Influence of Dynamic Balance on Jumping-Based Asymmetries in Team Sport: A between-Sports Comparison in Basketball and Handball Athletes

The aims of the present study were to analyze mobility, dynamic balance and lower-limb strength and the prevalence of asymmetry according to the type of sport and assess the association between inter-limb asymmetry and sports performance. A total of 23 basketball and 25 handball players performed a test battery consisting of functional movements and a jump test. Inter-limb asymmetry was calculated using a standard percentage difference equation. A between-groups comparison analysis was carried out, and Pearson’s correlation coefficients (r) were calculated to establish a relationship between asymmetries and physical performance. The results found athletes in different sports to exhibit different performance in functional movements and the jump test, but no bilateral asymmetries. The reactive strength index (RSI) and stiffness asymmetries were significantly associated with the anterior reach Y-balance test (YBT) (r = −0.412; p < 0.01 and r = −0.359; p < 0.05, respectively), and the unilateral triple hop test (THTU) was negatively correlated to anterior reach, posterior lateral reach YBT and YBT composite YBT (r = −0.341 to −0.377; p < 0.05). These findings suggest that the asymmetries exhibited important dispersion not dependent upon the type of sport but on each individual and the applied test. In addition, asymmetry in anterior direction YBT showed the strongest association to the rest of the sports performance variables.

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Effect of 12 Weeks of Core Stability Exercises on Functional Movement and Balance of Women Working in Hospitals

Journal of Sport Biomechanics ◽

10.32598/biomechanics.7.2.4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 122-135

Author(s):

Maryam Golmoradi Marani ◽

◽

Mahdi Khalegi ◽

Aezam Ahmadi ◽

Seyyedeh Fatemeh Alavi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dynamic Balance ◽

Group Analysis ◽

Exercise Group ◽

T Test ◽

Core Stability ◽

Analysis Of Covariance ◽

Balance Test ◽

Functional Movement ◽

Jump Test ◽

Muscle Balance

Objective: This study aims to assess the effect of 12 weeks of core stability exercises on functional movement and balance of women working in hospitals. Methods: Participants were 34 women aged 30-50 years working in Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran, Iran. They were randomly divided into two groups of exercise and control. The exercise group performed core stability exercises for 12 weeks. The functional movement was evaluated using the valid Function Movement Screen (FMS) method. The dynamic balance, power, agility, speed and flexibility of subjects were also measured using Y balance test, Sargent Jump Test, agility T-test, 20-meter running test, and seated bending forward test, respectively before and after exercise. Paired T-test was used to examine the difference between pre- and post-test scores of each group. Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used to determine the effect of intervention on the study variables. Results: Results of ANCOVA showed that 12 weeks of core stability exercises significantly improved functional movement performance, dynamic balance, power, agility, speed and flexibility in women. Conclusion: Core stability exercises can improve the performance of neuromuscular system leading to proper movement of spinal, pelvic and hip joints, proper muscle balance, enhanced proximal stability, functional strength and resulting in decreased injury.

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Ankle Stabilizers Affect Agility but Not Vertical Jump or Dynamic Balance Performance

Foot & Ankle Specialist ◽

10.1177/1938640011428509 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 4 (6) ◽

pp. 354-360 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Jatin P. Ambegaonkar ◽

Charles J. Redmond ◽

Christa Winter ◽

Nelson Cortes ◽

Shruti J. Ambegaonkar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Sagittal Plane ◽

Dynamic Balance ◽

Vertical Jump ◽

Plane Motion ◽

Balance Performance ◽

Level Of Evidence ◽

Balance Test ◽

Jump Test ◽

Significant Difference

Ankle stabilizers can reduce ankle sprain incidence and severity by limiting range of motion. Still whether using them affects performance remains unclear. The authors compared effects of 3 ankle stabilizers, tape, lace-up (Swede-O Ankle Lok), and semirigid (Air-Cast Air-Stirrup) braces, and a nonsupport control on vertical jump (Sargent Jump Test), agility (Right-Boomerang Run test), and dynamic balance (Modified Bass Test) in 10 volunteers (4 males, 6 females; 25.6 ± 2.8 years, 167.8 ± 13.7 cm, 61.4 ± 10.7 kg) using repeated-measures ANOVAs. Participants had similar vertical jump ( P = .27; control = 41.40 ± 11.89 cm, tape = 37.90 ± 7.92 cm, Swede-O = 41.40 ± 11.89 cm, Air-Cast = 39.29 ± 10.85 cm) and dynamic balance ( P = .08; control = 92.50 ± 2.46, tape = 91.55 ± 3.53, Swede-O = 97.00 ± 5.32, Air-Cast = 89.40 ± 6.08) but differing agility scores ( P = .03; control = 13.55 ± 1.35 seconds, tape = 14.03 ± 1.5 seconds, Swede-O = 14.10 ± 1.36 seconds, Air-Cast = 14.14 ± 1.41 seconds). Post hoc tests revealed a significant difference ( P = .03) between control and Air-Cast but not between Swede-O ( P = .06) or tape ( P = .07). Effect size ( d) analyses indicated that compared with control, all stabilizers trended to increase agility run times (tape, d = 0.33; Swede-O, d = 0.40; Air-Cast, d = 0.43). Since participants primarily required sagittal plane motion when jumping vertically and had relatively slow directional changes in the dynamic balance test, wearing ankle stabilizers did not hamper jump or balance. However, ankle stabilizers hindered participants’ ability to perform quick directional changes required in the agility test, with the most rigid stabilizer (Air-Cast) affecting agility the most. Clinicians should be aware that ankle stabilizers may affect some performance measures (agility) but not others (jumping, balance) and continue examinations in larger cohorts. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic, Level II

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Comparison of the Effect of Resistance and Balance Training on Isokinetic Eversion Strength, Dynamic Balance, Hop Test and Ankle Score in Ankle Sprain

Life ◽

10.3390/life11040307 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 307

Author(s):

Haifang Wang ◽

Hailong Yu ◽

Yong Hwan Kim ◽

Wencong Kan

Keyword(s):

Ankle Sprain ◽

Dynamic Balance ◽

Balance Training ◽

Sports Injury ◽

Rehabilitation Program ◽

Elastic Tube ◽

Balance Test ◽

Home Based ◽

Hop Test

Ankle sprain is a commonly recurring sports injury. This study aimed to compare the rehabilitation effects of resistance and balance training programs in patients with recurrent ankle sprain. Patients with recurrent lateral ankle sprain completed a home-based rehabilitation program comprising resistance training (RT; n = 27) or balance training (BT; n = 27). RT consisted of exercises using elastic tube bands, and BT consisted mainly of exercises performed using a variety of balance tools. Exercises were performed for 6 weeks, twice a day for 20 min, 5 days per week. Isokinetic eversion strength, Y-Balance test and hop tests, and foot and ankle outcome score (FAOS) were evaluated. Both RT and BT significantly improved strength and dynamic balance (p < 0.05). Compared to RT, BT also significantly improved the outcome of the crossover hop test (p = 0.008). The changes reflected group and time in pain (p = 0.022), sports (p = 0.027), and quality of life (p = 0.033) of FAOS were significantly greater in BT than RT.

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The functional assessment as a key element in the recovery of football players after an injury

SPORT TK-Revista EuroAmericana de Ciencias del Deporte ◽

10.6018/sportk.412461 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 15-25 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

P. Gomez-Piqueras ◽

S. Gonzalez-Villora ◽

M. Sanchez-Gonzalez ◽

P. Sainz de Baranda

Keyword(s):

Reference Values ◽

Football Player ◽

Football Players ◽

Professional Football ◽

Sports Performance ◽

Balance Test ◽

Counter Movement Jump ◽

Hop Test ◽

Shuttle Run ◽

Test Control

Objetivo – El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en establecer valores de referencia para futbolistas profesionales en una serie de test funcionales seleccionados previamente. Método – Durante dos temporadas (2012/13 y 2013/14) y en tres momentos distintos de las mismas, 42 futbolistas profesionales fueron evaluados funcionalmente mediante las siguientes pruebas: CMJ (salto bipodal), 5 m Shuttle Run Sprint Test (velocidad/agilidad), Test de Barrow (agilidad), Y Balance Test (control postural), Single Hop Test y Triple Hop Test (salto unipodal). Resultados – Los valores medios obtenidos fueron: CMJ (40.25±4.13cm), 5 m Shuttle Run Sprint Test (10.89±0.38 segundos), Test de Barrow (7.46±0.27 segundos), Y Balance asimetría derecha (4.63±2.16%), Y Balance asimetría izquierda (3.91±2.25%), Single Hop Test derecha (2.06±0.11 metros), Single Hop Test izquierda (2.07±0.12 metros), Triple Hop Test derecha (6.87±0.29 metros) y Triple Hop Test izquierda (6.83±0.31). Conclusión – Este trabajo contribuye aportando valores de referencia que puedan ser utilizados para cuantificar el grado de recuperación funcional durante la recuperación de un futbolista profesional lesionado. Aim - The objective of this study was to establish reference values for professional football players in a series of previously selected functional tests. Methods - 42 professional football players were functionally assessed during two seasons (2012/13 and 2013/14), at three different times: preseason, midpoint of the season and end of the season. For this purpose, the following tests were carried out: Counter Movement Jump (bipodal jump), 5 metres Shuttle Run Sprint Test (speed/agility), Barrow Test (agility), Y Balance Test (posture control), Single Hop Test and Triple Hop Test (unipodal jump). Results - The average obtained values were: Counter Movement Jump (40.25±4.13cm), 5 metres Shuttle Run Sprint Test (10.89±0.38 seconds), Barrow Test (7.46±0.27 seconds), right asymmetry Y Balance Test (4.63±2.16%), left asymmetry Y Balance Test (3.91±2.25%), right Single Hop Test (2.06±0.11 meters), left Single Hop Test (2.07±0.12 meters), right Triple Hop Test (6.87±0.29 meters) and left Triple Hop Test (6.83±0.31). Conclusion - This paper contributes reference values which can be used to determine the sports performance or quantify the degree of functional recovery of an professional injured football player during his recovery.

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Comparative Study of Wobble Board and Bosu Ball along with Strength Training on Lower Limb Strength, Dynamic Balance, Agility and Functional Performance of Runners with Lateral Ankle Instability

JOURNAL FOR CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH ◽

10.7860/jcdr/2021/46588.14820 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

. Roshni ◽

Sheetal Kalra ◽

Sajjan Pal ◽

Sonia Pawaria ◽

Joginder Yadav

Keyword(s):

Muscle Strength ◽

Strength Training ◽

Functional Performance ◽

Ankle Instability ◽

Dynamic Balance ◽

T Test ◽

Subjective Feeling ◽

Sensorimotor Training ◽

Balance Test ◽

Hop Test

Introduction: Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is characterised by a subjective feeling of recurrent instability, continuedepisode of giving way and self-reported disability. A wealth of literature is available reporting causes and risk factors related to CAI,still thereis a lack of understanding regarding rehabilitation procedures. Aim: To compare effect of BOSU ball and wobble board along with strength training on muscle strength, dynamic balance, agility and functional performance in recreational runners with CAI. Materials and Methods: It was an experimental study design conducted at Physiotherapy OPD of SGT Hospital, Gurugram. Data collection was done from July 2019 till October 2019. Analysis and report writing took 2 months i.e from November 2019 till December 2019. 60 male runners in the age group of 18-35 years with CAI were randomly divided into two groups i.e. A (Wobble board) and B (BOSU Ball) with 30 players in each group. All subjects were evaluated for ankle muscle strength, agility, dynamic balance and functional performance as measured by Manual muscle tester, T-test, Y balance test and figure of eight hop test respectively on day one and last day of 3rd and 6th week of intervention. SPSS software version 20.0 was used to analyse result. Mean and Standard deviations were calculated. ANOVA and Student T test was used for analysing inter group differences. Results: The statistical findings in this study postulate that both groups had significantly improved fitness and skill related variables but BOSU ball group showed highly significant improvement compared to wobble board group (p<0.05). Conclusion: The current results support that sensorimotor training can be progressed in difficulty by systematically reducing the base of support with help of BOSU ball.

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An Assessment of the Hopping Strategy and Inter-Limb Asymmetry during the Triple Hop Test: A Test–Retest Pilot Study

Symmetry ◽

10.3390/sym13101890 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. 1890

Author(s):

Kyle Davey ◽

Paul Read ◽

Joseph Coyne ◽

Paul Jarvis ◽

Anthony Turner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

American Football ◽

Systematic Bias ◽

Individual Level ◽

Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽

Hop Test ◽

Ground Contact Time ◽

Limb Asymmetry ◽

Multiple Metrics

The aims of the present study are to: (1) determine within- and between-session reliability of multiple metrics obtained during the triple hop test; and (2) determine any systematic bias in both the test and inter-limb asymmetry scores for these metrics. Thirteen male young American football athletes performed three trials of a triple hop test on each leg on two separate occasions. In addition to the total distance hopped, manual detection of touch down and toe-off were calculated via video analysis, enabling flight time (for each hop), ground contact time (GCT), reactive strength index (RSI), and leg stiffness (between hops) to be calculated. Results showed all coefficient of variation (CV) values were ≤ 10.67% and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) ranged from moderate to excellent (0.53–0.95) in both test sessions. Intrarater reliability showed excellent reliability for all metrics (CV ≤ 3.60%, ICC ≥ 0.97). No systematic bias was evident between test sessions for raw test scores (g = −0.34 to 0.32) or the magnitude of asymmetry (g = −0.19 to 0.43). However, ‘real’ changes in asymmetry (i.e., greater than the CV in session 1) were evident on an individual level for all metrics. For the direction of asymmetry, kappa coefficients revealed poor-to-fair levels of agreement between test sessions for all metrics (K = −0.10 to 0.39), with the exception of the first hop (K = 0.69). These data show that, given the inherent limitations of distance jumped in the triple hop test, practitioners can confidently gather a range of reliable data when computed manually, provided sufficient test familiarization is conducted. In addition, although the magnitude of asymmetry appears to show only small changes between test sessions, limb dominance does appear to fluctuate between test sessions, highlighting the value of also monitoring the direction of the imbalance.

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The Effect of Fatigue on Asymmetry Between Lower Limbs in Functional Performances in Elite Child Taekwondo Athletes

10.21203/rs.3.rs-90419/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

YANFEI GUAN ◽

Shannon Bredin ◽

Qinxian Jiang ◽

Jack Taunton ◽

Yongfeng Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Injury Risk ◽

Functional Performance ◽

Dynamic Balance ◽

Lower Limbs ◽

Rank Test ◽

Balance Test ◽

Signed Rank Test ◽

The Asymmetry ◽

Limb Asymmetry

Abstract Background: Inter-limb asymmetry above a certain threshold in functional performance indicates increased injury risk in sports. Fatigue has been found to increase bilateral asymmetry in lower-limb jumping performance among high-school and adult athletes, whereas this impact has not been examined for child athletes. Methods: Performance of single-leg jumps, Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT), and muscle (hamstring and gastrocnemius) flexibility were measured for 13 elite male child Taekwondo athletes (aged 9.85 ± 0.80 years) at both the rested and fatigued states to examine the inter-limb asymmetry. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA was conducted to examine for difference for each test and the interaction between limb (dominant, non-dominant leg) and state (rested, fatigued state). Paired t test or Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test was used to compare the asymmetry magnitude at the rested vs. fatigued state for each test, and the variation in performance post fatigue in the dominant vs. non-dominant leg when appropriate. Results: The inter-limb asymmetry in triple-hop distance significantly (p = 0.046) increased with fatigue, whereas the asymmetry significantly (p = 0.004) decreased with fatigue in anterior (ANT) reach distance in SEBT. A significant (p = 0.027) limb by state interaction was shown for posterolateral (PL) reach distance in SEBT, wherein a significant (p = 0.005) bilateral difference was only shown at the rested state. The PL reach distance showed a significantly greater decrease (p = 0.028) post fatigue when using the dominant leg for support compared to using the non-dominant leg.Conclusion: Fatigue significantly impacts inter-limb asymmetry in jump performances and dynamic balance for child athletes, while the variation in inter-limb asymmetry post fatigue may be different across tests. For the purpose of injury prevention, practitioners should consider assessing the inter-limb asymmetry for children at both the rested and fatigued state, and be mindful of the fatigue response of each leg in functional tests.

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Effects of Shoes That Can Be Tightened Using Wire and Dial on the Dynamic Balance Following Ankle Muscle Fatigue: A Crossover Study

Healthcare ◽

10.3390/healthcare9050578 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 578

Author(s):

Im-Rak Choi ◽

Jung-Hoon Lee

Keyword(s):

Crossover Study ◽

Muscle Fatigue ◽

Joint Instability ◽

Postural Sway ◽

Dynamic Balance ◽

Healthy Individuals ◽

Balance Test ◽

Ankle Muscle ◽

Hop Test ◽

The Wire

Ankle muscle fatigue causes joint instability and increased postural sway, which triggers imbalance, leading to injury. The purpose of this study was to investigate the immediate effects of wearing shoes that can be tightened using wire and dial (SWD) compared to being barefoot and wearing lace shoes of the slip-on type (LSS) on the dynamic balance of the ankle after muscle fatigue. Twenty-two healthy individuals were enrolled in this study. Muscle fatigue in the ankle was induced using Biodex, an isokinetic equipment. The participants were randomly allocated to the barefoot, LSS, and SWD groups, and the dynamic balance immediately after inducing muscle fatigue in each participant was measured using BIORescue, the Y-Balance test, and the side-hop test. The results showed that after inducing ankle muscle fatigue, wearing SWD leads to a more significant increase in dynamic balance than barefoot and wearing LSS (p < 0.05). Hence, to improve the dynamic balance of the ankle after muscle fatigue, wearing SWD is suggested as it allows the tightening of the ankle and dorsum of the foot using the wire and dial.

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Introducing an Activity-Based Balance Index for Soccer Players: A Validity and Reliability Study

Asian Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.5812/asjsm.108903 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol In Press (In Press) ◽

Author(s):

Jalil Reisi ◽

Shahram Lenjani ◽

Filipe Clemente ◽

Cain Craig Truman Clark

Keyword(s):

Dynamic Balance ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

The Body ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Balance Test ◽

Skill Scores ◽

Acceleration Data ◽

Position Index ◽

Balance Index

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of introducing a new activity-based balance index using a triaxial accelerometer during activity. Methods: Twenty seven soccer players (age: 14.5 ± 0.4 years old, body mass: 58.3 ± 9.3 kg, height: 172 ± 8 cm) who participated in the national premier league were recruited. The participants were tested for their balance, activity, and skill in four tests: (I) one leg stance; (II) dynamic Y balance; (III) running; and (IV) dribbling slalom. The acceleration of the body was recorded using an accelerometer during those tests. By processing acceleration data, a new activity-based balance index (ABI) was calculated based on the velocity, acceleration, and position index of soccer players. Using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC), reliability was calculated. Results: Reliability was high (ICC = 0.87 - 0.89; 95% CI = 0.77 - 0.93) in calculating ABI for the three activities performed in the tests. A significant positive correlation between ABI and both static and dynamic balance scores (r = 0.62, P = 0.002) was observed. Furthermore, negative correlation was found significantly between ABI and dribbling scores (r = -0.61, P = 0.026) and Y Balance test (r = 0.6, P = 0.002). Conclusions: In conclusion, the introduced ABI demonstrates great potential to determine balance and skill scores based on accelerometer-based measures.

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The effect of fatigue on asymmetry between lower limbs in functional performances in elite child taekwondo athletes

Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research ◽

10.1186/s13018-020-02175-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yanfei Guan ◽

Shannon Bredin ◽

Qinxian Jiang ◽

Jack Taunton ◽

Yongfeng Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Injury Risk ◽

Functional Performance ◽

Dynamic Balance ◽

Lower Limbs ◽

Rank Test ◽

Balance Test ◽

Signed Rank Test ◽

The Asymmetry ◽

Limb Asymmetry

Abstract Background Inter-limb asymmetry above a certain threshold in functional performance indicates increased injury risk in sports. Fatigue has been found to increase bilateral asymmetry in lower-limb jumping performance among high-school and adult athletes, whereas this impact has not been examined in child athletes. This study aimed to examine the effect of fatigue on inter-limb asymmetry in functional performances in elite Taekwondo athletes aged between 9 and 11 years. Methods Performance of single-leg jumps, Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT), and muscle (hamstring and gastrocnemius) flexibility were measured for 13 elite male child Taekwondo athletes (aged 9.85 ± 0.80 years) at both the rested and fatigued states to examine the inter-limb asymmetry. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA was conducted to examine for difference and the interaction between limb (dominant, non-dominant leg) and state (rested, fatigued state) for each test. Paired t test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the asymmetry magnitude at the rested vs. fatigued state for each test, and the variation of performance post fatigue in the dominant vs. non-dominant leg when appropriate. Results The inter-limb asymmetry in triple-hop distance significantly (p = 0.046) increased with fatigue, whereas the asymmetry significantly (p = 0.004) decreased with fatigue in anterior (ANT) reach distance in SEBT. A significant (p = 0.027) limb by state interaction was shown for posterolateral (PL) reach distance in SEBT, wherein a significant (p = 0.005) bilateral difference was only shown at the rested state. The PL reach distance showed a significantly greater decrease (p = 0.028) post fatigue when using the dominant leg for support compared to using the non-dominant leg. Conclusions Fatigue significantly impacts inter-limb asymmetry in jump performances and dynamic balance for child athletes, while the variation of inter-limb asymmetry post fatigue may be different across tests. For the purpose of injury prevention, practitioners should consider assessing the inter-limb asymmetry for children at both the rested and fatigued state and be mindful of the fatigue response of each leg in functional tests.

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