scholarly journals Cooling Island Effect of Blue-Green Corridors: Quantitative Comparison of Morphological Impacts

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (22) ◽  
pp. 11917
Author(s):  
Yunfang Jiang ◽  
Jing Huang ◽  
Tiemao Shi ◽  
Xiaolin Li
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Regression Tree ◽  
Cooling Effect ◽  
Marginal Effect ◽  
Tree Model ◽  
Prevailing Wind Direction ◽  
Cooling Effects ◽  
Green Corridor ◽  
Green Corridors

The patterns of green corridors in urban riverfront districts provide different synergistic cooling effects of blue-green space in urban areas. The purpose of this study is to quantify the spatial morphological impact of green corridors in riverfront block-scale area on the cooling effect. Three representative patterns (radiate, grid and dendritic) were selected in the study. The comprehensive influences analysis between multi-dimensional factors of spatial structure and morphology of green corridors and Ta (air temperature) distribution are processed by Envi-met4.4.5 simulation data and statistical analysis methods, such as regression tree model (BRT), were combined. The results showed that the D (distance from riverbank) has the greatest impact on the cooling effect of each belt green space. The D in the range of 600–750 m was affected by the cooling effect of blue-green space; The orientation with parallel to (southeast–northwest) or roughly the same as the prevailing wind direction (north–south) green corridors had relatively better cooling effect. When the width of green corridor was 20–25 m, the ME (marginal effect) of cooling was the largest; at 30–35 m (corridor width), the overall ME of cooling was the best; When the dPC (decreased probability connectivity, here the index was adapted to describe the connectivity degree) of green corridors was in the range of 0.5–1.5, the cooling effect of green corridor could be significantly improved. When dPC is 1.5, its marginal effect on temperature reached the maximum. The study provided a quantitative correlation technology for the morphological influence of blue-green on the distribution of UCI (urban cooling island), which can guide the spatial layout control of green corridors in the planning and design of urban riverfront district.

scholarly journals Comparative Study on the Cooling Effects of Green Space Patterns in Waterfront Build-Up Blocks: An Experience from Shanghai

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (22) ◽  
pp. 8684
Author(s):  
Yunfang Jiang ◽  
Shidan Jiang ◽  
Tiemao Shi
Keyword(s):  
Green Space ◽  
Urban Climate ◽  
Regression Tree ◽  
Cooling Effect ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
View Factor ◽  
Marginal Effect ◽  
Adaptive Planning ◽  
Boosted Regression Tree ◽  
Cooling Effects

Different structural patterns of waterfront green space networks in built-up areas have different synergistic cooling characteristics in cities. This study’s aim is to determine what kinds of spatial structures and morphologies of waterfront green spaces offer a good cooling effect, combined with three different typical patterns in Shanghai. A multidimensional spatial influence variable system based on the cooling effect was constructed to describe the spatial structural and morphological factors of the green space network. The ENVI-met 4.3 software, developed by Michael Bruse at Bochum, German, was used to simulate the microclimate distribution data, combined with the boosted regression tree (BRT) model and the correlation analysis method. The results showed that at the network level, the distance from the water body and the connectivity of green space had a stronger cooling correlation. The orientation of green corridors consistent with a summer monsoon had larger cooling effect ranges. In terms of spatial morphology, the vegetation sky view factor (SVF) and Vegetation Surface Albedo (VSAlbedo) had an important correlation with air temperature (T), and the green corridor with a 20–25 m width had the largest marginal effect on cooling. These results will provide useful guidance for urban climate adaptive planning and design.

scholarly journals Adaptive Analysis of Green Space Network Planning for the Cooling Effect of Residential Blocks in Summer: A Case Study in Shanghai

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 3189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunfang Jiang ◽  
Danran Song ◽  
Tiemao Shi ◽  
Xuemei Han
Keyword(s):  
Green Space ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Spatial Optimization ◽  
Scenario Planning ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Cooling Effect ◽  
Space Network ◽  
Green Corridor ◽  
Green Corridors ◽  
East West

The effect of Urban Heat Islands (UHIs) is becoming increasingly serious in cities. Research on the adaptive planning policies for microthermal environments at the residential block level of cities is thus becoming of greater significance. Based on the cooling effect of planning control elements in residential block areas, the element effects characteristics of water bodies and vegetation distribution on the thermal environment of residential blocks were analyzed by using ENVI-met software. The simulation data analysis showed that the combination of water bodies and vegetation had a synergistic cooling effect. Based on these results, simulations of five effective adaptive measures were carried out step by step in planning scenarios, that is, improving the water bodies with vegetation corridors, the application of high-albedo material on streets, and increasing the number of green patches, east-west green corridors, and north-south green corridors. The results were as follows. First, although each of the five optimization strategies have a certain degree of cooling effect on the entire block, the superposition of each factor had a synergistic effect. Second, different spatial optimization strategies had different cooling ranges for each subzone. The optimization of the north-south green corridor, green patches, and water features corridors were particularly significant for microclimate cooling. The east-west green corridor has a certain influence on a certain range of downwind zones and had an auxiliary cooling effect. The high-albedo material also had a weak overall decrease function for the thermal environment. Finally, the downwind area of the urban creek network had a great impact on cooling intensity, with distance attenuation characteristics; it was also proposed that the comprehensive cooling effect of the green space network with optimized layout was greater than that of any single green space element. The optimization scenario planning research provided a method for improving the scientific distribution of adaptation measures in urban residential blocks.

scholarly journals Does Rural Production–Living–Ecological Spaces Have a Preference for Regional Endowments? A Case of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, China

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1265
Author(s):  
Peng Zeng ◽  
Sihui Wu ◽  
Zongyao Sun ◽  
Yujia Zhu ◽  
Yuqi Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Spatial Planning ◽  
Regression Tree ◽  
Marginal Effect ◽  
Ecological Civilization ◽  
Tree Model ◽  
Boosted Regression Tree ◽  
Ecological Awareness

Production–Living–Ecological Space (PLES) is the functional projection of sustainable development in territory spatial planning. Its rational layout has become the most important task for developing countries to enhance ecological awareness and achieve sustainable goals. This study took the rural areas of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) as an example to analyze the relationship by means of quantitative cumulation between regional endowments (natural factors, location and facilities) and PLES to figure out the preference mechanism. The Boosted Regression Tree model (BRT) was used to obtain the contribution rate of factors and the internal marginal effect between 1980~2018. Our conclusions are as follows: Living space (LS) enjoyed the highest advantage of regional endowment level, followed by production space (PS). Except for the distance to water, other indicators were significantly different in the PLES, and the suitable range of various types was expanded from LS to PS and ecological space (ES). During the transfer, elevation had a universal effect. The process of increasing naturalness was affected by the distance of high-level urban areas, which verified the continuous effect of Chinese ecological civilization. This study clarified the selectivity of regional endowments to PLES, which will greatly guide the direction of regional territory spatial planning and the next step of regional sustainable development.

scholarly journals Estimating the Cooling Effect of Pocket Green Space in High Density Urban Areas in Shanghai, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caiyan Wu ◽  
Junxiang Li ◽  
Chunfang Wang ◽  
Conghe Song ◽  
Dagmar Haase ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
High Density ◽  
Landscape Patterns ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Cooling Effect ◽  
Cooling Efficiency ◽  
Landscape Features ◽  
Cooling Effects

Recently, pocket green spaces (PGS), i.e., small green spaces, have attracted growing attention for their various ecological and social services. As a crucial part of urban green spaces in high-density urban areas, PGS facilitates recreation and relaxation for neighborhoods and thus improves the livability of cities at the local scale. However, whether and how the PGS cools the urban heat island effect is still unclear. This research was performed in the highly developed areas of the city of Shanghai during hot summer daytime. We applied a set of cooling effect indicators to estimate the cooling extent, cooling intensity, and cooling efficiency of PGS. We further examined whether and how landscape features within and surrounding the PGS influence its cooling effects. The results showed that 90% of PGS are cooler than their surroundings. Among the landscape features, the land surface temperature of PGS logarithmically decreased with its area, and the maximum local cool island intensity and maximum cooling area logarithmically increased with the area of PGS. The vegetation types and their composition within the PGS also influenced their surface temperature and the cooling effect. The PGS dominated by tree-shrub-grass showed the highest cooling efficiency. The surrounding landscape patterns, especially the patch density and the landscape shape index, influence the cooling effect of PGS at both class and landscape levels. These findings add new knowledge on factors influencing the cooling effect of PGS, and provide the biophysical theoretical basis for developing nature-based cooling strategies for urban landscape designers and planners.

Mitigating the warming in urban areas: Experimental study of different roof materials in a subtropical monsoon climate

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xing Chen ◽  
Sujong Jeong
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Solar Panel ◽  
Urban Atmosphere ◽  
Cooling Effect ◽  
Monsoon Climate ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
Cooling Effects ◽  
Subtropical Monsoon Climate

<p>Different roof materials are deployed for mitigating the urban heat, which significantly affects<br>our life. However, the performance of specific roof materials could be influenced by the<br>background climate. To evaluate the effectiveness of roof materials on temperature reductions in<br>a subtropical monsoon climate region, this study performs field experiments using four different<br>roof materials (gray and white surfaces, solar panel, and grass surface) from December 2017 to<br>July 2018. The results show that the white surface reduced the average daily surface temperature<br>by 3.37 °C. This cooling effect increased with the increase in surface albedo and incoming solar<br>radiation. However, the average cooling effect of the grass surface was much lower (0.43 °C).<br>This is attributable to the low soil moisture, which was influenced by the monsoon, thereby<br>indicating that irrigation is required to improve the thermal performance of grass roofs even in<br>humid regions. The solar panel reduced the daily surface temperature by 0.59 °C but exerted<br>strong warming (7.36 °C) during midday and cooling effects (4.03 °C) during midnight because<br>of its low albedo, low emissivity, and low heat capacity. Our results suggest that, for the roof<br>treatments explored here, white roofs are more effective for mitigating urban heat in a<br>subtropical monsoon climate under the present climatic conditions and especially for drier<br>climates predicted for the future, while grass roofs are not a sustainable method as they require<br>irrigation to achieve a cooling effect and solar panels may heat the urban atmosphere.</p>

scholarly journals Using Edible Plant and Lightweight Expanded Clay Aggregate (LECA) to Strengthen the Thermal Performance of Extensive Green Roofs in Subtropical Urban Areas

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 424
Author(s):  
Yi-Yu Huang ◽  
Tien-Jih Ma
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Green Roofs ◽  
Cooling Effect ◽  
Garden Soil ◽  
Passive Cooling ◽  
Subtropical Climate ◽  
Edible Plant ◽  
Temperature Reduction ◽  
Cooling Effects ◽  
Extensive Green Roofs

Gazing at natural landscapes and participating in agricultural activities can elicit psychophysiological restoration. However, most buildings are constructed merely to meet the minimum legal requirements for structure weight load. Extensive green roofs consisting of vegetables and a lightweight growth medium can be designed to provide not only passive-cooling effects on bare rooftops, but also to convert idle rooftops into temporary retreats for stressed individuals. The purpose of this study is to both measure the surface temperature reduction and heat amplitude reduction of a bare rooftop using the extensive green roofs containing a lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA) and Ipomoea batata as well as conduct a weight-reduction-and-cost analysis to measure the weight loss of the extensive green roofs incurred through LECA replacement. A four-stage field experiment was performed on the flat rooftop of a dormitory in a subtropical climate during summer. The results indicated that roofs with Ipomoea batata had a significantly higher passive-cooling effect than did roofs without Ipomoea batata. The roofs with 10%–40% LECA exhibited a slightly higher passive-cooling effect than did roofs with conventional garden soil. At a slightly different average air temperature (0.56 °C; i.e., 32.04 °C minus 31.48 °C), the combined effects of LECA and Ipomoea batata helped to significantly reduce the average temperature of the bare rooftop by an additional 10.19 °C, namely, temperature reduction of the bare rooftop increased from 9.54 °C under a roof with 0% LECA and without plants in the second stage to 19.73 °C under a roof with 10% LECA and with plants in the fourth stage.

scholarly journals Identification of ecological networks and nodes in Fujian province based on green and blue corridors

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingqing Zhou ◽  
Cecil C. Konijnendijk van den Bosch ◽  
Jingru Chen ◽  
Wenbing Zhang ◽  
Jianwen Dong
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Ecological Networks ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Fujian Province ◽  
Hydrological Data ◽  
Elevation Data ◽  
Planning Methods ◽  
Green Corridors

AbstractChina's Green Space System Planning (GSSP) research has gradually expanded from central urban areas to municipal and provincial scales in recent years. Besides, the research on the role of green space in the water environment has also attracted much attention. However, the study of green corridors usually ignored hydrological data, which widespread absence especially in the large area scale. And the scale of green corridor construction mainly focused on central urban areas. This paper took China's Fujian province as an example. Based on the DEM elevation data, the article identified blue corridors without hydrological data. In addition, the green corridors were determined based on the land use data. According to the green corridors and blue corridors protection, we identified the ecological networks and nodes by the network analysis method. The results showed that the blue corridors identified by DEM data were consistent with the hydrological status quo. The regional status of the identified ecological networks and nodes were basically in line with their characteristics, proving the value of the planning methods. Finally, based on the identification results, suggestions for Fujian's ecological networks and nodes are put forward.

scholarly journals The cooling effect potential of urban river reserve in Johor, Malaysia

2018 ◽  
Vol 250 ◽  
pp. 06002
Author(s):  
Siti Rahmah Omar ◽  
Johan Sohaili ◽  
Nur Fadilah Darmansah
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Green Space ◽  
City Planning ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Urban River ◽  
Cooling Effect ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Buffer Strip ◽  
Bank Stabilization ◽  
The Right

The Malaysian riparian buffer strip is also called the river reserve. As the state authority has the right to reserve state land for public purposes, there is high prospect to preserve green space in urban areas. Urban riparian, however, has been used only for bank stabilization, biodiversity, and water quality purposes. Prior studies verified that vegetated riparian minimises outdoor thermal condition, in comparison to impervious surface areas. Strategic distribution of green space and cooling sources in city planning are vital for maximum efficiency of green strategies. Hence, this paper determined the cooling effect potential of urban riparian structure on local thermal environment by investigating three river reserve areas. Thermal measurements were recorded at six locations perpendicular to the riverbank at 20m intervals, along with a census of vegetation formation. Although the riparian zoning was located along the same river, different widths and various vegetation formations affected thermal distribution. The ΔTioutcomes indicated that despite the small and restricted green space allocated in urban areas, the cooling effect was still present. Hence, green strategies must be carefully crafted to maximize use of space. The effects of urban riparian structure generate the multi-functions of urban river reserve, especially its cooling effect.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Equity and Regional Management of Some Urban Green Space Ecosystem Services: A Case Study of Main Urban Area of Xi’an City

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 813
Author(s):  
Hui Dang ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
Yumeng Zhang ◽  
Zixiang Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Urban Green Space ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Deposition Flux ◽  
Urban Green ◽  
Xi’An City

Urban green spaces can provide many types of ecosystem services for residents. An imbalance in the pattern of green spaces leads to an inequality of the benefits of such spaces. Given the current situation of environmental problems and the basic geographical conditions of Xi’an City, this study evaluated and mapped four kinds of ecosystem services from the perspective of equity: biodiversity, carbon sequestration, air purification, and climate regulation. Regionalization with dynamically constrained agglomerative clustering and partitioning (REDCAP) was used to obtain the partition groups of ecosystem services. The results indicate that first, the complexity of the urban green space community is low, and the level of biodiversity needs to be improved. The dry deposition flux of particulate matter (PM2.5) decreases from north to south, and green spaces enhance the adsorption of PM2.5. Carbon sequestration in the south and east is higher than that in the north and west, respectively. The average surface temperature in green spaces is lower than that in other urban areas. Second, urban green space resources in the study area are unevenly distributed. Therefore, ecosystem services in different areas are inequitable. Finally, based on the regionalization of integrated ecosystem services, an ecosystem services cluster was developed. This included 913 grid spaces, 12 partitions, and 5 clusters, which can provide a reference for distinct levels of ecosystem services management. This can assist urban managers who can use these indicators of ecosystem service levels for planning and guiding the overall development pattern of green spaces. The benefits would be a maximization of the ecological functions of green spaces, an improvement of the sustainable development of the city, and an improvement of people’s well-being.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic Differences in Walking Time of Children and Adolescents to Public Green Spaces in Urban Areas—Results of the German Environmental Survey (2014–2017)

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2326
Author(s):  
Julia Rehling ◽  
Christiane Bunge ◽  
Julia Waldhauer ◽  
André Conrad
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Environmental Survey ◽  
Urban Green Spaces ◽  
Public Green Space ◽  
Walking Time

Public green spaces have a high potential for a positive impact on people’s health and wellbeing, especially in urban areas. Studies on environmental justice indicate socially unequal access possibilities to urban green spaces. This article presents results on associations between individual socioeconomic position (SEP) and walking time from home to public green spaces in young people living in urban areas with more than 20,000 inhabitants in Germany. Data were derived from the German Environmental Survey for Children and Adolescents 2014–2017 (GerES V), the environmental module of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS Wave 2). The sample comprises 1149 participants aged 3 to 17 years. A total of 51.5% of the participants reach a public green space on foot within five and 72.8% within ten minutes from home. The lower the participant’s SEP, the longer the walking time. Logistic regression models controlling for age group, sex, migration background, and region of residence show that participants with a low SEP have a significantly higher risk (odds ratio = 1.98; 95% confidence interval: 1.31–2.99) of needing more than ten minutes to walk from home to a public green space than participants with a high SEP. GerES V data indicate that young people living in urban areas in Germany do not equally benefit from the health-promoting potential of green spaces, which is an important aspect of environmental health inequalities.

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