scholarly journals Analysing the Relationship Between Mental Load or Mental Effort and Metacomprehension Under Different Conditions of Multimedia Design

2022 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lenka Schnaubert ◽  
Sascha Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Mental Effort ◽  
Learning Material ◽  
Mental Load ◽  
Multimedia Design ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Perceived Effort ◽  
Multimedia Material ◽  
Metacognitive Processes ◽  
The Relationship

Cognitive load theory assumes effort may only lead to comprehension if the material-induced load leaves enough resources for learning processes. Therefore, multimedia materials should induce as little non-relevant load as possible. Metacognition research assumes that learners tap into their memory processes to generate a mental representation of their comprehension to regulate learning. However, when judging their comprehension, learners need to make inferences about actual understanding using cues such as their experienced mental load and effort during learning. Theoretical assumptions would assume both to affect understanding and its metacognitive representation (metacomprehension). However, the question remains how perceived effort and load are related to metacomprehension judgments while learning with multimedia learning material. Additionally, it remains unclear if this varies under different conditions of multimedia design. To better understand the relationship between perceived mental load and effort and comprehension and metacomprehension under different design conditions of multimedia material, we conducted a randomised between-subjects study (N = 156) varying the design of the learning material (text-picture integrated, split attention, active integration). Mediation analyses testing for both direct and indirect effects of mental load and effort on metacomprehension judgments showed various effects. Beyond indirect effects via comprehension, both mental load and effort were directly related to metacomprehension, however, this seems to vary under different conditions of multimedia design, at least for mental effort. As the direction of effect can only be theoretically assumed, but was not empirically tested, follow-up research needs to identify ways to manipulate effort and load perceptions without tinkering with metacognitive processes directly. Despite the limitations due to the correlative design, this research has implications for our understanding of cognitive and metacognitive processes during learning with multimedia.

scholarly journals Precompetitive Achievement Goals, Stress Appraisals, Emotions, and Coping Among Athletes

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 433-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam R. Nicholls ◽  
John L. Perry ◽  
Luis Calmeiro
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Achievement Goals ◽  
Relational Theory ◽  
Mediating Effects ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Stress Appraisals ◽  
Study Support ◽  
And Coping ◽  
The Relationship

Grounded in Lazarus’s (1991, 1999, 2000) cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotions, we tested a model of achievement goals, stress appraisals, emotions, and coping. We predicted that precompetitive achievement goals would be associated with appraisals, appraisals with emotions, and emotions with coping in our model. The mediating effects of emotions among the overall sample of 827 athletes and two stratified random subsamples were also explored. The results of this study support our proposed model in the overall sample and the stratified subsamples. Further, emotion mediated the relationship between appraisal and coping. Mediation analyses revealed that there were indirect effects of pleasant and unpleasant emotions, which indicates the importance of examining multiple emotions to reveal a more accurate representation of the overall stress process. Our findings indicate that both appraisals and emotions are just as important in shaping coping.

The Indirect Relationship Between Rumination, Shame And Depression: A Mediation Analysis for Those Experiencing Relationship Difficulties

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Rice ◽  
Barry Fallon
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Affect Regulation ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Cognitive Reappraisal ◽  
Expressive Suppression ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Intimate Partner Relationships ◽  
Indirect Relationship ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractDifficulties in intimate partner relationships are known to have detrimental effects on mental health. The association between relationship difficulties and depression is particularly strong for individuals with a tendency for rumination. While the link between rumination and depression has long been established, the indirect effects of shame and emotion regulation on this relationship remain less clear. The present study reports on longitudinal data of 65 participants (36 males) who had experienced recent relationship difficulties with their partner. Respondents provided Time 1 data for rumination (brooding and reflection), shame (personal feelings of shame) and relationship difficulties. Approximately 15 weeks later, Time 2 data was collected for emotion regulation (cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression), relationship difficulties and depression. Mediation analyses with bias-corrected bootstrapping indicated that shame fully mediated the relationship between brooding and depression, and partially mediated the relationship between reflection and depression. The indirect effects remained significant with covariates (relationship difficulties at Time 1, and cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression at Time 2). Results suggest that self-evaluations related to shame contribute to the relationship between rumination and depression, independent of affect regulation. Implications for the role of shame in relationship difficulties are discussed.

scholarly journals Interest consistency can buffer the effect of COVID-19 fear on psychological distress

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akihiro Masuyama ◽  
Takahiro Kubo ◽  
Daichi Sugawara ◽  
Yuta Chishima
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Buffering Effect ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Stress Scale ◽  
Recent Outbreak ◽  
The Relationship

In the context of a recent outbreak of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), the present study investigated the buffering effect of grit on the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and psychological distress. The data were collected from 224 Japanese participants (98 females; mean age = 46.56, SD = 13.41) in July 2020. The measures used in this study included the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S), Short Grit Scale, and Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale 21 (DASS). The results of mediation analyses revealed significant indirect effects of consistency of interest, a major component of grit, on psychological distress; we also found non-significant indirect effects of perseverance of effort, another major component of grit, on psychological distress. These results suggest that consistency of interest buffers the psychological distress induced by fear of COVID-19. Based on these results, it can be concluded that individuals with higher consistency of interest are less likely to experience worsening of their mental health, even if they experience fear of COVID-19 during the pandemic.

Does Ego-Resilience Impact Friendship Outcomes?

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth B. Lozano ◽  
Mahzad Hojjat ◽  
Judith Sims-Knight
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Ego Resilience ◽  
Maintenance Behaviors ◽  
Received Social Support ◽  
Trait Resilience ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. The present study examined the relationship between resilience and positive outcomes in friendships of young adults. SEM and bootstrapping analyses were performed to test whether positive emotions mediate the relationship between ego-resilience and enhanced friendship outcomes. Findings revealed indirect effects for friendship closeness, maintenance behaviors, and received social support. Our findings demonstrate the importance of positive emotions and its connection with trait resilience in the realm of friendships.

Interpersonal Stress and Poor Health

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mette M. Aanes ◽  
Maurice B. Mittelmark ◽  
Jørn Hetland
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Social Connectedness ◽  
Somatic Symptoms ◽  
Total Effect ◽  
Subjective Feeling ◽  
Interpersonal Stress ◽  
The Relationship

This paper investigated whether the lack of social connectedness, as measured by the subjective feeling of loneliness, mediates the well-known relationship between interpersonal stress and psychological distress. Furthermore, a relationship between interpersonal stress and somatic symptoms was hypothesized. The study sample included 3,268 women and 3,220 men in Western Norway. The main findings were that interpersonal stress was significantly related to psychological distress as well as to somatic symptoms, both directly and indirectly via paths mediated by loneliness. The size of the indirect effects varied, suggesting that the importance of loneliness as a possible mediator differs for depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and somatic symptoms. In the case of depressive symptoms, more than 75% of the total effect was mediated through loneliness, while in the case of somatic symptoms just over 40% of the total effect was mediated through loneliness. This study supports the hypotheses that social connectedness mediates a relationship between interpersonal stress and psychological distress. The study also provides the first link between interpersonal stress, as measured by the Bergen Social Relationships Scale, and somatic symptoms, extending earlier research on the relationship between interpersonal stress and psychological distress.

PENGARUH KUALITAS PRODUK DAN KUALITAS PELAYANAN TERHADAP PENINGKATAN KEPUASAN DAN LOYALITAS PELANGGAN PERUSAHAAN DAERAH AIR MINUM (PDAM) KOTA MAKASSAR

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Rezha Pahlawan ◽  
Nurlia Nurlia ◽  
Abdul Rahman Laba ◽  
Erlina Pakki ◽  
Hardiyono Hardiyono
Keyword(s):  
Customer Satisfaction ◽  
Service Quality ◽  
Product Quality ◽  
Customer Loyalty ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Water Company ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Intervening Variables ◽  
Customer Satisfaction And Loyalty

This study aims to determine the effect of Product Quality and Service Quality on Increasing Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty in Makassar Municipal Water Company (PDAM) both directly and through intervening variables or indirect effects. This study uses a quantitative approach conducted with the aim to explain the position of the variables studied and the relationship between one variable with another variable. This research will explain the causal relationship between variables through hypothesis testing. In this study, the analysis method used is path analysis using the SmartPLS program. The results of this study found that directly the product quality had a positive and significant effect on customer satisfaction, service quality had a positive and significant effect on customer satisfaction, product quality had a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty, service quality had a positive and not significant effect on customer loyalty, customer satisfaction positive and significant effect on customer loyalty. The indirect effect of this research is product quality has a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty if mediated by customer satisfaction. Service quality also has a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty if mediated by customer satisfaction.

scholarly journals Men’s attitudes toward mask-wearing during COVID-19: Understanding the complexities of mask-ulinity

2021 ◽  
pp. 135910532199079
Author(s):  
James R Mahalik ◽  
Michael Di Bianca ◽  
Michael P Harris
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Perceived Barriers ◽  
Conformity To Masculine Norms ◽  
Masculine Norms ◽  
Perceptions And Attitudes ◽  
Path Analyses ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Vulnerable Persons

Path analyses indicated that the relationship between conformity to masculine norms (CMN) and attitudes toward mask-wearing to protect from COVID-19 was mediated by perceived benefits, perceived barriers, confidence in the scientific community, and empathy toward vulnerable persons, and that political ideology moderated the indirect effects from CMN to men’s attitudes. Efforts to improve men’s participation in combatting COVID-19 should address the perceptions and attitudes related to conforming to traditional masculine norms and moderated by political ideology, and might reconstruct masculinity to focus on being a guardian and protector of public health.

Mother Phubbing and Adolescent Cyberbullying: The Mediating Role of Perceived Mother Acceptance and the Moderating Role of Emotional Stability

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052098390
Author(s):  
Jiahui Qu ◽  
Li Lei ◽  
Xingchao Wang ◽  
Xiaochun Xie ◽  
Pengcheng Wang
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Emotional Stability ◽  
School Students ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Indirect Path ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Relationship

Previous studies have found some risk factors of cyberbullying. However, little is known about how mother phubbing may influence adolescent cyberbullying, and the mediating and moderating mechanisms underlying this relationship. “Phubbing,” which is a portmanteau of “phone” and “subbing,” refers to snubbing other people and focus on smartphones in social interactions. This study examined whether mother phubbing, which refers to being phubbed by one’s mother, would be positively related to adolescent cyberbullying, whether perceived mother acceptance would mediate the relationship between mother phubbing and adolescent cyberbullying, and whether emotional stability would moderate the pathways between mother phubbing and adolescent cyberbullying. The sample consisted of 4,213 Chinese senior high school students (mean age 16.41 years, SD = 0.77, 53% were female). Participants completed measurements regarding mother phubbing, cyberbullying, perceived mother acceptance, and emotional stability. The results indicated that mother phubbing was positively related to cyberbullying, which was mediated by perceived mother acceptance. Further, moderated mediation analyses showed that emotional stability moderated the direct path between mother phubbing and cyberbullying and the indirect path between mother phubbing and perceived mother acceptance. This study highlighted the harmful impact of mother phubbing on adolescents by showing a positive association between mother phubbing and adolescent cyberbullying, as well as the underlying mechanisms between mother phubbing and adolescent cyberbullying.

scholarly journals Can Rules in Technical-Tactical Decisions Influence on Physical and Mental Load during Soccer Training? A Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 4313
Author(s):  
Tomás García-Calvo ◽  
Juan José Pulido ◽  
José Carlos Ponce-Bordón ◽  
Miguel Ángel López-Gajardo ◽  
Israel Teoldo Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Fatigue ◽  
Physical Load ◽  
Mental Load ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Score System ◽  
Perceived Effort ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Soccer Training ◽  
Tactical Decisions ◽  
Performance Satisfaction

This study aimed to analyze the effects of rules limitations in pass decisions during soccer tasks on physical and mental load reported by players. Participants were 40 semiprofessional Spanish soccer players (Mage = 22.40, SD = 2.25) from two male teams. Two training sessions with four tasks (same tasks with different score system: two maintaining ball possession games with goalkeepers, and two maintaining ball possession games) in counterbalanced order between teams were completed. To achieve a goal during limitation tasks, a minimum number of players had to participate in the passes before the goal. Internal (perceived effort and heart rate) and external physical load (distances), mental load (validated adaptation of the NASA-TXL) and fatigue (VASfatigue) were quantified. Paired t-test and magnitude-based inference were conducted. The results showed significantly higher mean speeds (p < 0.01), effort perception (p < 0.001), and mental fatigue (very likely positive) during possession games with restrictions. Additionally, performance satisfaction obtained significantly higher values with goalkeepers and pass restrictions (very likely positive). External physical load showed no significant differences between situations. The influence of mental fatigue on internal load and the complexity of the tasks could explain these results. Coaches can use this information to manipulate the training load in ecological conditions.

scholarly journals Parkinson’s Disease and the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Conor Fearon ◽  
Alfonso Fasano
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Scientific Rigor ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Non Motor Symptoms ◽  
Convincing Data

Studies focusing on the relationship between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and Parkinson’s disease (PD) have provided conflicting results. We review the literature to investigate: 1) Are PD patients at higher risk for contracting COVID-19 and are there specific contributing factors to that risk? 2) How does COVID-19 affect PD symptoms? 3) How does COVID-19 present in PD patients? 4) What are the outcomes in PD patients who contract COVID-19? 5) What is the impact of COVID-19 on PD care? 6) Does COVID-19 increase the risk of developing PD? A literature search was performed from 1979 to 2020 using the terms: ‘Parkinson’s disease’ and ‘parkinsonism’ combined with: ‘COVID-19’; ‘SARS-CoV-2’ and ‘coronavirus’. It does not appear that PD is a specific risk factor for COVID-19. There is evidence for direct/indirect effects of SARS-CoV-2 on motor/non-motor symptoms of PD. Although many PD patients present with typical COVID-19 symptoms, some present atypically with isolated worsening of parkinsonian symptoms, requiring increased anti-PD therapy and having worse outcomes. Mortality data on PD patients with COVID-19 is inconclusive (ranging from 5.2%to 100%). Patients with advanced PD appear to be particularly vulnerable. Single cases of acute hypokinetic-rigid syndrome have been described but no other convincing data has been reported. The rapidity with which COVID-19 has swept across the globe has favored the proliferation of studies which lack scientific rigor and the PD literature has not been immune. A coordinated effort is required to assimilate data and answer these questions in larger PD cohorts.

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