scholarly journals Malnutrition Rates in Chile from the Nitrate Era to the 1990s

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (24) ◽  
pp. 13112
Author(s):  
Manuel Llorca-Jaña ◽  
Diego Barría Traverso ◽  
Diego del Barrio Vásquez ◽  
Javier Rivas
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Sharp Decline ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Chilean Population ◽  
Very High ◽  
Over Time

Following Salvatore and the WHO, in this article, we provide the first long-term estimates of malnutrition rates for Chile per birth cohort, measured through stunting rates of adult males born from the 1870s to the 1990s. We used a large sample of military records, representative of the whole Chilean population, totalling over 38 thousand individuals. Our data suggest that stunting rates were very high for those born between the last three decades of the nineteenth century and the first two decades of the twentieth century. In addition, stunting rates increased from the 1870s to the 1900s. Thereafter, there was a clear downward trend in stunting rates (despite some fluctuations), reaching low levels of malnutrition, in particular, from the 1960s (although these are high if compared to developed countries). The continuous decrease in stunting rates from the 1910s was mainly due to a combination of factors, the importance of which varied over time, namely: Improved health (i.e., sharp decline in infant mortality rates during the whole period); increased energy consumption (from the 1930s onwards, but most importantly during the 1990s); a decline in poverty rates (in particular, between the 1930s and the 1970s); and a reduction in child labour (although we are less able to quantify this).

Limits to Dominance?

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Communication Skills ◽  
Electoral System ◽  
Tony Blair ◽  
Prime Ministers ◽  
Margaret Thatcher ◽  
Capital Building ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Very High ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Policy Vision

This chapter compares the leadership capital of two long-serving UK prime ministers: Tony Blair and Margaret Thatcher, treble election winners who held office for a decade. Mapping their capital over time reveals two very different patterns. Thatcher began with low levels of capital, building to a mid-term high and final fragile dominance, though her capital fell between elections. Blair possessed very high levels from the outset that gradually declined in a more conventional pattern. Both benefited from electoral dominance and a divided opposition, Thatcher’s strength lay in her policy vision while Blair’s stemmed from his popularity and communication skills. The LCI reveals that both prime ministers were successful without being popular, sustained in office by the electoral system. Towards the end of their tenures, both leaders’ continued dominance masked fragility, ousted when unrest in their parties and policy unpopularity eroded their capital.

scholarly journals Investigating the Broken-Heart Effect: a Model for Short-Term Dependence between the Remaining Lifetimes of Joint Lives

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaap Spreeuw ◽  
Iqbal Owadally
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Numerical Work ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Multiple State ◽  
Multiple State Model ◽  
Insurance Data ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Assurance Contracts

AbstractWe analyze the mortality of couples by fitting a multiple state model to a large insurance data set. We find evidence that mortality rates increase after the death of a partner and, in addition, that this phenomenon diminishes over time. This is popularly known as a “broken-heart” effect and we find that it affects widowers more than widows. Remaining lifetimes of joint lives therefore exhibit short-term dependence. We carry out numerical work involving the pricing and valuation of typical contingent assurance contracts and of a joint life and survivor annuity. If insurers ignore dependence, or mis-specify it as long-term dependence, then significant mis-pricing and inappropriate provisioning can result. Detailed numerical results are presented.

Population and the Family in Southeast Asia

1995 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 184-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavin W. Jones
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
World War ◽  
Sharp Decline ◽  
Population Growth Rates ◽  
The Family ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Population Stabilization

The decade of the 1960s was one of growing concern among demographers with the acceleration of the world's population growth, resulting largely from the sharp decline in mortality rates in the early post-World War II period. The concern has become more selective in recent times, with the prospects for population stabilization becoming clearer in some countries and regions as a result of sharp declines in fertility, but with population growth rates continuing to cause great disquiet in others. Southeast Asia as a whole gives grounds for a somewhat sanguine assessment; its population growth rate is slowing as a result of quite spectacular declines in fertility in a number of major countries. But the situation is quite variable, and some countries maintain high rates of fertility and of population growth.

scholarly journals Concerted changes in tropical forest structure and dynamics: evidence from 50 South American long-term plots

2004 ◽  
Vol 359 (1443) ◽  
pp. 421-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Lewis ◽  
O. L. Phillips ◽  
T. R. Baker ◽  
J. Lloyd ◽  
Y. Malhi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Forest ◽  
Net Primary Productivity ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Stem Density ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Stem Mortality ◽  
Over Time

Several widespread changes in the ecology of old–growth tropical forests have recently been documented for the late twentieth century, in particular an increase in stem turnover (pan–tropical), and an increase in above–ground biomass (neotropical). Whether these changes are synchronous and whether changes in growth are also occurring is not known. We analysed stand–level changes within 50 long–term monitoring plots from across South America spanning 1971–2002. We show that: (i) basal area (BA: sum of the cross–sectional areas of all trees in a plot) increased significantly over time (by 0.10 ±; 0.04 m 2 ha −1 yr −1 , mean ± 95%CI) as did both (ii) stand–level BA growth rates (sum of the increments of BA of surviving trees and BA of new trees that recruited into a plot); and (iii) stand–level BA mortality rates (sum of the cross–sectional areas of all trees that died in a plot). Similar patterns were observed on a per–stem basis: (i) stem density (number of stems per hectare; 1 hectare is 10 4 m 2 ) increased significantly over time ( 0.94 ± 0.63 stems ha −1 yr −1 ); as did both (ii) stem recruitment rates; and (iii) stem mortality rates. In relative terms, the pools of BA and stem density increased by 0.38 ± 0.15% and 0.18 ± 0.12% yr −1 , respectively. The fluxes into and out of these pools—stand–level BA growth, stand–level BA mortality, stem recruitment and stem mortality rates—increased, in relative terms, by an order of magnitude more. The gain terms (BA growth, stem recruitment) consistently exceeded the loss terms (BA loss, stem mortality) throughout the period, suggesting that whatever process is driving these changes was already acting before the plot network was established. Large long–term increases in stand–level BA growth and simultaneous increases in stand BA and stem density imply a continent–wide increase in resource availability which is increasing net primary productivity and altering forest dynamics. Continent–wide changes in incoming solar radiation, and increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and air temperatures may have increased resource supply over recent decades, thus causing accelerated growth and increased dynamism across the world's largest tract of tropical forest.

scholarly journals Long-Term Effectiveness and Safety of Infliximab and Golimumab in Ankylosing Spondylitis Patients from a Canadian Prospective Observational Registry

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Proton Rahman ◽  
Michael Starr ◽  
Derek Haaland ◽  
Louis Bessette ◽  
Michelle Teo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ankylosing Spondylitis ◽  
Disease Activity ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Similar Efficacy ◽  
Routine Care ◽  
Acute Phase Reactants ◽  
Very High ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Disease Parameters

Abstract Background: The objectives of this study were to describe the profile of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients treated with either infliximab (IFX) or subcutaneous golimumab (GLM) treatment in Canadian routine care setting along with assessing long-term effectiveness and safety. Methods: AS patients who were eligible for treatment with IFX or subcutaneous GLM as per their respective Canadian product monographs were enrolled into the BioTRAC registry from 2005-2017. The study visits occurred at baseline and every 6 months thereafter. Effectiveness was assessed by changes in clinical outcomes and acute phase reactants. Safety was evaluated by assessing the incidence of adverse events (AEs) and drug survival rates. Results: A total of 389 IFX- and 421 GLM-treated patients were enrolled. A significant decrease in disease duration at baseline was observed in the IFX cohort, from a median of 8.0 in 2005-2008 to 1.0 years in 2009-2015 (p<0.001). A reduction in baseline BASFI score (p=0.011) and proportion of patients in ASDAS very high disease activity (p=0.004) was also observed over time. Meanwhile, in the GLM cohort, most disease parameters remained similar from 2010-2017.Treatment with both agents significantly improved all disease parameters over time with similar efficacy between the two agents. The incidence of AEs and SAEs were 136 and 131 events/100 PYs and 10.5 and 8.45 events/100 PYs for IFX- and GLM-treated patients, respectively. Conclusion: Both IFX and GLM treatment in AS significantly reduced disease activity in most outcome measures in a similar fashion and were well tolerated in Canadian routine care. Trial Registration: NCT00741793

The Acceptance of Party Unity in Sweden, 1985 to 2010

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Willumsen
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Policy Preferences ◽  
Survey Question ◽  
Party Line ◽  
Very High ◽  
Over Time

Analysing six waves of parliamentary surveys in Sweden, this chapter discusses the variation in the extent to which MPs have a reason to vote against their party based on policy preferences alone, and how this varies over time. The chapter argues that while preference homogeneity within parties consistently across time explains a substantial share of unity in Sweden, the parliamentary parties are not ideologically homogeneous enough to explain the voting unity observed, confirming the findings of the previous chapter. Analysing the drivers of attitudes to party unity, and confirming the findings of the previous chapter, the chapter finds that the most credible explanation of the very high levels of unity in the Riksdag is that MPs voluntarily choose to vote the party line due to the long-term benefits of doing so. The chapter then analyses around 200 answers to an open-ended survey question, confirming the findings from the quantitative analysis.

EVALUATION OF THE INTENSITY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS RADIATED BY RADAR

Aviation ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazimieras Vytautas Maceika
Keyword(s):  
Flux Density ◽  
Power Density ◽  
Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Power Flux ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Very High ◽  
Over Time

A method to calculate intensity of electromagnetic fields radiated by powerful radars equipment is proposed in this paper. In such radars exposures the energy may reach very high values of power density during peaks, but relatively low levels of power density averaged over time. Calculations are made for a TA 10MTD radar according to proposed equations. It is shown that an antenna 5 m in height radiates a power flux density at the height of a man's head more than forty times smaller than the level permitted by Lithuanian law ‐ 20.0 μW/cm2. Santrauka Pasiūlyta galingų radiolokatorių elektromagnetinės spinduliuotės skaičiavimo metodika. Atkreiptas dėmesys, kad skaičiavimuose reikia naudoti vidutinę jo spinduliuojamą galią. Vidutinę galią apsprendžia du faktai: radiolokatorius spinduliuoja trumpus radijo impulsus su, palyginti, ilgais tarpais tarp jų, be to besisukanti antena su siaura kryptingumo diagrama horizontalioje plokštumoje spinduliuoja į nurodytą erdvės tašką tik trumpą antenos sukimosi periodo dalį. Pagal pateiktas formules buvo atliktas įvertinamasis skaičiavimas radiolokatoriui TA 10MTD. Nustatyta, kad antena, sumontuota 5 m aukštyje, žmogaus galvos lygyje sukuria elektromagnetinės bangos galios srauto tankį, daug kartų mažesnį už Lietuvos normatyvais leistiną – 20,0 µW/cm2 ,todėl sanitarinė apsaugos zona nesusidaro.

scholarly journals Improvement in the Mortality-to-Incidence Ratios for Gastric Cancer in Developed Countries With High Health Expenditures

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tzu-Wei Yang ◽  
Chi-Chih Wang ◽  
Wei-Cheng Hung ◽  
Yu-Hsiang Liu ◽  
Wen-Wei Sung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
Health Care Expenditure ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Cancer Outcomes ◽  
Cancer Management ◽  
Current Health ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Very High ◽  
Over Time

The mortality-to-incidence ratio (MIR) is widely used to evaluate the efficacy of cancer management outcomes for individual countries. However, the association among health care expenditure, human development index (HDI), and changes in MIR over time (δMIR) remains unknown. We aimed to elucidate the significance between these indicators and gastric cancer outcomes in different countries. Among the regions, Asia had the highest number of new gastric cancer cases, gastric cancer-related deaths, age-standardized ratio of incidence, and mortality. Chile had the highest age-standardized ratio (ASR) for gastric cancer incidence and the highest ASR for mortality. Moreover, MIR was highest in Africa (0.91) and lowest in North America (0.43). Of note, MIR was negatively associated with HDI, current health expenditure (CHE) per capita, and CHE/GDP % and δMIR was positively associated with CHE/GDP % in countries with very high HDI. However, δMIR showed no significant associations with these indicators in the countries analyzed. In conclusion, increased HDI, CHE per capita, and CHE/GDP are associated with improved gastric cancer outcomes. In addition, the δMIR could be an indicator that can be used to evaluate the improvement in cancer management outcomes over time.

scholarly journals Long-Term Effectiveness and Safety of Infliximab and Golimumab in Ankylosing Spondylitis Patients from a Canadian Prospective Observational Registry

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Proton Rahman ◽  
Michael Starr ◽  
Derek Haaland ◽  
Louis Bessette ◽  
Michelle Teo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ankylosing Spondylitis ◽  
Disease Activity ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Similar Efficacy ◽  
Routine Care ◽  
Acute Phase Reactants ◽  
Very High ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Disease Parameters

Abstract Background: The objectives of this study were to describe the profile of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients treated with either infliximab (IFX) or subcutaneous golimumab (GLM) treatment in Canadian routine care setting along with assessing long-term effectiveness and safety. Methods: AS patients who were eligible for treatment with IFX or subcutaneous GLM as per their respective Canadian product monographs were enrolled into the BioTRAC registry from 2005-2017. The study visits occurred at baseline and every 6 months thereafter. Effectiveness was assessed by changes in clinical outcomes and acute phase reactants. Safety was evaluated by assessing the incidence of adverse events (AEs) and drug survival rates. Results: A total of 389 IFX- and 421 GLM-treated patients were enrolled. A significant decrease in disease duration at baseline was observed in the IFX cohort, from a median of 8.0 in 2005-2008 to 1.0 years in 2009-2015 (p<0.001). A reduction in baseline BASFI score (p=0.011) and proportion of patients in ASDAS very high disease activity (p=0.004) was also observed over time. Meanwhile, in the GLM cohort, most disease parameters remained similar from 2010-2017.Treatment with both agents significantly improved all disease parameters over time with similar efficacy between the two agents. The incidence of AEs and SAEs were 136 and 131 events/100 PYs and 10.5 and 8.45 events/100 PYs for IFX- and GLM-treated patients, respectively. Conclusion: Both IFX and GLM treatment in AS significantly reduced disease activity in most outcome measures in a similar fashion and were well tolerated in Canadian routine care. Trial Registration: NCT00741793

scholarly journals Mortality after hospital admission for heart failure: improvement over time, equally strong in women as in men

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Buddeke ◽  
◽  
G. B. Valstar ◽  
I. van Dis ◽  
F. L. J. Visseren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Absolute Risk ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Dutch Hospital ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Age And Sex ◽  
New Onset

Abstract Background To assess the trend in age- and sex-stratified mortality after hospitalization for heart failure (HF) in the Netherlands. Methods Two nationwide cohorts of patients, hospitalized for new onset heart failure between 01.01.2000–31.12.2002 and between 01.01.2008–31.12.2010, were constructed by linkage of the Dutch Hospital Discharge Registry and the National Cause of Death registry. 30-day, 1-year and 5 -year overall and cause-specific mortality rates stratified by age and sex were assessed and compared over time. Results We identified 40,230 men and 41,582 women. In both cohorts, men were on average younger than women (74–75 and 78–79 years, respectively) and more often had comorbid conditions (37 and 30%, respectively). In the 2008–10 cohort, mortality rates for men were 13, 32 and 64% for respectively 30-day, 1-year and 5-year mortality and 14, 33 and 66% for women. Mortality rates increased considerably with age similarly in men and women (e.g. from 10.5% in women aged 25–54 to 46.1% in those aged 85 and older after 1 year). Between the two time periods, mortality rates dropped across all ages, equally strong in women as in men. The 1-year absolute risk of death declined by 4.0% (from 36.1 to 32.1%) in men and 3.2% (from 36.2 to 33.0%) in women. Conclusions Mortality after hospitalization for new onset HF remains high, however, both short-term and long-term survival is improving over time. This improvement was similar across all ages and equally strong in women as in men.

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