scholarly journals Protective Role of Leaf Variegation in Pittosporum tobira under Low Temperature: Insights into the Physio-Biochemical and Molecular Mechanisms

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (19) ◽  
pp. 4857
Author(s):  
Zhilu Zhang ◽  
Zhonghua Liu ◽  
Haina Song ◽  
Minghui Chen ◽  
Shiping Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Ros Scavenging ◽  
High Accumulation ◽  
Cold Response ◽  
Protective Function ◽  
Leaf Variegation ◽  
Pittosporum Tobira

Leaf variegation has been demonstrated to have adaptive functions such as cold tolerance. Pittosporum tobira is an ornamental plant with natural leaf variegated cultivars grown in temperate regions. Herein, we investigated the role of leaf variegation in low temperature responses by comparing variegated “Variegatum” and non-variegated “Green Pittosporum” cultivars. We found that leaf variegation is associated with impaired chloroplast development in the yellow sector, reduced chlorophyll content, strong accumulation of carotenoids and high levels of ROS. However, the photosynthetic efficiency was not obviously impaired in the variegated leaves. Also, leaf variegation plays low temperature protective function since “Variegatum” displayed strong and efficient ROS-scavenging enzymatic systems to buffer cold (10 °C)-induced damages. Transcriptome analysis under cold conditions revealed 309 differentially expressed genes between both cultivars. Distinctly, the strong cold response observed in “Variegatum” was essentially attributed to the up-regulation of HSP70/90 genes involved in cellular homeostasis; up-regulation of POD genes responsible for cell detoxification and up-regulation of FAD2 genes and subsequent down-regulation of GDSL genes leading to high accumulation of polyunsaturated fatty acids for cell membrane fluidity. Overall, our results indicated that leaf variegation is associated with changes in physiological, biochemical and molecular components playing low temperature protective function in P. tobira.

scholarly journals ROS Defense Systems and Terminal Oxidases in Bacteria

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 839
Author(s):  
Vitaliy B. Borisov ◽  
Sergey A. Siletsky ◽  
Martina R. Nastasi ◽  
Elena Forte
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Superoxide Dismutases ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Ros Scavenging ◽  
Terminal Oxidases ◽  
Defense Systems ◽  
Respiratory Chains ◽  
Scavenging Enzymes

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) comprise the superoxide anion (O2·−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical (·OH), and singlet oxygen (1O2). ROS can damage a variety of macromolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids, and compromise cell viability. To prevent or reduce ROS-induced oxidative stress, bacteria utilize different ROS defense mechanisms, of which ROS scavenging enzymes, such as superoxide dismutases, catalases, and peroxidases, are the best characterized. Recently, evidence has been accumulating that some of the terminal oxidases in bacterial respiratory chains may also play a protective role against ROS. The present review covers this role of terminal oxidases in light of recent findings.

Exogenous application of methyl jasmonate induces defense response and develops tolerance against mungbean yellow mosaic India virus in Vigna mungo

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nibedita Chakraborty ◽  
Jolly Basak
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Jasmonate ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Stability Index ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Membrane Stability ◽  
Vigna Mungo ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Exogenous Application ◽  
Ros Homeostasis

Vigna mungo (L.)Hepper is an economically important leguminous crop in south-east Asia. However, its production is severely affected by Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV). It is well established that methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is effective in inducing resistance against pathogens in several plants. To assess the role of MeJA in developing MYMIV tolerance in V. mungo, we analysed time-dependent biochemical and molecular responses of MYMIV susceptible V. mungo after exogenous application of different MeJA concentrations, followed by MYMIV infection. Our analysis revealed that exogenous application of different concentrations of MeJA resulted in decreased levels of malondialdehyde with higher membrane stability index values in MYMIV susceptible V. mungo, suggesting the protective role of MeJA through restoring the membrane stability. Moreover, the level of expression of different antioxidative enzymes revealed that exogenous MeJA is also very effective in ROS homeostasis maintenance. Enhanced expressions of the defence marker genes lipoxygenase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and the reduced expression of the MYMIV coat-protein encoding gene in all MeJA treated plants post MYMIV infection revealed that exogenous application of MeJA is effective for MYMIV tolerance in V. mungo. Our findings provide new insights into the physiological and molecular mechanisms of MYMIV tolerance in Vigna induced by MeJA.

Abstract MP13: TRPM7 Downregulation Contributes To Cardiovascular Injury And Hypertension Induced By Aldosterone And Salt

Hypertension ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco J Rios ◽  
ZhiGuo Zou ◽  
Karla B Neves ◽  
Sarah S Nichol ◽  
Livia L Camargo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cardiac Fibroblasts ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Internal Diameter ◽  
Resistance Arteries ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vessel Structure ◽  
Cardiovascular Fibrosis ◽  
Fold Activation

TRPM7 has cation channel and kinase properties, is permeable to Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , and Zn 2+ and is protective in the cardiovascular system. Hyperaldosteronism, which induces hypertension and cardiovascular fibrosis, is associated with Mg 2+ wasting. Here we questioned whether TRPM7 plays a role in aldosterone- induced hypertension and fibrosis and whether it influences cation regulation. Wild-type (WT) and TRPM7-deficient (M7+/Δ) mice were treated with aldosterone (600μg/Kg/day) and/or 1% NaCl (drinking water) (aldo, salt or aldo-salt) for 4 weeks. Blood pressure (BP) was evaluated by tail-cuff. Vessel structure was assessed by pressure myography. Molecular mechanisms were investigated in cardiac fibroblasts (CF) from WT and M7+/Δ mice. Protein expression was assessed by western-blot and histology. M7+/Δ mice exhibited reduced TRPM7 expression (30%) and phosphorylation (62%), levels that were recapitulated in WT aldo-salt mice. M7+/Δ exhibited increased BP by aldo, salt and aldo-salt (135-140mmHg) vs M7+/Δ-veh (117mmHg) (p<0.05), whereas in WT, BP was increased only by aldo-salt (134mmHg). Mesenteric resistance arteries from WT aldo-salt exhibited increased wall/lumen ratio (80%) and reduced internal diameter (15%) whereas vessels from M7+/Δ exhibited thinner walls by reducing cross-sectional area (35%) and increased internal diameter (23%) after aldo-salt. Aldo-salt induced greater collagen deposition in hearts (68%), kidneys (126%) and aortas (45%) from M7+/Δ vs WT. Hearts from M7+/Δ veh exhibited increased TGFβ, IL-11 and IL-6 (1.9-fold), p-Smad3 and p-Stat1 (1.5-fold) whereas in WT these effects were only found after aldo-salt. Cardiac expression of protein phosphatase magnesium-dependent 1A (PPM1A), a Mg 2+ -dependent phosphatase, was reduced (3-fold) only in M7+/Δ mice. M7+/Δ CF showed reduced proliferation (30%) and PPM1A (4-fold) and increased expression of TGFβ, IL-11 and IL-6 (2-3-fold), activation of Stat1 (2-fold), Smad3 (9-fold) and ERK1/2 (8-fold) compared with WT. Mg 2+ supplementation normalized cell proliferation and reduced protein phosphorylation in M7+/Δ CF (p<0.05). Our findings indicate a protective role of TRPM7 in aldosterone-salt induced cardiovascular injury through Mg 2+ -dependent mechanisms.

Protective role of NO in hepatic microcirculatory dysfunction during endotoxemia

1994 ◽  
Vol 267 (6) ◽  
pp. G1135-G1141 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Nishida ◽  
R. S. McCuskey ◽  
D. McDonnell ◽  
E. S. Fox
Keyword(s):  
Hepatic Injury ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
No Production ◽  
Leukocyte Adherence ◽  
In Vivo Microscopy ◽  
Hepatic Microcirculation ◽  
Protective Function ◽  
Microcirculatory Disturbances

Nitric oxide (NO) has been reported to have a protective function in attenuating hepatic injury during endotoxemia or sepsis. As a result, the role of NO in attenuating the hepatic microcirculatory alterations associated with endotoxemia was investigated in mice by in vivo microscopy. The livers were examined 2 h after intravenous injection of Escherichia coli 0111:B4 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) alone or in combination with inhibitors of the synthesis of NO, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester or NG-monomethyl-L-arginine. In the animals treated with the combination of NO synthase inhibitors and LPS, leukocyte adherence was increased threefold above that in animals treated with LPS alone. This was accompanied by a 33% reduction in sinusoidal blood flow. Simultaneous administration of L-arginine, but not D-arginine, eliminated these microcirculatory disturbances. The results demonstrate that inhibition of LPS-stimulated NO production results in an early hepatic microvascular inflammatory response to a dose of endotoxin which by itself is scarcely inflammatory. This suggests that NO plays a significant role in stabilizing the hepatic microcirculation during endotoxemia, thereby helping to protect the liver from ischemia and leukocyte-induced oxidative injury.

scholarly journals A Contemporary View of Natriuretic Peptides in the SARS-CoV-2 Era

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Speranza Rubattu ◽  
Giovanna Gallo ◽  
Massimo Volpe
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Natriuretic Peptides ◽  
Pulmonary Inflammation ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Cardiac Damage ◽  
Protective Function ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
Prognostic Implications

The heart releases natriuretic peptides (NPs) which represent an important hormonal axis with cardiorenal protective effects. In view of their properties, NPs have pathophysiologic, diagnostic and prognostic implications in several cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Severe pulmonary inflammation, as induced by the SARS-COV2, may increase pulmonary pressure with potential influence on NPs release, whereby normal cardiovascular integrity becomes impaired. Moreover, pre-existing CVDs are strong negative prognostic factors since they exacerbate the effects of the viral infection and lead to worse outcomes. In this context, it may be expected that NPs exert a key protective role toward the virus infection whereas an impairment of NPs release contributes to the virus deleterious effects. In this review article we explore the potential involvement of NPs in the COVID-19 disease. To this aim, we will first focus on the interactions between NPs and the Ang II/ATIR arm of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) as well as with the protective ACE2/Ang (1-7) arm of the RAAS. Subsequently, we will review evidence that strongly supports the role of increased NT-proBNP level as a marker of cardiac damage and of worse prognosis in the COVID-19 affected patients. Finally, we will discuss the potential therapeutic benefits of these protective hormones toward the viral infection through their endothelial protective function, anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic effects. In conclusion, the potential implications of NPs in the SARS-CoV-2 infection, as discussed in our article, represent an important issue that deserves to be fully investigated.

scholarly journals Physiological and transcriptome analysis of Poa pratensis var. anceps cv. Qinghai in response to cold stress

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenke Dong ◽  
Xiang Ma ◽  
Hanyu Jiang ◽  
Chunxu Zhao ◽  
Huiling Ma
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cold Resistance ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Sucrose Metabolism ◽  
Tibet Plateau ◽  
Glutathione Metabolism ◽  
Cold Response

Abstract Background Low temperature limits the growth and geographical distribution of plants. Poa pratensis is a cool-season turfgrass mainly grown in urban areas. However, low winter temperature or cold events in spring and autumn may cause P.pratensis mortality, affecting the appearance of lawns. P.pratensis var. anceps cv. Qinghai (PQ) is widely distributed in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau above 3000 m. PQ has greater cold resistance than the commercially cultivated P.pratensis varieties. However, existing studies on the response mechanism of PQ to low temperatures have mainly focused on physiological and biochemical perspectives, while changes in the PQ transcriptome during the response to cold stress have not been reported. Results To investigate the molecular mechanism of the PQ cold response and identify genes to improve the low-temperature resistance of P.pratensis, we analyzed and compared the transcriptomes of PQ and the cold-sensitive P.pratensis cv. ‘Baron’ (PB) under cold stress using RNA sequencing. We identified 4878 and 1871 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the treatment vs control comparison of PQ and PB, respectively, with 4494 DEGs specific to PQ. Based on the DEGs, important Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, such as “starch and sucrose metabolism”, “protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum”, “phenylalanine metabolism” and “glycolysis/gluconeogenesis” were significantly enriched in PQ, and “starch and sucrose metabolism”, “phenylpropanoid biosynthesis”, “galactose metabolism” and “glutathione metabolism” were significantly enriched in PB. In addition, the “glycolysis” and “citrate cycle (TCA cycle)” pathways were identified as involved in cold resistance of P.pratensis. Conclusions As we know, this is the first study to explore the transcriptome of P.pratensis var. anceps cv. Qinghai. Our study not noly provides important insights into the molecular mechanisms of P.pratensis var. anceps cv. Qinghai responds to cold stress, but also systematically reveals the changes of key genes and products of glycolysis and TCA cycle in response to cold stress, which is conductive to the breeding of cold-resistant P.pratensis genotype.

Lactoferrin and oral pathologies: a therapeutic treatment

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Luigi Rosa ◽  
Maria Stefania Lepanto ◽  
Antimo Cutone ◽  
Giusi Ianiro ◽  
Stefania Pernarella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Topical Administration ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Protective Function ◽  
Maxillary Bone ◽  
Abiotic Surfaces ◽  
Bone Damage ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic ◽  
Simultaneous Activity

The oral cavity is a non-uniform, extraordinary environment characterized by mucosal, epithelial, abiotic surfaces and secretions as saliva. Aerobic and anaerobic commensal and pathogenic microorganisms colonize the tongue, teeth, jowl, gingiva, and periodontium. Commensals exert an important role in host defenses, while pathogenic microorganisms can nullify this protective function causing oral and systemic diseases. Every day, 750–1000 mL of saliva, containing several host defense constituents including lactoferrin (Lf), are secreted and swallowed. Lf is a multifunctional iron-chelating cationic glycoprotein of innate immunity. Depending on, or regardless of its iron-binding ability, Lf exerts bacteriostatic, bactericidal, antibiofilm, antioxidant, antiadhesive, anti-invasive, and anti-inflammatory activities. Here, we report the protective role of Lf in different oral pathologies, such as xerostomia, halitosis, alveolar or maxillary bone damage, gingivitis, periodontitis, and black stain. Unlike antibiotic therapy, which is ineffective against bacteria that are within a biofilm, adherent, or intracellular, the topical administration of Lf, through its simultaneous activity against microbial replication, biofilms, adhesion, and invasiveness, as well as inflammation, has been proven to be efficient in the treatment of all known oral pathologies without any adverse effects.

The Protective Role of Garlic on Allergen-Induced Airway Inflammation in Mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (05) ◽  
pp. 1099-1112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chia-Chen Hsieh ◽  
Wen-Huang Peng ◽  
Hsien-Hao Tseng ◽  
Shan-Yuan Liang ◽  
Li-Jen Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Airway Inflammation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Disease ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Eosinophil Infiltration ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Cytokines And Chemokines ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Bronchoalveolar Fluid

Asthma is the most prevalent chronic respiratory disease worldwide. Garlic extracts have long been used as a food source and in traditional medicine. Crude extracts of garlic are used as an anti-inflammatory agent and have been reported to exhibit antiasthmatic properties. However, molecular mechanisms of garlic extracts in the context of antiasthmatic airway inflammation are still unclear. In this study, the antiasthmatic effect of garlic extracts on Th1, Th2, and Th3 cytokine profiles and immunoregulatory mechanism were explored using an animal model of allergic asthma. Garlic extracts significantly reduced total inflammatory cell counts and eosinophil infiltration and decreased the production of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus IgE in serum and Th1/Th2/Th3 cytokine in bronchoalveolar fluid. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis demonstrated that garlic extracts downregulated the levels of cytokines and chemokines, namely Th2-related IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13; but they simultaneously upregulated Th1-related IFN-[Formula: see text], IL-12, and Th3-related IL-10 and TGF-[Formula: see text] expression in BALF. The mechanism may be ascribed to the modulation of Th1-, Th2-, and Th3-related cytokine imbalance.

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