scholarly journals Panoramic Street-Level Imagery in Data-Driven Urban Research: A Comprehensive Global Review of Applications, Techniques, and Practical Considerations

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 471
Author(s):  
Jonathan Cinnamon ◽  
Lindi Jahiu
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Image Data ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Urban Research ◽  
Street Level ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Street View ◽  
Urban Modelling

The release of Google Street View in 2007 inspired several new panoramic street-level imagery platforms including Apple Look Around, Bing StreetSide, Baidu Total View, Tencent Street View, Naver Street View, and Yandex Panorama. The ever-increasing global capture of cities in 360° provides considerable new opportunities for data-driven urban research. This paper provides the first comprehensive, state-of-the-art review on the use of street-level imagery for urban analysis in five research areas: built environment and land use; health and wellbeing; natural environment; urban modelling and demographic surveillance; and area quality and reputation. Panoramic street-level imagery provides advantages in comparison to remotely sensed imagery and conventional urban data sources, whether manual, automated, or machine learning data extraction techniques are applied. Key advantages include low-cost, rapid, high-resolution, and wide-scale data capture, enhanced safety through remote presence, and a unique pedestrian/vehicle point of view for analyzing cities at the scale and perspective in which they are experienced. However, several limitations are evident, including limited ability to capture attribute information, unreliability for temporal analyses, limited use for depth and distance analyses, and the role of corporations as image-data gatekeepers. Findings provide detailed insight for those interested in using panoramic street-level imagery for urban research.

scholarly journals An Experiment on Image Transmission to an Icebreaker (Abstract)

1987 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 249
Author(s):  
O. Korhonen
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Image Data ◽  
Image Transmission ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Mobile Telephone ◽  
Telecommunication Networks ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Marine Research ◽  
The Baltic

Finland has such a climate that all its harbours in the Baltic Sea are frozen every winter. Ice may sometimes be more than 1 m thick, as it was in the Bay of Bothnia, the northernmost basin of the Baltic Sea, during the winter of 1985. The Finnish Institute of Marine Research has used the imagery of the Tiros-N series of satellites successfully in sea-ice mapping for some years. In the Institute daily ice charts have been prepared and sent by facsimile to icebreakers in the Baltic Sea. In 1985, an experiment was conducted to transmit the same imagery to an icebreaker operating in the Bay of Bothnia. Existing telecommunication networks were used. The image data transmitted by NOAA-6 and NOAA-9 satellites were received at Tromsø Telemetry Station in Norway and then transmitted to Espoo in Finland. The data processing consisted of geometric correction, edge enhancement, and drawing the coastline with location symbols. The most interesting area was extracted and transmitted by NMT mobile telephone to the icebreaker. The almost real-time image transmission turned out to be useful from the point of view of icebreaker operation. The images could be used to identify cracks and narrow leads in the ice. Such very detailed information cannot be included in routine ice charts. The icebreaker can use this information for giving instructions to other ships to find easier routes. This reduces the need for icebreaker assistance. The images can also help the icebreaker to avoid wide heavily ridged areas. This experiment was at low cost and can be technically developed further. It showed that this kind of assistance for icebreakers is economically profitable for winter navigation.

Design and evaluation of a low-cost street-level image capturing vehicle for south-east Asia

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 579-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tony de Souza-Daw ◽  
Robert Ross ◽  
Truong Duy Nhan ◽  
Le Anh Hung ◽  
Nguyen Duc Quoc Trung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Location Based Services ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Street Level ◽  
Street View ◽  
Catadioptric Imaging

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a low-cost, highly mobile system for performing street-level imaging. Street-level imaging and geo-location-based services are rapidly growing in both popularity and coverage. Google Street View and Bing StreetSide are two of the free, online services which allow users to search location-based information on interactive maps. In addition, these services also provide software developers and researchers a rich source of street-level images for different purposes – from identifying traffic routes to augmented reality applications. Currently, coverage for Street View and StreetSide is limited to more affluent Western countries with sparse coverage throughout south-east Asia and Africa. In this paper, we present a low-cost system to perform street-level imaging targeted towards the congested, motorcycle-dominant south-east Asian countries. The proposed system uses a catadioptric imaging system to capture 360-degree panoramic images which are geo-located using an on-board GPS. The system is mounted on the back of a motorcycle to provide maximum mobility and access to narrow roads. An innovative backwards remapping technique for flattening the images is discussed along with some results from the first 150 km which have been captured from Southern Vietnam. Design/methodology/approach – The design was a low-cost prototype design using low-cost off-the-shelf hardware with custom software and assembly to facilitate functionality. Findings – The system was shown to work well as a low-cost omnidirectional mapping solution targeted toward sea-of-motorbike road conditions. Research limitations/implications – Some of the pictures returned by the system were unclear. These could be improved by having artificial lighting (currently only ambient light is used), a gyroscope-stabilised imaging platform and a higher resolution camera. Originality/value – This paper discusses a design which facilitates low-cost, street-level imaging for a sea-of-motorcycle environment. The system uses a catadioptric imaging approach to give a wide field of view without excessive image storage requirements using dozens of cameras.

scholarly journals An Experiment on Image Transmission to an Icebreaker (Abstract)

1987 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 249-249
Author(s):  
O. Korhonen
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Image Data ◽  
Image Transmission ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Mobile Telephone ◽  
Telecommunication Networks ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Marine Research ◽  
The Baltic

Finland has such a climate that all its harbours in the Baltic Sea are frozen every winter. Ice may sometimes be more than 1 m thick, as it was in the Bay of Bothnia, the northernmost basin of the Baltic Sea, during the winter of 1985.The Finnish Institute of Marine Research has used the imagery of the Tiros-N series of satellites successfully in sea-ice mapping for some years. In the Institute daily ice charts have been prepared and sent by facsimile to icebreakers in the Baltic Sea. In 1985, an experiment was conducted to transmit the same imagery to an icebreaker operating in the Bay of Bothnia. Existing telecommunication networks were used. The image data transmitted by NOAA-6 and NOAA-9 satellites were received at Tromsø Telemetry Station in Norway and then transmitted to Espoo in Finland. The data processing consisted of geometric correction, edge enhancement, and drawing the coastline with location symbols. The most interesting area was extracted and transmitted by NMT mobile telephone to the icebreaker.The almost real-time image transmission turned out to be useful from the point of view of icebreaker operation. The images could be used to identify cracks and narrow leads in the ice. Such very detailed information cannot be included in routine ice charts. The icebreaker can use this information for giving instructions to other ships to find easier routes. This reduces the need for icebreaker assistance. The images can also help the icebreaker to avoid wide heavily ridged areas.This experiment was at low cost and can be technically developed further. It showed that this kind of assistance for icebreakers is economically profitable for winter navigation.

scholarly journals A deep learning approach to identify unhealthy advertisements in street view images

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Palmer ◽  
Mark Green ◽  
Emma Boyland ◽  
Yales Stefano Rios Vasconcelos ◽  
Rahul Savani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Social Inequalities In Health ◽  
Street Level ◽  
Street View ◽  
Food Advertisements ◽  
Data Collection Effort ◽  
Deprived Areas

AbstractWhile outdoor advertisements are common features within towns and cities, they may reinforce social inequalities in health. Vulnerable populations in deprived areas may have greater exposure to fast food, gambling and alcohol advertisements, which may encourage their consumption. Understanding who is exposed and evaluating potential policy restrictions requires a substantial manual data collection effort. To address this problem we develop a deep learning workflow to automatically extract and classify unhealthy advertisements from street-level images. We introduce the Liverpool $${360}^{\circ }$$ 360 ∘ Street View (LIV360SV) dataset for evaluating our workflow. The dataset contains 25,349, 360 degree, street-level images collected via cycling with a GoPro Fusion camera, recorded Jan 14th–18th 2020. 10,106 advertisements were identified and classified as food (1335), alcohol (217), gambling (149) and other (8405). We find evidence of social inequalities with a larger proportion of food advertisements located within deprived areas and those frequented by students. Our project presents a novel implementation for the incidental classification of street view images for identifying unhealthy advertisements, providing a means through which to identify areas that can benefit from tougher advertisement restriction policies for tackling social inequalities.

scholarly journals On Strengthening the Interest of Architecture Students in Bio-informed Solutions: A Systematic Approach for Learning from Nature

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2138
Author(s):  
Semra Arslan Selçuk ◽  
Güneş Mutlu Avinç
Keyword(s):  
Design Education ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
System Thinking ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Biological Phenomena ◽  
Architectural Structures ◽  
Interdisciplinary Relationships

The bio-informed concept, which means “designing by learning from nature’s best ideas” as an approach, method, tool, discipline or strategy, is one of the most important research areas of today. It does not only shape designs, but also is based on collaborative/interactive/creative methods in education and can be integrated with contemporary educational approaches. This paper questions how to translate the bio-knowledge, which can be an effective and useful method for developing designers’ skills such as system-thinking, innovative thinking and problem-based learning, to design education in an easy and understandable way. In this context, the method of determining and applying biological phenomena/systems into architectural design process through the “natural language approach” is investigated. With this research, it is aimed to open the way to reach more innovative and sustainable solutions by establishing a bridge between architectural and biological terminology while creating architectural structures. It has been shown how to increase the biodiversity utilized for bio-informed solutions in the architectural field by proposing a systematic approach to search for biological systems. From this point of view, this study emphasizes the importance of promoting the bio-informed design approach, increasing interdisciplinary relationships and orienting individuals to nature for creativity and sustainability.

scholarly journals Data-driven graph drawing techniques with applications for conveyor systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Göttlich ◽  
Sven Spieckermann ◽  
Stephan Stauber ◽  
Andrea Storck
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Connected Graph ◽  
Stress Function ◽  
Graph Drawing ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Challenging Problem ◽  
Conveyor System ◽  
System Graph ◽  
Real World Problems

AbstractThe visualization of conveyor systems in the sense of a connected graph is a challenging problem. Starting from communication data provided by the IT system, graph drawing techniques are applied to generate an appealing layout of the conveyor system. From a mathematical point of view, the key idea is to use the concept of stress majorization to minimize a stress function over the positions of the nodes in the graph. Different to the already existing literature, we have to take care of special features inspired by the real-world problems.

scholarly journals A Feasibility Study of the Use of Smartwatches in Wearable Fall Detection Systems

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 2254
Author(s):  
Francisco Javier González-Cañete ◽  
Eduardo Casilari
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Fall Detection ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Battery Life ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Battery Lifetime ◽  
Detection Systems ◽  
Operational Aspects

Over the last few years, the use of smartwatches in automatic Fall Detection Systems (FDSs) has aroused great interest in the research of new wearable telemonitoring systems for the elderly. In contrast with other approaches to the problem of fall detection, smartwatch-based FDSs can benefit from the widespread acceptance, ergonomics, low cost, networking interfaces, and sensors that these devices provide. However, the scientific literature has shown that, due to the freedom of movement of the arms, the wrist is usually not the most appropriate position to unambiguously characterize the dynamics of the human body during falls, as many conventional activities of daily living that involve a vigorous motion of the hands may be easily misinterpreted as falls. As also stated by the literature, sensor-fusion and multi-point measurements are required to define a robust and reliable method for a wearable FDS. Thus, to avoid false alarms, it may be necessary to combine the analysis of the signals captured by the smartwatch with those collected by some other low-power sensor placed at a point closer to the body’s center of gravity (e.g., on the waist). Under this architecture of Body Area Network (BAN), these external sensing nodes must be wirelessly connected to the smartwatch to transmit their measurements. Nonetheless, the deployment of this networking solution, in which the smartwatch is in charge of processing the sensed data and generating the alarm in case of detecting a fall, may severely impact on the performance of the wearable. Unlike many other works (which often neglect the operational aspects of real fall detectors), this paper analyzes the actual feasibility of putting into effect a BAN intended for fall detection on present commercial smartwatches. In particular, the study is focused on evaluating the reduction of the battery life may cause in the watch that works as the core of the BAN. To this end, we thoroughly assess the energy drain in a prototype of an FDS consisting of a smartwatch and several external Bluetooth-enabled sensing units. In order to identify those scenarios in which the use of the smartwatch could be viable from a practical point of view, the testbed is studied with diverse commercial devices and under different configurations of those elements that may significantly hamper the battery lifetime.

Natural Locomotion Based on Foot-Mounted Inertial Sensors in a Wireless Virtual Reality System

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 298-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernesto de la Rubia ◽  
Antonio Diaz-Estrella
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Gait Cycle ◽  
Inertial Sensors ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Handheld Devices ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Virtual Reality System ◽  
Object Searching

Virtual reality has become a promising field in recent decades, and its potential now seems clearer than ever. With the development of handheld devices and wireless technologies, interest in virtual reality is also increasing. Therefore, there is an accompanying interest in inertial sensors, which can provide such advantages as small size and low cost. Such sensors can also operate wirelessly and be used in an increasing number of interactive applications. An example related to virtual reality is the ability to move naturally through virtual environments. This is the objective of the real-walking navigation technique, for which a number of advantages have previously been reported in terms of presence, object searching, and collision, among other concerns. In this article, we address the use of foot-mounted inertial sensors to achieve real-walking navigation in a wireless virtual reality system. First, an overall description of the problem is presented. Then, specific difficulties are identified, and a corresponding technique is proposed to overcome each: tracking of foot movements; determination of the user’s position; percentage estimation of the gait cycle, including oscillating movements of the head; stabilization of the velocity of the point of view; and synchronization of head and body yaw angles. Finally, a preliminary evaluation of the system is conducted in which data and comments from participants were collected.

Flexural Joints in Mechanisms

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Koster
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Goods ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Industrial Technology ◽  
Scientific Instruments ◽  
Manufacturing Equipment ◽  
Flexural Fatigue ◽  
Elastic Deflection ◽  
Flexural Joints

Abstract The application of flexural joints in mechanisms has a number of advantages. Extreme repeatability of position is obtained because of the absence of backlash and friction. From a tribological point of view, no lubrication is needed and no wear exists. In many cases their application gives rise to a low cost assembly. Flexural elements have their particular drawbacks as well. Deflections are limited; only oscillating motions can be performed and work has to be done as a consequence of the elastic deflection. Flexural fatigue sets another limit to their application. The paper gives an overview of a design methodology that has been developed at the Philips Center for Industrial Technology by the author and his colleagues over the last several decades. Some aspects of this methodology are well known; other aspects are unique. The methodology is described in detail in a book by the author about design principles (Koster 1998). The methodology has been used to design hundreds of practical mechanisms incorporated in scientific instruments, manufacturing equipment and consumer goods. Many examples are given in (Koster 1998). Several interesting examples are given in this paper.

Evaluating and Exploring Successful Disruptive Innovation in the Aviation Industry From the Perspective of Consumers

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 105-119
Author(s):  
Gang-Hoon Seo
Keyword(s):  
Word Of Mouth ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Disruptive Innovation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Basic Service ◽  
Low Cost Carriers ◽  
Content Analyses ◽  
Southwest Airlines

Since Southwest Airlines' disruptive innovation was introduced, low-cost carriers (LCCs) have had a prominent impact on the aviation industry. Therefore, considerable attention has been paid to the LCC model. However, it is still not clear whether it is a successful disruptive innovation, or what factors and differentiation points for successful LCC service exist from the passengers' perspective. As this study's methodology, quantitative and qualitative content analyses are conducted using the word-of-mouth data of 1,854 passengers of 20 airlines. This study found that the LCC model is perceived as a successful disruptive innovation from the passengers' point of view. For successful LCC service, LC airlines should offer higher quality services than passengers' expectations using basic service elements. Also, good staff characteristics, leaving a professional impression, and providing good optional services could play a role as differentiation tools.

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