Variation in Cause-Specific Mortality Rates in Italy during the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Study Based on Nationwide Data

Italy was a country severely hit by the first coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic wave in early 2020. Mortality studies have focused on the overall excess mortality observed during the pandemic. This paper investigates the cause-specific mortality in Italy from March 2020 to April 2020 and the variation in mortality rates compared with those in 2015–2019 regarding sex, age, and epidemic area. Causes of death were derived from the national cause-of-death register. COVID-19 was the leading cause of death among males and the second leading cause among females. Chronic diseases, such as diabetes and hypertensive, ischemic heart, and cerebrovascular diseases, with decreasing or stable mortality rates in 2015–2019, showed a reversal in the mortality trend. Moreover, mortality due to pneumonia and influenza increased. No increase in neoplasm mortality was observed. Among external causes of death, mortality increased for accidental falls but reduced for transport accidents and suicide. Mortality from causes other than COVID-19 increased similarly in both genders and more at ages 65 years or above. Compared with other areas in Italy, the Lombardy region showed the largest excess in mortality for all leading causes. Underdiagnosis of COVID-19 at the beginning of the pandemic may, to some extent, explain the mortality increase for some causes of death, especially pneumonia and other respiratory diseases.

Download Full-text

O6A.6 Mortality experience of in women in south african mining: 2013 – 2015

Occupational and Environmental Medicine ◽

10.1136/oem-2019-epi.141 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 76 (Suppl 1) ◽

pp. A52.2-A52

Author(s):

Kerry Wilson ◽

Tahira Kootbodien ◽

Nisha Naicker

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Cause Of Death ◽

Causes Of Death ◽

Smoking Status ◽

Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Registration Data ◽

Vital Registration Data ◽

External Causes Of Death ◽

Underlying Cause Of Death ◽

External Causes

Mining is a high-risk industry with both continued accidents and occupational disease, despite controls introduced in the industry. In this study, we looked at the sex differences in mortality between male and female miners in South Africa.MethodsThe use of vital registration data for monitoring mortality in miners has largely been unexplored in South Africa. Statistics South Africa provides data from 2013 to 2015 which was used in students-t-tests along with proportion tests to investigate differences between death in all women and women miners along with differences in deaths in male miners and women miners. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to calculate mortality odds ratios (MORs) for the underlying cause of death in these groups, with adjustments for age, education level, province of death and smoking status.ResultsOf the 8769 deaths recorded with occupation miner ion the years 2013–2015, only 5.7% were in females. Significant differences between all women and women miners were found in age at death (58.8 vs 47.8), no 1 cause of death (ill-defined vs TB) and education (43.6% vs 63.6%). MORs were significantly increased in women miners for TB, HIV and external causes of death compared to all women while being protected from lifestyle and chronic diseases. Women miners compared to male miners had increased odds of HIV death and lifestyle diseases but a similar risk of external causes of death.DiscussionWomen miners appear to die at significantly younger ages than both male miners and other women despite a higher level of education. This may be due to the increased mortality due to HIV and external causes of death. Thus increased controls are required on mines to protect the health of women miners.

Download Full-text

THE DYNAMICS OF THE MAIN MORTALITY RATES BY REASON OF TRAUMAS AND EXTERNAL CAUSES OF DEATH IN SAINT-PETERSBURG (TOTALS OF MONITORING FROM 1976 TILL 2008)

Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia ◽

10.21823/2311-2905-2010-0-1-106-114 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 106-114

Author(s):

R. M. Tikhilov ◽

T. N. Vorontsova ◽

S. S. Luchaninov

Keyword(s):

Causes Of Death ◽

Adult Population ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Saint Petersburg ◽

External Causes Of Death ◽

Analysis Of Dynamics ◽

External Causes

On the basis of statistical findings, received by monitoring of levels of mortality happened as the result of injuries, poisonings and other external causes in adult population of Leningrad-St-Petersburg, the analysis of dynamics of main death level indices was done. The article introduces with basic findings gained in long term investigation. The level of mortality happened as the result of injuries, poisonings and other external causes for better obviousness was calculated separately for each age and for each causal group.

Download Full-text

Modal lifespan and disparity at older ages by leading causes of death: a Canada-U.S. comparison

Journal of Population Research ◽

10.1007/s12546-020-09247-9 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 37 (4) ◽

pp. 323-344

Author(s):

Viorela Diaconu ◽

Nadine Ouellette ◽

Robert Bourbeau

Keyword(s):

Old Age ◽

Cause Of Death ◽

Causes Of Death ◽

Heart Diseases ◽

Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽

Mortality Data ◽

Age At Death ◽

Specific Mortality ◽

The U.S ◽

Country Specific

AbstractThe U.S. elderly experience shorter lifespans and greater variability in age at death than their Canadian peers. In order to gain insight on the underlying factors responsible for the Canada-U.S. old-age mortality disparities, we propose a cause-of-death analysis. Accordingly, the objective of this paper is to compare levels and trends in cause-specific modal age at death (M) and standard deviation above the mode (SD(M +)) between Canada and the U.S. since the 1970s. We focus on six broad leading causes of death, namely cerebrovascular diseases, heart diseases, and four types of cancers. Country-specific M and SD(M +) estimates for each leading cause of death are calculated from P-spline smooth age-at-death distributions obtained from detailed population and cause-specific mortality data. Our results reveal similar levels and trends in M and SD(M +) for most causes in the two countries, except for breast cancer (females) and lung cancer (males), where differences are the most noticeable. In both of these instances, modal lifespans are shorter in the U.S. than in Canada and U.S. old-age mortality inequalities are greater. These differences are explained in part by the higher stratification along socioeconomic lines in the U.S. than in Canada regarding the adoption of health risk behaviours and access to medical services.

Download Full-text

Typology of Regions and Cities of Russia by Causes of Death

Kartografija i geoinformacije ◽

10.32909/kg.19.34.4 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (34) ◽

pp. 64-81

Author(s):

Olga Yu. Chereshnia ◽

Natalia A. Shartova ◽

Vladimir S. Tikunov

Keyword(s):

Causes Of Death ◽

Circulatory System ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Large Cities ◽

Spatial Features ◽

Demographic Indicators ◽

Causes Of Mortality ◽

External Causes Of Death ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

External Causes

The problem of the high mortality rate, in comparison with countries with similar living standards, is extremely urgent in Russia. It is especially noticeable at the regional level, where differences in mortality and its structure are enormous. The regions of Russia are at different stages of epidemiological transition. This is expressed in differences in their mortality rates and differences in the structure of causes of death. The regions and largest cities of the country are sometimes diverge radically, which greatly complicates research. This paper presents a typology of regions and large cities of the Russian Federation according to the main classes of causes of death in 2015 and its cartography. The spatial features of mortality according to the main causes of death are determined separately for men and women. The assessment was carried out using classification by demographic indicators (causes of mortality: some infectious and parasitic diseases; tumours; diseases of the circulatory system; respiratory diseases; diseases of the digestive system; external causes of death). The dataset included 250 territorial units: 85 regions (including cities of federal significance) and 165 large cities with populations of over 100,000. Based on the primary statistics, standardised mortality rates were calculated. The classification was carried out according to an algorithm developed by one of the authors. The classification presented allows us to highlight the specific characteristics of individual groups of regions and analyse them with a greater degree of accuracy.

Download Full-text

Principles of the mortality monitoring in regional level

Journal of New Medical Technologies eJournal ◽

10.12737/5610 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Хромушин ◽

Viktor Khromushin ◽

Хадарцев ◽

Aleksandr Khadartsev ◽

Даильнев ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cause Of Death ◽

Causes Of Death ◽

Automatic Detection ◽

Web Based ◽

Logic Control ◽

External Causes Of Death ◽

External Causes ◽

Automatic Coding ◽

Diagnosis Coding

The article describes the requirements for the implementation of a regional register of mortality, the most important of which are: automatic determination of the initial cause of death when entering multiple causes of death; the possibility of viewing the results of the automatic detection of the original causes of death, including the application of encoding rules; automatic permutation of rows causes of death to restore a logical sequence covering cases in which the user often makes mistakes; the possibility of encoding data using automatically determine the initial cause of death in case of doubt in the correctness of the encoding; handbook of synonyms ICD-X to enter the cause of death; the possibility to recognize text in the handbook of synonyms; advanced logic control coding in some cases, which are not covered by automatic detection of the original cause of death ACME; enhanced automatic coding of external causes of death; post-mortem diagnosis coding unspecified cases. Implementation of a web-based version of the register of mortality with the proposed requirements, interfacing with electronic medical records will improve the monitoring of mortality, especially in terms of availability of information any time, thereby ensuring efficiency in management decisions.

Download Full-text

Trends in mortality from external causes in the Republic of Seychelles between 1989 and 2018

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-79228-8 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Anne Abio ◽

Pascal Bovet ◽

Joachim Didon ◽

Till Bärnighausen ◽

Masood Ali Shaikh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Causes Of Death ◽

Road Traffic ◽

Marked Change ◽

Total Mortality ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Vital Statistics ◽

African Region ◽

Road Traffic Injuries ◽

External Causes ◽

Over Time

AbstractData on injury-related mortality are scarce in the African region. Mortality from external causes in the Seychelles was assessed, where all deaths are medically certified and the population is regularly enumerated. The four fields for underlying causes of death recorded were reviewed in the national vital statistics register. The age-standardised mortality rates were estimated (per 100,000 person-years) from external causes in 1989–1998, 1999–2008, and 2009–2018. Mortality rates per 100,000 person-years from external causes were 4–5 times higher among males than females, and decreased among males over the three 10-year periods (127.5, 101.4, 97.1) but not among females (26.9, 23.1, 26.9). The contribution of external causes to total mortality did not change markedly over time (males 11.6%, females 4.3% in 1989–2018). Apart from external deaths from undetermined causes (males 14.6, females 2.4) and “other unintentional injuries” (males 14.1, females 8.0), the leading external causes of death in 2009–2018 were drowning (25.9), road traffic injuries (18.0) and suicide (10.4) among males; and road traffic injuries (4.6), drowning (3.4) and poisoning (2.6) among females. Mortality from broad categories of external causes did not change consistently over time but rates of road traffic injuries increased among males. External causes contributed approximately 1 in 10 deaths among males and 1 in 20 among females, with no marked change in cause-specific rates over time, except for road traffic injuries. These findings emphasise the need for programs and policies in various sectors to address this large, but mostly avoidable health burden.

Download Full-text

Monitoring progress with national and subnational health goals by integrating verbal autopsy and medically certified cause of death data

BMJ Global Health ◽

10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005387 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (5) ◽

pp. e005387

Author(s):

Tim Adair ◽

Sonja Firth ◽

Tint Pa Pa Phyo ◽

Khin Sandar Bo ◽

Alan D Lopez

Keyword(s):

Cause Of Death ◽

Verbal Autopsy ◽

Integration Method ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Vital Statistics ◽

Death Registration ◽

Chronic Respiratory Diseases ◽

Health Goals ◽

Specific Mortality ◽

Four Causes

IntroductionThe measurement of progress towards many Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) and other health goals requires accurate and timely all-cause and cause of death (COD) data. However, existing guidance to countries to calculate these indicators is inadequate for populations with incomplete death registration and poor-quality COD data. We introduce a replicable method to estimate national and subnational cause-specific mortality rates (and hence many such indicators) where death registration is incomplete by integrating data from Medical Certificates of Cause of Death (MCCOD) for hospital deaths with routine verbal autopsy (VA) for community deaths.MethodsThe integration method calculates population-level cause-specific mortality fractions (CSMFs) from the CSMFs of MCCODs and VAs weighted by estimated deaths in hospitals and the community. Estimated deaths are calculated by applying the empirical completeness method to incomplete death registration/reporting. The resultant cause-specific mortality rates are used to estimate SDG Indicator 23: mortality between ages 30 and 70 years from cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes. We demonstrate the method using nationally representative data in Myanmar, comprising over 42 000 VAs and 7600 MCCODs.ResultsIn Myanmar in 2019, 89% of deaths were estimated to occur in the community. VAs comprised an estimated 70% of community deaths. Both the proportion of deaths in the community and CSMFs for the four causes increased with older age. We estimated that the probability of dying from any of the four causes between 30 and 70 years was 0.265 for men and 0.216 for women. This indicator is 50% higher if based on CSMFs from the integration of data sources than on MCCOD data from hospitals.ConclusionThis integration method facilitates country authorities to use their data to monitor progress with national and subnational health goals, rather than rely on estimates made by external organisations. The method is particularly relevant given the increasing application of routine VA in country Civil Registration and Vital Statistics systems.

Download Full-text

Causes of Mortality in Older People With Intellectual Disability: Results From the HA-ID Study

American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities ◽

10.1352/1944-7558-123.1.61 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 123 (1) ◽

pp. 61-71 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Alyt Oppewal ◽

Josje D. Schoufour ◽

Hanne J.K. van der Maarl ◽

Heleen M. Evenhuis ◽

Thessa I.M. Hilgenkamp ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Intellectual Disability ◽

Cause Of Death ◽

Causes Of Death ◽

Circulatory System ◽

Bacterial Diseases ◽

Specific Mortality ◽

Causes Of Mortality ◽

Insight Into

Abstract We aim to provide insight into the cause-specific mortality of older adults with intellectual disability (ID), with and without Down syndrome (DS), and compare this to the general population. Immediate and primary cause of death were collected through medical files of 1,050 older adults with ID, 5 years after the start of the Healthy Ageing and Intellectual Disabilities (HA-ID) study. During the follow-up period, 207 (19.7%) participants died, of whom 54 (26.1%) had DS. Respiratory failure was the most common immediate cause of death (43.4%), followed by dehydration/malnutrition (20.8%), and cardiovascular diseases (9.4%). In adults with DS, the most common cause was respiratory disease (73.3%), infectious and bacterial diseases (4.4%), and diseases of the digestive system (4.4%). Diseases of the respiratory system also formed the largest group of primary causes of death (32.1%; 80.4% was due to pneumonia), followed by neoplasms (17.6%), and diseases of the circulatory system (8.2%). In adults with DS, the main primary cause was also respiratory diseases (51.1%), followed by dementia (22.2%).

Download Full-text

Mortality in Russia: the second epidemiological revolution that never was

Демографическое обозрение ◽

10.17323/demreview.v2i5.5581 ◽

2015 ◽

pp. 4-33 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Anatoly Vishnevsky

Keyword(s):

Life Expectancy ◽

Causes Of Death ◽

Age Distribution ◽

Circulatory System ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Significant Rise ◽

Past Half Century ◽

External Causes Of Death ◽

External Causes ◽

Age Of Death

The article looks at different approaches to the conceptualization of the modern stage of mortality reduction (the "new stages” of the epidemiological transition, "the second epidemiological revolution”, the “health transition”). During this stage, which has lasted for at least half a century, revolutionary changes have taken place in most developed countries. These changes manifest themselves in the drastic expansion of the degree of control over non-infectious causes of death—particularly over diseases of the circulatory system, neoplasms, and other non-communicable diseases, as well as over external causes of death. As a consequence of these changes, there has been a rapid shift of deaths from the abovementioned causes to older ages, an increase in the mean age of death from these causes, and, ultimately, a significant rise in life expectancy. Russia, unfortunately, is watching this revolution from the outside, without taking any part in it. The age distribution of deaths from major classes of causes of death in Russia has not changed over the past half-century, life expectancy has stagnated, and Russia has increasingly lagged behind the majority of developed countries with respect to this indicator. Thus, the “second epidemiological revolution” has not yet to occur in Russia.

Download Full-text

Mortality from external causes in Russia over half a century

Демографическое обозрение ◽

10.17323/demreview.v1i5.3174 ◽

2015 ◽

pp. 85-108

Author(s):

Ekaterina Kvasha ◽

Tatiana Kharkova ◽

Valeriy Yumaguzin

Keyword(s):

Life Expectancy ◽

Causes Of Death ◽

Circulatory System ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Large Contribution ◽

Mortality Trends ◽

Undetermined Intent ◽

External Causes Of Death ◽

Excess Number ◽

External Causes

The article discusses long-term mortality trends (since 1956) from external causes of death in Russia. Russia has long lagged behind developed countries in this domain. The level of mortality from external causes of death remains high and its structure is still archaic with large contribution of homicides, alcohol poisoning and injuries of undetermined intent. Excess number of deaths from life tables of Russia and Western European countries is compared. It is shown that in Russia the greatest excess losses are associated with mortality from poisonings among both sexes, suicide among men and homicide among women. Mortality from external causes, along with mortality from diseases of the circulatory system, has had a significant impact on life expectancy. In general, over the period 1956-2012 the increase in mortality from external causes in the 15-64 age group reduced life expectancy by 2.6 years for males and 0.7 years for females. The decline, starting in 2003, of mortality from external causes of death has slightly reduced the gap between Russia and developed countries, bringing the current Russian level closer to those levels reached in Russia in the mid-1960s and 1980s. However, given the fluctuations of mortality from external causes, it is premature to say whether the current decline in mortality is robust.

Download Full-text