scholarly journals Early Autism Screening: A Comprehensive Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (18) ◽  
pp. 3502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fadi Thabtah ◽  
David Peebles
Keyword(s):  
Autistic Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Screening Tools ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Lengthy Process

Autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) refers to a neurodevelopmental condition associated with verbal and nonverbal communication, social interactions, and behavioural complications that is becoming increasingly common in many parts of the globe. Identifying individuals on the spectrum has remained a lengthy process for the past few decades due to the fact that some individuals diagnosed with ASD exhibit exceptional skills in areas such as mathematics, arts, and music among others. To improve the accuracy and reliability of autism diagnoses, many scholars have developed pre-diagnosis screening methods to help identify autistic behaviours at an early stage, speed up the clinical diagnosis referral process, and improve the understanding of ASD for the different stakeholders involved, such as parents, caregivers, teachers, and family members. However, the functionality and reliability of those screening tools vary according to different research studies and some have remained questionable. This study evaluates and critically analyses 37 different ASD screening tools in order to identify possible areas that need to be addressed through further development and innovation. More importantly, different criteria associated with existing screening tools, such as accessibility, the fulfilment of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) specifications, comprehensibility among the target audience, performance (specifically sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy), web and mobile availability, and popularity have been investigated.

scholarly journals Validity Evidence of the Autistic Spectrum Disorder Behavior Scale

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila Costa e Silva ◽  
Daniela Sacramento Zanini
Keyword(s):  
Autistic Spectrum Disorder ◽  
School Setting ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Autistic Spectrum ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm V ◽  
Behavior Scale ◽  
Pilot Sample ◽  
Abstract Screening

Abstract Screening instruments to detect symptoms of Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in the school setting are still needed. The study aimed to develop the Autistic Spectrum Disorder Behavior Scale (ASD-BS) according to the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V). The scale consists of 31 items, divided into communication; social interactions; restrictive, repetitive and ritual behaviors; and other indicators. The content validity included five expert judges and a pilot sample with 29 children between six and 12 years old. The results were shown to be adequate, all items reached agreement rates above 80% and Kappa of 0.84. Exploratory statistical analyzes showed Cronbach’s alpha equal to 0.78, sensitivity values ranging from 86 to 93% and specificity from 34 to 100%. ASD-BS is of quick implementation, uses the teacher as an informant and contributes to psychological assessment.

scholarly journals Validation of Malayalam Version of Everyday Abilities Scale for India

2020 ◽  
pp. 025371762097341
Author(s):  
Pankajakshan Vijayanthi Indu ◽  
Muthubeevi Saboora Beegum ◽  
KA Kumar ◽  
Prabhakaran Sankara Sarma ◽  
Karunakaran Vidhukumar
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Value ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
General Medicine ◽  
Screening Tools ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Geriatric Clinic ◽  
Normal Controls ◽  
Addenbrooke’S Cognitive Examination

Background: Cognitive impairment is usually associated with impairment in everyday activities. Scales to assess activities of daily living, like the Everyday Abilities Scale for India (EASI), have been employed as screening tools for dementia or major neurocognitive disorder. EASI had not been validated in Malayalam. This study’s objective was to validate the Malayalam version of EASI (M-EASI) in those aged ≥60 years. Methods: In a study undertaken in a tertiary care center, those aged ≥60 years attending psychiatry, neurology, or geriatric clinic of general medicine departments were evaluated using M-EASI and the Malayalam version of Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination (M-ACE). A total of 304 participants were recruited for this questionnaire validation. Information for M-EASI was obtained from a reliable informant. Results: The mean age of the sample was 70.04 years (standard deviation—7.33). The majority of them were males (58.6%) and educated up to primary school (42.4%), while the majority of the informants were sons/daughters/siblings (47.7%) and were females (73.7%). Taking M-ACE scores as the gold standard for diagnosing MNCD according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders—Fifth Edition criteria, there were 162 cases of MNCD and 142 normal controls. Cronbach’s α was 0.91. At an optimal cut-off of 4.5, adequate sensitivity (77.8%), and specificity (75.4%) were observed. The positive predictive value was 78.6%, and the negative predictive value, 74.5%. Conclusion: M-EASI has adequate psychometric properties as a screening tool for MNCD.

scholarly journals Estimated Prevalence and Care Pathway of Feeding and Eating Disorders in a French Pediatric Population

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 2048
Author(s):  
Valérie Bertrand ◽  
Lyvia Tiburce ◽  
Thibaut Sabatier ◽  
Damien Dufour ◽  
Pierre Déchelotte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Care Pathway ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Screening Tools ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Feeding And Eating Disorders ◽  
Age Appropriate ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
Student’S T Test

Feeding and Eating Disorders (FED) are mostly described in infants and adolescents but are less well-known in children. Information on the prevalence of FED in the general pediatric population is still limited. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and the care pathway of FED in a population aged 0–18 years old, using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-5 classification. Two physicians interviewed 401 families using a questionnaire including demographics, BMI, dietary behavior data, and age-appropriate screening tools. Qualitative and quantitative variables were compared using the Chi2 test and Student’s t-test, respectively. After a headcount adjustment based on the French population by age group, the estimated prevalence rate was 3% [95%CI (1.7–5.1)] for Avoidant and Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID), and 9.7% [95%CI (7.2–13.0)] for Unspecified FED (UFED), which included other restrictive and compulsive FED. The median age for ARFID was 4.8 years (0.8–9 years), and 7.5 years (0.6–17 years) for UFED. The interviews did not identify cases of anorexia, bulimia, binge eating disorder, other specified FED, pica or rumination. Only 15.2% of children with an FED were receiving medical care. The development of validated pediatric screening tools, as well as the training of health professionals in children FED is necessary.

scholarly journals Course and Recognition of Poststroke Delirium

Stroke ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Fleischmann ◽  
Sina Warwas ◽  
Tina Andrasch ◽  
Rhina Kunz ◽  
Carl Witt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Confusion Assessment Method ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
National Institutes Of Health ◽  
Screening Tools ◽  
Neurological Deficits ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Confusion Assessment

Background and Purpose: Poststroke delirium (PSD) is an independent predictor of unfavorable outcome. Despite its individual and socioeconomic burden, its frequency, clinical course, and routine detection remain unresolved. This study aimed to assess psychometric properties of established delirium screening tools and investigate the natural course of PSD. Methods: This study investigated patients presenting with high-risk transient ischemic attacks or ischemic stroke within 24 hours during a 3-month period. Twice-daily screenings for PSD were done using the confusion assessment method, nursing delirium scale, and rapid delirium assessment, and evaluated for noninferiority against Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition criteria. We investigated demographic and stroke characteristics as predictors of PSD, neurological deficits as predictors of false screening results, and conducted a simulation study to estimate the best timing to identify PSD. Results: We enrolled 141 patients (73.8±10.4 years of age, 61 female) with a mean National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score of 6.4±6.5. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition based PSD incidence was 39%, which manifested within 24 hours in 25% and 72 hours in almost all cases. The confusion assessment method was the only screening tool noninferior to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition ratings providing a sensitivity of 82% and specificity of 80%. Age (odds ratio, 1.07 [1.02–1.13] per year, P =0.004) and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (odds ratio, 1.24 [1.15–1.34] per point, P <0.001) were predictors of PSD. False-positive screening results were associated with stroke-induced disorientation (odds ratio, 6.1 [3.2–11.61], P <0.001) and neglect (odds ratio, 2.17 [1.22–3.87], P =0.008). Simulations revealed that one in 4 cases is missed with less than daily screenings. Conclusions: PSD is a common complication of stroke and transient ischemic attack. Detection is challenged by confounding effects such as focal neurological deficits and the necessity for at least daily screenings. Future studies are required to investigate implementation of these findings in clinical routine. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT03930719.

Comparison of Alcohol Use Disorders in DSM and ICD

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-153
Author(s):  
Jessica W. M. Wong ◽  
Friedrich M. Wurst ◽  
Ulrich W. Preuss
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use Disorders ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Diagnostic Systems ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Historical Developments

Abstract. Introduction: With advances in medicine, our understanding of diseases has deepened and diagnostic criteria have evolved. Currently, the most frequently used diagnostic systems are the ICD (International Classification of Diseases) and the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) to diagnose alcohol-related disorders. Results: In this narrative review, we follow the historical developments in ICD and DSM with their corresponding milestones reflecting the scientific research and medical considerations of their time. The current diagnostic concepts of DSM-5 and ICD-11 and their development are presented. Lastly, we compare these two diagnostic systems and evaluate their practicability in clinical use.

Angststörungen – von der ICD-10 zur ICD-11

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Timo D. Vloet ◽  
Marcel Romanos
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
International Classification ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Icd 10

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Nach 12 Jahren Entwicklung wird die 11. Version der International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) von der Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO) im Januar 2022 in Kraft treten. Methodik: Im Rahmen eines selektiven Übersichtsartikels werden die Veränderungen im Hinblick auf die Klassifikation von Angststörungen von der ICD-10 zur ICD-11 zusammenfassend dargestellt. Ergebnis: Die diagnostischen Kriterien der generalisierten Angststörung, Agoraphobie und spezifischen Phobien werden angepasst. Die ICD-11 wird auf Basis einer Lebenszeitachse neu organisiert, sodass die kindesaltersspezifischen Kategorien der ICD-10 aufgelöst werden. Die Trennungsangststörung und der selektive Mutismus werden damit den „regulären“ Angststörungen zugeordnet und können zukünftig auch im Erwachsenenalter diagnostiziert werden. Neu ist ebenso, dass verschiedene Symptomdimensionen der Angst ohne kategoriale Diagnose verschlüsselt werden können. Diskussion: Die Veränderungen im Bereich der Angsterkrankungen umfassen verschiedene Aspekte und sind in der Gesamtschau nicht unerheblich. Positiv zu bewerten ist die Einführung einer Lebenszeitachse und Parallelisierung mit dem Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Schlussfolgerungen: Die entwicklungsbezogene Neuorganisation in der ICD-11 wird auch eine verstärkte längsschnittliche Betrachtung von Angststörungen in der Klinik sowie Forschung zur Folge haben. Damit rückt insbesondere die Präventionsforschung weiter in den Fokus.

Comparison of Three Questionnaires to Screen for Borderline Personality Disorder in Adolescents and Young Adults

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne van Alebeek ◽  
Paul T. van der Heijden ◽  
Christel Hessels ◽  
Melissa S.Y. Thong ◽  
Marcel van Aken
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Borderline Personality Disorder ◽  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Borderline Personality ◽  
Adolescents And Young Adults ◽  
Patient Questionnaire ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Axis Ii ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm Iv

Abstract. One of the most common personality disorders among adolescents and young adults is the Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). The objective of current study was to assess three questionnaires that can reliably screen for BPD in adolescents and young adults (N = 53): the McLean Screening Instrument for BPD (MSI-BPD; Zanarini et al., 2003 ), the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire 4th edition – BPD scale (PDQ-4 BPD; Hyler, 1994 ), and the SCID-II Patient Questionnaire – BPD scale (SCID-II-PQ BPD). The nine criteria of BPD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV; APA, 1994 ) were measured with the Structural Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II disorders – BPD scale (SCID-II; First, Spitzer, Gibbon, Williams, & Benjamin, 1995 ). Correlations between the questionnaires and the SCID-II were calculated. In addition, the sensitivity and specificity of the questionnaires were tested. All instruments predicted the BPD diagnosis equally well.

Validación de la escala de sintomas somáticos (SSS-8) en pacientes de una zona rural en Ecuador

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercy García ◽  
Ernestina Tamami ◽  
Giovanni Rojas-Velasco ◽  
Carolina Posso ◽  
Galo Sánchez del Hierro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Somatic Symptom ◽  
Symptom Scale ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Calidad De Vida ◽  
Dsm V ◽  
Scale 8

Introducción.- Los síntomas somáticos causan malestar y afectan la calidad de  vida de los pacientes, incrementando la frecuencia del uso de los servicios de salud. En Ecuador no existe un instrumento validado que evalúe somatización. La escala Somatic Symtom Scale-8 (SSS-8), es un instrumento usado como medida de referencia en the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM-V), para evaluar la carga de síntomas somáticos, validada en inglés y adaptada culturalmente a los idiomas alemán y japonés. Objetivos.- En esta investigación el propósito fue validar la escala “Somatic Symptom Scale-8” y determinar sus propiedades métricas. Métodos.- Investigación descriptiva y transversal en la que se realizó la validación de la herramienta clínica SSS-8 en 401 pacientes en la consulta externa del hospital Pedro Vicente Maldonado, desde mayo a julio de 2017. Para el análisis de datos se utilizaron los programas estadísticos SPSS versión 23, Latent gold y EpiDat 3.1. Resultados.- El grupo mayoritario fue de 30 a 47 años, con ligero predominio del sexo masculino (con 52,6%) sobre el femenino (47,4%). El SSS-8 mostró adecuadas propiedades métricas (alfa de Cronbach de 0,73). Mediante este análisis se obtuvo que, los pacientes que respondieron: algo, bastante o muchísimo en las dimensiones sentirse cansado, dolor de cabeza, dolor de brazos y dolor de espalda; tenían un 99% de probabilidades de presentar somatización. Conclusiones.- En este estudio, el SSS-8 demostró ser una herramienta útil para evaluar los síntomas somáticos en pacientes que acuden a consulta externa, ya que presentó buenas propiedades métricas: consistencia interna elevada, buena validez y una apropiada capacidad discriminativa.

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