Improvement in the Mortality-to-Incidence Ratios for Gastric Cancer in Developed Countries With High Health Expenditures

The mortality-to-incidence ratio (MIR) is widely used to evaluate the efficacy of cancer management outcomes for individual countries. However, the association among health care expenditure, human development index (HDI), and changes in MIR over time (δMIR) remains unknown. We aimed to elucidate the significance between these indicators and gastric cancer outcomes in different countries. Among the regions, Asia had the highest number of new gastric cancer cases, gastric cancer-related deaths, age-standardized ratio of incidence, and mortality. Chile had the highest age-standardized ratio (ASR) for gastric cancer incidence and the highest ASR for mortality. Moreover, MIR was highest in Africa (0.91) and lowest in North America (0.43). Of note, MIR was negatively associated with HDI, current health expenditure (CHE) per capita, and CHE/GDP % and δMIR was positively associated with CHE/GDP % in countries with very high HDI. However, δMIR showed no significant associations with these indicators in the countries analyzed. In conclusion, increased HDI, CHE per capita, and CHE/GDP are associated with improved gastric cancer outcomes. In addition, the δMIR could be an indicator that can be used to evaluate the improvement in cancer management outcomes over time.

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Convergence and Equality of Road Infrastructure

Handbook of Research on Global Indicators of Economic and Political Convergence - Advances in Finance, Accounting, and Economics ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-0215-9.ch008 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 170-183 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Utpal Das ◽

Ramesh Chandra Das ◽

Kamal Ray

Keyword(s):

Developed Countries ◽

Emerging Countries ◽

Economic Activities ◽

The West ◽

Road Infrastructure ◽

Gini Coefficients ◽

Per Capita ◽

The Developed Countries ◽

Short Time ◽

Over Time

The development of road infrastructure works as one of the most important inputs of production and overall economic activities all around the global economics. The developed countries of the west hold the larger road lengths in both gross and per capita terms compared to the less developed and emerging countries. But it is also undeniable that the less developed emerging countries have been growing fast in this respect or rushing to catch with the developed countries. The present chapter, hence, tries to study the modes of growth and convergence of GDP per kilometer of road length across the 30 selected countries for the period of 1990-2011 by means of ? convergence and also try to estimate the cross country inequalities by means of Gini Coefficients. It observes a sign of ? convergence and the inequality are going down over time, although there are some signs of divergences in some of the short time spans.

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Health Care Expenditure and GDP in African Countries: Evidence from Semiparametric Estimation with Panel Data

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1155/2014/905747 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Zhike Lv ◽

Huiming Zhu

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Panel Data ◽

Panel Data Analysis ◽

Health Care Expenditure ◽

Large Body ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Infant Mortality Rate ◽

African Countries ◽

Per Capita ◽

The Relationship

A large body of literature studies on the relationship between health care expenditure (HCE) and GDP have been analyzed using data intensively from developed countries, but little is known for other regions. This paper considers a semiparametric panel data analysis for the study of the relationship between per capita HCE and per capita GDP for 42 African countries over the period 1995–2009. We found that infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births has a negative effect on per capita HCE, while the proportion of the population aged 65 is statistically insignificant in African countries. Furthermore, we found that the income elasticity is not constant but varies with income level, and health care is a necessity rather than a luxury for African countries.

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Relationship Between the COVID-19 Pandemic and Ecological, Economic, and Social Conditions

Frontiers in Public Health ◽

10.3389/fpubh.2021.694191 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Attila Murányi ◽

Bálint Varga

Keyword(s):

Urban Population ◽

Ecological Footprint ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Social Conditions ◽

Infection Rates ◽

Ecological Economic ◽

The World ◽

Per Capita ◽

Very High

The COVID-19 pandemic had huge impacts on the global world, with both a negative impact on society and economy but a positive one on nature. But this universal effect resulted in different infection rates from country to country. We analyzed the relationship between the pandemic and ecological, economic, and social conditions. All of these data were collected in 140 countries at six time points. Correlations were studied using univariate and multivariate regression models. The world was interpreted as a single global ecosystem consisting of ecosystem units representing countries. We first studied 140 countries around the world together, and infection rates were related to per capita GDP, Ecological Footprint, median age, urban population, and Biological Capacity, globally. We then ranked the 140 countries according to infection rates. We created four groups with 35 countries each. In the first group of countries, the infection rate was very high and correlated with the Ecological Footprint (consumption) and GDP per capita (production). This group is dominated by developed countries, and their ecological conditions have proved to be particularly significant. In country groups 2, 3, and 4, infection rates were high, medium, and low, respectively, and were mainly related to median age and urban population. In the scientific discussion, we have interpreted why infection rates are very high in developed countries. Sustainable ecosystems are balanced, unlike the ecosystems of developed countries. The resilience and the health of both natural ecosystems and humans are closely linked to the world of microbial communities, the microbiomes of the biosphere. It is clear that both the economy and society need to be in harmony with nature, creating sustainable ecosystems in developed countries as well.

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Malnutrition Rates in Chile from the Nitrate Era to the 1990s

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph182413112 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (24) ◽

pp. 13112

Author(s):

Manuel Llorca-Jaña ◽

Diego Barría Traverso ◽

Diego del Barrio Vásquez ◽

Javier Rivas

Keyword(s):

Developed Countries ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Adult Males ◽

Sharp Decline ◽

Low Levels ◽

The 1960S ◽

Chilean Population ◽

Very High ◽

Over Time

Following Salvatore and the WHO, in this article, we provide the first long-term estimates of malnutrition rates for Chile per birth cohort, measured through stunting rates of adult males born from the 1870s to the 1990s. We used a large sample of military records, representative of the whole Chilean population, totalling over 38 thousand individuals. Our data suggest that stunting rates were very high for those born between the last three decades of the nineteenth century and the first two decades of the twentieth century. In addition, stunting rates increased from the 1870s to the 1900s. Thereafter, there was a clear downward trend in stunting rates (despite some fluctuations), reaching low levels of malnutrition, in particular, from the 1960s (although these are high if compared to developed countries). The continuous decrease in stunting rates from the 1910s was mainly due to a combination of factors, the importance of which varied over time, namely: Improved health (i.e., sharp decline in infant mortality rates during the whole period); increased energy consumption (from the 1930s onwards, but most importantly during the 1990s); a decline in poverty rates (in particular, between the 1930s and the 1970s); and a reduction in child labour (although we are less able to quantify this).

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Case Report on Gastric Carcinoma

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i57a34009 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 383-387

Author(s):

Prachi Kamble ◽

Samrudhhi Gujar ◽

Savita Pohekar ◽

Ranjana Sharma ◽

Sheetal Sakharkar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gastric Cancer ◽

Abdominal Pain ◽

Gastric Carcinoma ◽

Lower Limb ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Nausea And Vomiting ◽

Wall Thickening ◽

Incidence And Mortality ◽

Loss Of Appetite ◽

Black Color

Introduction: Gastric cancer or stomach cancer is an any malignant tumor arising from the region extending between the gastroesophageal (GE) junction and the pylorus. The incidence and mortality of gastric cancer have been declining in most developed countries. The age-adjusted risk fell 5% from 1985-1990.Clinical. Findings: Abdominal pain in an region, weakness and loss of appetite from 50 days, pain in lower limb from one month, nausea and vomiting, history of passage of black color stool (for two days, 50 days back), loss of weight five kg in last one month. Diagnostic Evaluation: Hb - 11.2 gm/dl Decreased , RBC 4.17cumm,CBC MCH- 22.6 Pico gm (decrease), Platelet -1.2 lakhs / cumm (decrease), Eosinophil- 9 % (increase )Monocytes-2% (decrease), KFT- sodium – 132 meq/L (decrease) LFT -bilirubin (conjugated) – 0.30 gm %(decrease)Bilirubin (unconjugated ) 0.33 gm %{ decrease}, CT scan, MRI, Upper GI endoscopy - showed abnormal mass ,Endoscopic ultrasound lesion as small as 2-3 mm in diameter, USG CECT Abdomen Report- showed enhancing wall thickening Involving body of gastric without obvious perigastric extension Or significant, consistent with gastric carcinoma. Histopathology report of gastrectomy specimen showed poorly Differentiated adenocarcinoma gastric mixed type – pT4a N1 M0. Therapeutic Interventions: Inf. Metrogyl 500 mg TDS, Inj. Amikacin 500 mg OD, Inj. Pantop 40 mg BD , Inj. Piptaz in 100ml NS 4.5 mg TDS, Inj. Levofloxacin 500 mg OD, Tab. Telma 40 mg OD, Inj. PCM in 100ml NS 500 mg TDS, Chemotherapy and Radiation therapy was also Done. Outcome: After treatment, the patient show improvement. His abdominal pain , nausea and vomiting , pain in lower limb were relieved and After all pharmacological, surgical and medical intervention , patient is now in stables condition his mental and it physical condition is improving and laboratory value are in normal range, and he is able to do his daily activities. Conclusion: My patient was admit in surgery Ward No- 28 , AVBRH with a known case of Gastric carcinoma and he had complaint of abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting ,pain in lower limb , weakness, black color stool and loss of appetite. After getting appropriate treatment his condition was improve.

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Konwergencja beta, sigma i gamma krajów postsocjalistycznych do Europy Zachodniej

Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej ◽

10.36874/riesw.2019.1.10 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 217-243

Author(s):

Mariusz Próchniak

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

European Union ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

Less Developed Countries ◽

Per Capita ◽

Γ Convergence ◽

Over Time

The study aims to verify the existence of convergence of 28 European Union (EU) members and 16 non-EU post-socialist countries. The analysis covers the 1995–2018 period. The research has also been conducted for shorter subperiods: 1995–2004, 2004–2018, and 2010–2018. Three types of convergence are taken into account: beta (less developed countries exhibit a faster rate of economic growth than more developed ones), sigma (income differentiation decreases over time), and gamma (countries change their ranks in the GDP per capita ranking). The study confirms the existence of β-, σ-, and γ-convergence in both groups of countries. Convergence, however, is not an automatic phenomenon and there are years in which σ-divergence and γ-divergence were observed.

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EXPENDITURE ON DRUGS

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.62.4.622a ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 62 (4) ◽

pp. 622-622

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Health Expenditure ◽

Health Care Expenditure ◽

Pharmaceutical Expenditure ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Rapid Rate ◽

Total Health Expenditure ◽

The Past ◽

Total Health Care Expenditure ◽

Per Capita

In developed countries, generally 5% to 8% of GNP is spent on health care; during the past decade, health care expenditure has increased at a more rapid rate than GNP. Expenditure on pharmaceuticals represents 10% to 20% of the total health expenditure. In developing countries, figures vary widely but the pharmaceutical expenditure per capita per year may be below one U.S. dollar and may be as high as 50% of the total health care expenditure....

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A Correlational Study on the Gross Domestic Product and Gross Domestic Product Per Capita of a Country and Its COVID-19 Incidence and Mortality Rates

10.22541/au.163519367.70608655/v2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Joseph Emmanuel G. Lopez

Keyword(s):

Gross Domestic Product ◽

Economic Status ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

Domestic Product ◽

Incidence And Mortality ◽

State Of The Economy ◽

Per Capita ◽

Stratified Analysis

Some studies had shown that there is a relationship between the state of the economy of a country and COVID-19 incidence and mortality rates. However, these studies are just done on countries that are often on developed countries. This study aims to find the relationship between GDP and GDP per capita and COVID-19 incidence and mortality rates on all countries. In addition, they will also be analyzed based on their different income levels. The data collected are from databases from World Bank and WHO and will be analyzed through MS Excel and JASP. Spearman’s rho is used to analyze the overall data and stratified data. It has been found that the GDP per capita and incidence (r = .656, p < .001) and mortality rates (r = .521, p < .001) have a strong and moderate correlations respectively. GDP’s relationship with incidence (r = .295, p < .001) and mortality rates (r = .346, p < .001) resulted in both weak correlations. Stratified analysis resulted in no significant relationships, except for GDP per capita’s relationship with incidence (r = .362, p = .011) and mortality rates (r = .348, p = .014) in low-middle countries, which yielded both weak correlations. These results show that there is indeed a relationship between the incidence and mortality rates and the economic status of a country before a pandemic, however, more factors need to be accounted for in order to help countries improve their pandemic response in the future.

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A Correlational Study on the Gross Domestic Product and Gross Domestic Product Per Capita of a Country and Its COVID-19 Incidence and Mortality Rates

10.22541/au.163519367.70608655/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Joseph Emmanuel G. Lopez

Keyword(s):

Gross Domestic Product ◽

Economic Status ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

Domestic Product ◽

Incidence And Mortality ◽

State Of The Economy ◽

Per Capita ◽

Stratified Analysis

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Improvement In Colorectal Cancer Outcomes Over Time is Limited To Patients With Left-Sided Disease

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1015558/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Holger Rumpold ◽

Monika Hackl ◽

Andreas Petzer ◽

Dominik Wolf

Keyword(s):

Colorectal Cancer ◽

Primary Tumor ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Tumor Location ◽

Mortality Data ◽

Cancer Outcomes ◽

Data Set ◽

Primary Tumor Location ◽

Incidence And Mortality ◽

Over Time

Abstract Purpose: Incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer (CRC) declined over the last decades. However, survival depends on the primary tumor location. It is unknown if all progress in outcomes vary depending on left-sided (LCRC) versus right sided (RCC) colorectal cancer. We compare incidence and mortality rates over time according to the primary tumor location. Methods: Data from the Austrian National Cancer Registry spanning from 1983 to 2018 were used to calculate annual incidence and mortality rates and survival stratified by primary tumor localization and stage. Joinpoint regression with linear regression models were used on different subgroups to identify significant changes of incidence- and mortality slopes.Results: A total of 168,260 (incidence-data set) and 87,355 cases (mortality data-set) were identified. Survival of disseminated RCC was worse compared to LCRC (HR 1.14; CI 1.106 – 1.169). Total and LCRC incidence- and mortality-rates declined steadily over time, whereas the rates of RCC did not. Incidence of disseminated RCC declined significantly less (slope -0.07; CI -0.086; -0.055) than in LCRC (slope -0.159; CI -0.183; -0.136); mortality rate of RCC was unchanged over time. Incidence and mortality of localized RCC remained unchanged over time, whereas both rates declined independently of stage in LCRC. Conclusion: Colorectal cancer outcomes during the last 35 years have preferentially improved in LCRC but not in RCC, indicating that the progress made is limited to LCRC. It is necessary to define RCC as a distinct form of CRC and to focus on specific strategies for its early detection and treatment.

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