Incidence and Risk Factors for Severe Pneumonia in Children Hospitalized with Pneumonia in Ujjain, India

Childhood pneumonia is a major public health problem. The aim of this prospective hospital-based study is to determine the incidence and risk factors for community-acquired severe pneumonia in children in Ujjain, India. The study includes 270 children, 161 (60%) boys and 109 (40%) girls, aged between 2 months and 5 years with World Health Organization defined and radiologically confirmed severe pneumonia. Considering the 270 children, 64% (95% confidence interval (CI) 57.9–69.4) have severe pneumonia. The following are identified as risk factors for severe pneumonia from the generalized logistic regression model: Born premature (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 7.50; 95% CI 2.22–25.31; p = 0.001); history of measles (AOR 6.35; 95% CI 1.73–23.30; p = 0.005); incomplete vaccination (AOR 2.66; 95% CI 1.09–6.48; p = 0.031); acyanotic congenital heart disease (AOR 9.21; 95% CI 2.29–36.99; p = 0.002); home treatment tried (AOR 3.84; 95% CI 1.42–10.39; p = 0.008); living in a kuchha house (AOR 3.89; 95% CI 1.51–10.01; p = 0.027); overcrowding (AOR 4.50; 95% CI 1.75–11.51; p = 0.002);poor ventilation in living area (AOR 16.37; 95% CI 4.67–57.38; p < 0.001); and practicing open defecation (AOR 16.92; 95% CI 4.95–57.85; p < 0.001). Awareness of these risk factors can reduce mortality due to severe pneumonia.

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Suicide, A Public Health Problem in Brazil

10.5772/intechopen.99071 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Maria Cecília de Souza Minayo ◽

Camila Alves Bahia

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Mortality Rate ◽

Health Problem ◽

Age Groups ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

World Health ◽

History Of ◽

Health Organization

This text focuses on the situation of suicide in Brazil, defines and quantifies information, and presents a description of the main risk factors, as well as a reflection on the phenomenon and the possibilities for prevention. Fatal suicide is a serious public health problem. In 2012, 172 member states of the World Health Organization registered 804,000 self-inflicted deaths, representing an annual rate of 11.4/100,000, of which 15/100,000 men and 8.0/100,000 women. Consummate suicide rates are unevenly distributed globally, within countries, according to sex and according to age groups. The mortality rate is highest in Asia (17.7/100 thousand inhabitants), followed in Europe (12/100 thousand inhabitants). The Americas have a mortality rate of 7.3/100 thousand inhabitants (WHO, 2014). In Brazil, with an unevenly distributions between the regions, gender and ages, the total rate is 4.5/100,000. In the country and everywhere, risk factors are classified as medical, psychiatric and psychological, micro social, social and environmental. The history of the occurrence of suicides shows that it is possible to prevent them and to reduce the incidence rates. This requires investment in local diagnostics and multidisciplinary action. Given the delicacy of the problem and the taboos that surround it, the protection network for people at risk for suicide needs to be constantly in the process of training and taking action. As national and international surveys show, at least two-thirds of the individuals who tried or committed suicide had somehow communicated to friends, family, acquaintances or health professionals their intention to kill themselves.

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Filariasis Diagnosed by Real Time Sonographic Imaging as Filarial Dance Sign: A Case Report

Nepal Medical College Journal ◽

10.3126/nmcj.v21i2.25117 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 160-163

Author(s):

Sumiran Shrestha ◽

R. Shrestha ◽

S. Gokhale

Keyword(s):

Public Health Problem ◽

World Health ◽

Inguinal Region ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Noninvasive Technique ◽

Male Resident ◽

History Of ◽

Systemic Symptoms ◽

Health Organization

Lymphatic filariasis is a major public health problem. World Health Organization (WHO) has graded filariasis, as the second leading cause for permanent and long-term disability after leprosy. It is a chronic disabling parasitic disease prevalent in South Asia and Africa. A case of 26-year-old male resident of district Palpa presented with swelling of left inguinal region since 3-4 days and pain in inguinal region since a month. He had no history of trauma, fever or any other systemic symptoms. High frequency, high-resolution scrotal ultrasonography is a valuable technique for diagnosing scrotal filarial infection. This method revealed “Filarial Dance Sign” which is a distinctive and continuous pattern of movement of live microfilaria indicating active infection. It is a simple, rapid, sensitive and noninvasive technique. Noninvasive ultrasonography is preferable to the invasive FNAC.

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Risk factors for positive tuberculin tests in children

Paediatrica Indonesiana ◽

10.14238/pi51.6.2011.311-5 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 51 (6) ◽

pp. 311

Author(s):

Purnomo Sidhi ◽

Dwi Wastoro Dadiyanto ◽

Suhartono Suhartono

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Community Health Centers ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Tuberculin Test ◽

World Health ◽

Mantoux Test ◽

Test Results ◽

History Of ◽

Health Organization ◽

Tuberculin Tests

Background Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease and a public health problem. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared TB to be a global emergency because of currently increasing rates of disease and drug resistance. Two million people die annually because of TB. Children are one of the highest groups at risk for TB infection. An effort to define risk factors is needed for effective intervention.Objective To identify risk factors for positive tuberculin tests in children.Methods This case control study was done in elementary school children aged 8–12 years in areas served by three community health centers in Semarang. Twenty-nine subjects were Mantoux positive and 29 others served as controls. Consecutive sampling was used for all negative Mantoux test results. Pulmonary TB was diagnosed using the TB scoring system, including the Mantoux test. Statistical bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed.Results History of household TB contact as a risk factor for positive tuberculin test in children resulted in an OROR of 3.76 (95% CI 1.059 to 13.342), P=0.040. History of illness at the time of testing resulted in an OR of 10.23 (95% CI 1.138 to 91.930), P=0.038. The probability of positive tuberculin testing was 90.7% if both these variables were positive.Conclusion History of household TB contact and the history of illness at the time of testing were risk factors for positive tuberculin tests in children.

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Trajectories and Determinants of Physical Activity during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Population-Based Study of Middle-Aged and Elderly Individuals in The Netherlands

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13113832 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 3832

Author(s):

Amy Hofman ◽

Marlou A. M. Limpens ◽

Tosca O. E. de Crom ◽

Mohammad Arfan Ikram ◽

Annemarie I. Luik ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

The Netherlands ◽

Latent Class ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Population Based ◽

World Health ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Middle Aged ◽

Health Organization

Physical inactivity is a major public health problem, and there are concerns this might have increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to identify distinct trajectories of physical activity over a 6-week period after the first restrictive measures and to explore determinants of these trajectories in a population-based cohort of middle-aged and elderly in the Netherlands (n = 5777). We observed that at least 59% of participants did not meet the World Health Organization recommendations for physical activity. Using latent class trajectory analyses over three time points, we identified five distinct trajectories, including four steady trajectories at different levels (very low, low, medium and high) and one increasing trajectory. Using multinomial logistic regression analyses, we observed that, compared to the ‘steadily high’ trajectory, participants in the ‘steadily very low’ trajectory were more often older, lower educated, reporting poorer physical health, more depressive symptoms, consuming a less healthy diet, smoking, and lower alcohol use, and were less often retired. A similar pattern of determinants was seen for those in the increasing trajectory, albeit with smaller effect sizes. Concluding, we observed low levels of physical activity that generally remained during the pandemic. The determinants we described can help identify groups that require additional preventive interventions.

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Antidepressants

New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry ◽

10.1093/med/9780199696758.003.0153 ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 1185-1198

Author(s):

Zubin Bhagwagar ◽

George R. Heninger

Keyword(s):

Burden Of Disease ◽

Antidepressant Drugs ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Premature Mortality ◽

Primary Treatment ◽

World Health ◽

Years Of Life Lost ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Treatment Of Depression ◽

Health Organization

Major depressive disorder is a serious, recurrent illness which levies a crippling toll on individuals, families, and society in general. The importance of depression as a major public health problem is emphasized by findings from the World Health Organization Global Burden of Disease survey in showing that in 1990 it was the fourth largest cause of burden of disease (i.e. years of life lost due either to premature mortality or to years lived with a disability). It has been estimated that by the year 2020 it is expected to be the second largest cause of burden of disease. Depression is underdiagnosed and frequently under-treated, and depressed individuals have a much higher risk for suicide. The primary treatment for depression involves the use of antidepressant drugs, and it is therefore important that clinicians become familiar with and adept in utilizing this important group of compounds. Although primarily used for the treatment of depression, drugs within this category also have a number of other important uses. A thorough understanding of the pharmacology of antidepressants will aid the clinician in the selective use of these drugs for patients with depression as well as patients with a number of other disorders.

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Epidemic cholera in Kakuma Refugee Camp, Kenya, 2009: the importance of sanitation and soap

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries ◽

10.3855/jidc.1966 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 6 (03) ◽

pp. 234-241 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Abdirahman Sheikh Mahamud ◽

Jamal A Ahmed ◽

Raymond Nyoka ◽

Erick Auko ◽

Vincet Kahi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Storage ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Refugee Camp ◽

Case Definition ◽

World Health ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Potential Risk Factors ◽

Storage Containers ◽

Health Organization ◽

Hospital Registry

Introduction: Cholera remains a major public health problem that causes substantial morbidity and mortality in displaced populations due to inadequate or unprotected water supplies, poor sanitation and hygiene, overcrowding, and limited resources. A cholera outbreak with 224 cases and four deaths occurred in Kakuma Refugee Camp in Kenya from September to December 2009. Methodology: We conducted a case-control study to characterize the epidemiology of the outbreak. Cases were identified by reviewing the hospital registry for patients meeting the World Health Organization (WHO) case definition for cholera. For each case a matched control was selected. A questionnaire focusing on potential risk factors was administered to cases and controls. Results: From 18 September to 15 December 2009, a total of 224 cases were identified and were hospitalised at Kakuma IRC hospital. Three refugees and one Kenyan national died of cholera. V. cholerae O1, serotype Inaba was isolated in 44 (42%) out of 104 stool specimens collected. A total of 93 cases and 93 matched controls were enrolled in the study. In a multivariate model, washing hands with soap was protective against cholera (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] =0.25[0.09-0.71]; p < 0.01), while presence of dirty water storage containers was a risk factor (AOR=4.39[1.12-17.14]; p=0.03). Conclusion: Provision of soap, along with education on hand hygiene and cleaning water storage containers, may be an affordable intervention to prevent cholera.

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Occurrence of Cardiovascular Complications Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Systematic Review

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i1431270 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 8-20

Author(s):

Daniele Melo Sardinha ◽

Karla Valéria Batista Lima ◽

Thalyta Mariany Rêgo Lopes Ueno ◽

Yan Correa Rodrigues ◽

Juliana Conceição Dias Garcez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Heart Failure ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Cardiac Injury ◽

Severe Pneumonia ◽

Cardiovascular Complications ◽

World Health ◽

The World ◽

Health Organization ◽

Cardiopulmonary System

Cardiovascular Diseases represent the main cause of death in the world, and are associated with risk factors that cause serious complications in cases of infections, such as those of the respiratory tract. In March 2020 the World Health Organization declared a pandemic for SARS-CoV-2, a new coronavirus causing severe pneumonia, which emerged in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. The objective is to investigate the occurrence of cardiovascular complications associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. It is a systematic review, quantitative, in the databases, PubMed and Science direct, including primary studies with hospitalized patients confirmed for COVID-19 and who presented cardiovascular complications, the form used tools for evaluation of quality and evidence, following the PRISMA recommendations. Results: 12 studies were included. The occurrence of cardiovascular complications was: 27.35% of the sample of 3,316 patients. Types: Acute cardiac injury 17.09%; Thromboembolism 4.73%; Heart failure 3.43%; Arrhythmias 1.77%; stroke 0.33%. Mean age 61 years. Conclusions: This study showed that there are several cardiovascular complications associated with SARS-CoV-2, that the main one is acute cardiac injury, which causes several instabilities in the cardiopulmonary system, and that it is associated with mortality.

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Attitudes and Practices in the Prevention of Purulent Ophthalmia Neonatal in Senegalese Hospital

Journal of Ophthalmology & Clinical Research ◽

10.33140/jocr.04.02.05 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

Keyword(s):

Health Workers ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

World Health ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Eye Drops ◽

Eye Care ◽

Attitudes And Practices ◽

Care Workers ◽

Multicenter Prospective Study ◽

Health Organization

Introduction: Ophthalmia or neonatal conjunctivitis is a major public health problem in developing countries. Recommendations have been issued by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Ministry of Health of Senegal for the prevention of this scourge. The objective of the work was to assess the level of knowledge and practice of these recommendations by health workers. Methodology: This was a multicenter, prospective study conducted from March 1st to June 30th, 2013 in nine (9) health structures at the four (4) districts of Dakar. All agents who performed care at birth were included. Results: We interviewed 108 health care workers in the nine targeted structures. More than half of the respondents (54.6%) interviewed were in a maternity ward with midwives (41.7%) who were clearly in the majority. As far as knowledge is concerned, the practice of neonatal eye care was systematic for 88% of the nursing staff at birth. Regarding attitudes and practices, the majority of caregivers cleaned (67.6%) the eyes before instillation of eye drops. More than eighty-four percent (84.3%) of the caregivers surveyed routinely practiced eye care in the newborn at birth. The majority of the agents prescribed Rifamycin (47.2%) as a single dose in each eye. Paediatricians recommended one day of treatment while midwives and general practitioners recommended 7 days. Conclusion: Overall, the recommendations are not well implemented by caregivers. It would then be necessary to improve the level of information for harmonization and application of the recommendations.

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Adherence to Immunization: Rebuttal of Vaccine Hesitancy

Acta Haematologica ◽

10.1159/000511760 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Tamar Etzioni-Friedman ◽

Amos Etzioni

Keyword(s):

Adverse Effects ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

World Health ◽

Vaccine Hesitancy ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

The World ◽

Health Organization ◽

Near Future ◽

New Vaccines

Immunizations have been saving the lives of millions of people since they were first used by Edward Jenner in 1796, and new vaccines are being developed all the time. Hopefully, a new vaccine for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) will be developed in the near future, and perhaps even one for human immunodeficiency virus. Although the effectiveness of vaccinations has been proven over the years and adverse effects to currently available vaccinations are extremely rare, many people continue to defer immunizations for themselves and their families. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), this phenomenon, known as “vaccine hesitancy,” is a major public health problem globally. This review summarizes the unproven adverse effects of various vaccines and stresses the importance of enforcing vaccination policies to minimize vaccine hesitancy. Every effort should be made to improve existing vaccines and to produce new ones, according to carefully designed scientific preclinical and clinical trials. This is particularly important in today’s era, in light of the global transparency regarding vaccination development, and the potential for future pandemics such as COVID-19.

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Food behaviors and youth obesity in Pakistan - doi: 10.4025/actascihealthsci.v35i2.11885

Acta Scientiarum Health Sciences ◽

10.4025/actascihealthsci.v35i2.11885 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 223 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Anjum Hashmi ◽

Jamil Ahmed Soomro ◽

Khalid Saleem

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

World Health Organization ◽

Health Problem ◽

Significant Proportion ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

World Health ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Important Public Health Problem ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Health Organization

The epidemic of obesity took off from about 1980 and in almost all countries has been rising inexorably ever since. Only in 1997 did world health organization accept that this was a major public health problem. It is also becoming an important public health problem among Pakistani children due to changes in life style and other factors. The increasing prevalence of childhood obesity and its concomitant health risks justify widespread efforts toward prevention. A Cross-sectional study was conducted to elaborate the various types of foods and change in eating behavior leading to abnormal weight gain among the youth. A total of 504 male and female students of class six to ten were selected through simple random sampling. Anthropometric measurements were done with calibrated instruments using the age and sex specific BMI cut off points according to World Health Organization growth reference. Results showed significant proportion of girls (86%) and boys (85%) had abnormal waist to hip ratio. The determinants of the obesity lie within the rapid changes in food intake behavior and lifestyle patterns which had a clear and significant impact on the prevalence of obesity in youth of Pakistan.

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