were grown in all years continuously with Cu and Zn concentrations measured in both silage and grains harvested. The regression model developed using data collected suggests long legacy effects with recovery time to pre-manure levels ranging from 10-20 years for Cu and 23-41 years for Zn at irrigated and 10-24 for Cu and 21-32 years for Zn under rainfed, respectively. Long term applications of cattle manure could lead to accumulation of Cu and Zn, creating long-lasting legacy effects in soils with the increased environmental risk of leaching to groundwater

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Effect of Pig and Cattle Slurry Application on Heavy Metal Composition of Maize Grown on Different Soils

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su10082684 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 2684 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Giorgio Provolo ◽

Giulia Manuli ◽

Alberto Finzi ◽

Giorgio Lucchini ◽

Elisabetta Riva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Heavy Metal ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Pig Manure ◽

Soil Enrichment ◽

Maize Cultivation ◽

Time Required ◽

Cu And Zn ◽

Different Soils

Cattle and pig manure contain useful mineral nutrients (N, P, and K) and are therefore used as organic fertilizer. However, excessive applications of manure can cause environmental problems and threaten animal and human health because these materials also hold significant amounts of heavy metals, particularly Cu and Zn. To assess the potential risk due to the increased concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Mn, Zn, and Cr) in a harvested crop, two maize hybrids were grown in pots on four different soils with three different fertilisers (urea, pig manure, and cattle manure). Both soil and manure characteristics influenced the heavy metal concentrations in the plant shoots. Organic fertilisation strongly interacted with the soils and, in general, reduced the shoot content of Cu, Mn, and Zn. A preliminary assessment of the heavy metal balance of the agricultural systems based on the intensive livestock production and maize cultivation showed that the potential soil enrichment of the long-term application of livestock manure arises mainly from the application of pig slurries that have a high content of Cu and Zn. The time required to apply an amount of metal that is equal to the initial soil content is 60–300 years for Zn and 240–450 years for Cu, depending on the soil type and the initial heavy metal content.

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Effect of different agricultural management practices on soil biological parameters including glomalin fraction

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/207/2017-pse ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 63 (No. 7) ◽

pp. 300-306 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Gałązka Anna ◽

Gawryjołek Karolina ◽

Grządziel Jarosław ◽

Księżak Jerzy

Keyword(s):

Management Practices ◽

Principal Component ◽

Biochemical Properties ◽

Strong Correlations ◽

Biodiversity Indicators ◽

Soil Biological Activity ◽

Soil Microbial ◽

Tillage System ◽

Soil Proteins

The aim of the study was to determine the glycoproteins content (total glomalin (TG), easily extractable glomalin (EEG) and soil proteins related to glomalin (GRSP)) in soil under long-term monoculture of maize. Soil microbiological and biochemical properties, including microbial biomass and enzymatic activity were also assessed. The presence of total, easily-extractable glomalin and soil proteins related to glomalin was dependent on both the growth phase of the plant and tillage system. The highest content of glomalin was detected in the soils under maize in direct sowing and reduced tillage. The glomalin content was correlated with soil biological activity. The linear regression was observed between TG and GRSP content, but no linear relationship was found between GRSP and C<sub>org</sub>. The principal component analysis showed the strong correlations between the parameters of soil quality and biodiversity indicators. Selected indicators of soil microbial parameters explained 52.27% biological variability in soils.

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315 Formation, persistence, and function of soil organic matter: how recent scientific advances apply in agroecosystems

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa278.092 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽

pp. 51-52

Author(s):

Jocelyn M Lavallee ◽

Francesca Cotrufo

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Soil Organic Matter ◽

Management Practices ◽

Agricultural Soils ◽

Effective Means ◽

Plant Litter ◽

Paradigm Shifts ◽

The Usa ◽

And Function

Abstract Soil organic matter is fundamental to healthy and productive soils and building it is an effective means by which to draw down atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations with added co-benefits. Scientific understanding of soil organic matter dynamics is constantly evolving, and the past decade has seen major advances and paradigm shifts. Soil organic matter creation from decaying plant litter is now thought to occur under two separate pathways, yielding two functionally different types: predominantly plant-derived, unprotected particulate organic matter (POM) and predominantly microbially-derived, mineral-associated organic matter (MAOM). The idea of naturally-occurring humic substances in soils has been largely abandoned, and long-term soil organic matter persistence is now understood to be driven mainly by mineral association. We will present the research behind these paradigm shifts, and show how considering POM and MAOM separately is key to understanding the mechanisms driving carbon accrual and persistence in soil, and therefore to guiding policy and management for soil carbon sequestration. We will present drivers of POM and MAOM contents, from individual fields to continents, including their capacity for sequestration and saturation in agricultural soils of the USA, and their responses to common management practices in agroecosystems.

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Studying the Shape Variations of the Back, the Neck, and the Mandibular Angle of Horses Depending on Specific Feeding Postures Using Geometric Morphometrics

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11030763 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 763

Author(s):

Federica Raspa ◽

Angela Roggero ◽

Claudia Palestrini ◽

Martina Marten Canavesio ◽

Domenico Bergero ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Geometric Morphometrics ◽

Management Practices ◽

Mixed Model ◽

Principal Component ◽

Canonical Variate ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Mandibular Angle ◽

Variate Analysis ◽

The Right

The effects of specific feeding positions upon the horse’s shape variations of the back and neck postures as well as the variations of the mandibular angle have never been objectively studied. For this reason, geometric morphometrics was applied. Six horses, aged 14 ± 8 years (mean ± standard deviation, SD), were video-recorded while using three different feeding positions: on the ground—control position (CP); neck held 15 ± 3° below withers height with low hay net position (LP); neck held 15 ± 3° above withers height with high hay net position (HP). Data were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA), multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), and partial least squares (PLS). A mixed model procedure was applied to evaluate differences in the magnitude of the mandibular angle. Whilst differences between individual horses were confirmed by canonical variate analysis (CVA), PCA analysis showed that a characteristic feeding position could also be identified on a group level. During the HP hay net position, the back and neck postures as well the mandibular angle were different compared to those exhibited by horses feeding from CP. In LP hay net position, the back posture more closely resembled those exhibited while feeding from CP; however, no similarity between LP and CP was found for neck posture and mandibular angle. Since only a few degrees of variation of the feeding position can influence back and neck postures, this aspect should be further investigated. The right compromise between horse welfare, horse safety, and management practices need to be further explored and long-term effects should be investigated.

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Soil carbon dynamics under different cropping and pasture management in temperate Australia: Results of three long-term experiments

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr10185 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 49 (4) ◽

pp. 320 ◽

Cited By ~ 84

Author(s):

K. Y. Chan ◽

M. K. Conyers ◽

G. D. Li ◽

K. R. Helyar ◽

G. Poile ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Steady State ◽

Management Practices ◽

Agricultural Soils ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Crop Productivity ◽

Wagga Wagga ◽

Continuous Cropping ◽

Pasture Management ◽

The Impact

In addition to its important influence on soil quality and therefore crop productivity, soil organic carbon (SOC) has also been identified as a possible C sink for sequestering atmospheric carbon dioxide. Limited data are available on the impact of management practices on the rate of SOC change in agricultural soils in Australia. In this paper, results of three long-term trials (13–25 years) located near Wagga Wagga in temperate Australia were used to assess C dynamics under different tillage and stubble management practices, and under cropping intensities in pasture/crop rotations. Experimental results confirm the importance of management practices and pasture in determining first the steady-state SOC concentrations that are characteristic of given rotations and crop management systems, and second the rates of change of SOC concentrations as they approach steady-state concentrations in agricultural soils of this agro-ecological zone. A long-term crop/pasture experiment at a site with initial high SOC showed that the rate of SOC change in different treatments ranged from –278 to +257 kg C/ha.year over 0–0.3 m soil depth. Under continuous cropping, even under conservation agriculture practices of no-tillage, stubble retention, and crop rotation, the high initial SOC stock (0–0.3 m) present after a long-term pasture phase was, at best, maintained but tended to decrease with increased tillage or stubble burning practices. The effect of tillage was greater than that of stubble management. Increases in SOC were observed only in rotations incorporating a pasture phase. Our results suggest that improved soil nutrient and grazing management of permanent pasture can lead to an increase of 500–700 kg C/ha.year where the initial SOC concentrations are well below steady-state concentrations that could be expected after long periods of improved management. No difference was found between perennial pasture and annual pasture to the depth measured (0–0.3 m). Our results suggest that pasture holds the key to maintaining, and even increasing, SOC under crop/pasture in this environment.

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Revealing soil legacy phosphorus to promote sustainable agriculture in Brazil

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-72302-1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Paulo S. Pavinato ◽

Maurício R. Cherubin ◽

Amin Soltangheisi ◽

Gustavo C. Rocha ◽

Dave R. Chadwick ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops ◽

Management Practices ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Agricultural Soils ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Temporal Distribution ◽

Agricultural Practices ◽

Soil P ◽

Soil Legacy

Abstract Exploiting native soil phosphorus (P) and the large reservoirs of residual P accumulated over decades of cultivation, namely “legacy P”, has great potential to overcome the high demand of P fertilisers in Brazilian cropping systems. Long-term field experiments have shown that a large proportion (> 70%) of the surplus P added via fertilisers remains in the soil, mainly in forms not readily available to crops. An important issue is if the amount of legacy P mobilized from soil is sufficient for the crop nutritional demand and over how long this stored soil P can be effectively ‘mined’ by crops in a profitable way. Here we mapped the spatial–temporal distribution of legacy P over the past 50 years, and discussed possible agricultural practices that could increase soil legacy P usage by plants in Brazil. Mineral fertiliser and manure applications have resulted in ~ 33.4 Tg of legacy P accumulated in the agricultural soils from 1967 to 2016, with a current annual surplus rate of 1.6 Tg. Following this same rate, soil legacy P may reach up to 106.5 Tg by 2050. Agricultural management practices to enhance soil legacy P usage by crops includes increasing soil pH by liming, crop rotation, double-cropping, inter-season cover crops, no-tillage system and use of modern fertilisers, in addition to more efficient crop varieties and inoculation with P solubilising microorganisms. The adoption of these practices could increase the use efficiency of P, substantially reducing the new input of fertilisers and thus save up to 31.8 Tg of P fertiliser use (US$ 20.8 billion) in the coming decades. Therefore, exploring soil legacy P is imperative to reduce the demand for mineral fertilisers while promoting long-term P sustainability in Brazil.

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Structural and Functional Shift in Soil Bacterial Community in Response to Long-Term Compost Amendment in Paddy Field

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11052183 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 2183

Author(s):

Sookjin Kim ◽

Sandipan Samaddar ◽

Poulami Chatterjee ◽

Aritra Roy Choudhury ◽

Jeongyun Choi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Community Composition ◽

Management Practices ◽

Agricultural Soils ◽

Growth Promotion ◽

Microbial Community Composition ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Soil Bacterial Diversity ◽

Compost Amendment ◽

Soil Bacterial

Microbial community composition and diversity of agricultural soils primarily depend on management practices. The application of compost on agricultural fields is known to increase soil fertility, which can also help to enhance agricultural productivity. The effects of long-term application of compost along with nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) (+Compost) on soil bacterial diversity and community profiles were assessed by amplicon sequencing targeting the 16S rRNA gene of bacteria and compared with those on soils that received only NPK but not compost (−Compost). Ordination plot showed treatments to cluster differently, implying changes in community composition, which were validated with taxonomical data showing Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and their related classes to be significantly higher in +Compost than in −Compost soils. The predicted abundance of functional genes related to plant growth promotion, development, and decomposition was significantly higher in compost-amended soil than in soils without compost. The results are of particular importance as they provide insights into designing management practices to promote agricultural sustainability.

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