scholarly journals Autophagic Survival Precedes Programmed Cell Death in Wheat Seedlings Exposed to Drought Stress

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (22) ◽  
pp. 5777 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li ◽  
Cui ◽  
Sui ◽  
Huang ◽  
Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Wheat Cultivar ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Peg 8000 ◽  
Mild Drought

Although studies have shown the concomitant occurrence of autophagic and programmed cell death (PCD) in plants, the relationship between autophagy and PCD and the factors determining this relationship remain unclear. In this study, seedlings of the wheat cultivar Jimai 22 were used to examine the occurrence of autophagy and PCD during polyethylene glycol (PEG)-8000-induced drought stress. Autophagy and PCD occurred sequentially, with autophagy at a relatively early stage and PCD at a much later stage. These findings suggest that the duration of drought stress determines the occurrence of PCD following autophagy. Furthermore, the addition of 3-methyladenine (3-MA, an autophagy inhibitor) and the knockdown of autophagy-related gene 6 (ATG6) accelerated PEG-8000-induced PCD, respectively, suggesting that inhibition of autophagy also results in PCD under drought stress. Overall, these findings confirm that wheat seedlings undergo autophagic survival under mild drought stress, with subsequent PCD only under severe drought.

scholarly journals Initiation and Execution of Programmed Cell Death and Regulation of Reactive Oxygen Species in Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (23) ◽  
pp. 12942
Author(s):  
Chanjuan Ye ◽  
Shaoyan Zheng ◽  
Dagang Jiang ◽  
Jingqin Lu ◽  
Zongna Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Signalling Pathways ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Plant Stress Tolerance ◽  
The Relationship

Programmed cell death (PCD) plays crucial roles in plant development and defence response. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced during normal plant growth, and high ROS concentrations can change the antioxidant status of cells, leading to spontaneous cell death. In addition, ROS function as signalling molecules to improve plant stress tolerance, and they induce PCD under different conditions. This review describes the mechanisms underlying plant PCD, the key functions of mitochondria and chloroplasts in PCD, and the relationship between mitochondria and chloroplasts during PCD. Additionally, the review discusses the factors that regulate PCD. Most importantly, in this review, we summarise the sites of production of ROS and discuss the roles of ROS that not only trigger multiple signalling pathways leading to PCD but also participate in the execution of PCD, highlighting the importance of ROS in PCD.

Function Analysis of Drought Resistance Related Gene TaGAPCs and TaWRKYs in Wheat

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiuzhu Wang ◽  
Lin Zhang ◽  
Shushen Yang
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Drought Treatment ◽  
Biological Regulation ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Differential Genes

Abstract Backgrounds: Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important food crops in the world. It faces various abiotic stresses during its growth. Drought is one of the main factors limiting the growth and development of wheat. Severe drought stress will Lead to a decline in wheat production. Cytoplasmic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPC) is an important member of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) family, which is widely present in plant cytoplasm. Plants play an important role in the process of primary metabolism and stress resistance.Result: In this study, a comparative transcriptomic analysis of the TaGAPCs-RNAi strain of Changwu 134 and the wild-type wheat seedlings of Changwu 134 under natural drought conditions was carried out. A total of 30067 differentially expressed genes were screened in RNAi strains and wild-type strains, of which 19,959 genes were up-regulated in RNAi strains and 10,108 genes were down-regulated in transcription. GO analysis shows that differential genes are mainly enriched in biological regulation, cellular processes, metabolic processes, and responses to stimuli. KEGG analysis showed that the differential genes were mainly concentrated in the biosynthesis of phenylpropane, plant hormone signal transduction and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. By analyzing the expression levels of differential transcription factors, the significantly down-regulated transcription factor WRKY family member TaWRKY2 / 22/28/29/33/40/47/52 in wheat was screened out. The TaWRKY28/33/40/47 gene silencing line was successfully obtained using the barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV-VIGS) technology. The plants with TaWRKY28/33/40/47 gene silenced were subjected to natural drought treatment, and physiological and biochemical index tests were carried out. The results showed that the growth status of gene-silenced plants was worse than that of wild-type plants, and the relative water content and chlorophyll content decreased. The content of MDA, H2O2 and superoxide anion increases, the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT) decreases, and the content of proline decreases. Conclusion: The results showed that TaGAPCs regulates the expression of some TaWRKYs transcription factors, activates antioxidant pathways, enhances tolerance of wheat to drought stress.

Phedimus Aizoon L. Responds to Drought Stress: Growth, Physiological Changes and Mechanism of Drought Resistance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuhang Liu ◽  
Zhongqun He ◽  
Yongdong Xie ◽  
Lihong Su ◽  
Ruijie Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Resistance ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Moderate Drought ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Mda Content ◽  
Maximum Water ◽  
Mild Drought

Abstract A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the growth, physiological changes and mechanism of drought resistance of Phedimus aizoon L. under different levels of water content .CK: 75% ~ 80% of the MWHC (maximum water holding capacity), Mild drought: 55% ~ 60%, Moderate drought: 40% ~ 45%, Severe drought: 20% ~ 25%.We observed that the plants grew normally in the first two treatments, even the mild drought promoted the growth of the roots. In the last two treatments, drought stress had a significant negative effect on plant growth, at the same time, Phedimus aizoon L. also made positive physiological response to cope with the drought: The aboveground part of the plant (leaf, plant height, stem diameter) was smaller, the waxy layer of the leaves was thickened, the stomata of the leaves were closed during the day, and only a few stomata were opened at night, which proved that the dark reaction cycle metabolism mode of the plant was transformed from C3 cycle to CAM pathway. The activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD and CAT) was continuously increased to alleviate the damage caused by drought. To ensure the relative stability of osmotic potential, the contents of osmoregulation substances such as proline, soluble sugar, soluble protein and trehalose increased correspondingly. But plants have limited regulatory power, with aggravation of drought stress degree and extension of stress time, the MDA content and electrolyte leakage of leaves increased continuously. Observed under electron microscope,the morphology of chloroplast and mitochondria changed and the membrane structure was destroyed. The plant's photosynthetic and respiratory mechanisms are destroyed and the plant gradually die.

scholarly journals Drought stress response in winter wheat varieties – changes in leaf proteins and proteolytic activities

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-130
Author(s):  
Lyudmila Simova-Stoilova ◽  
Elisaveta Kirova ◽  
Dobrina Pecheva
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Large Subunit ◽  
Rubisco Activase ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Strong Increase ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Stress Coping Strategies

Radiation mutagenesis has been used in sustainable agriculture as a tool for increasing plant variability and providing new lines for selection. This necessitates a comparison, by using suitable stress markers, of the newly created lines with some well-established varieties, which are stress tolerant or susceptible. Drought is one of the most frequently encountered stresses with deleterious effects on plant performance and crop yield. Winter wheat seedlings (soil cultures at 3–4th leaf stage) from one mutant line (M181/1338K), one drought-tolerant (Guinness) and one sensitive variety (Farmer) were subjected to severe drought stress by water withholding, followed by recovery. Changes in leaf protein profiles, the amount of Rubisco large subunit (RLS), some specific chloroplast proteins such as Rubisco binding protein (RPB), Rubisco activase (RA), the chaperone subunit clpA/C of clp protease, as well as the activities of exo- and endo-proteases were analyzed. At the protein level, some differences were found in the drought response of genotypes – stability of RLS and RBP in M181/1338K and Guinness, diminution of RLS and increase in RBP in Farmer. RA presented strong up-regulation at recovery in Guinness but decreased in content under drought in M181/1338K and Farmer. Increase in ClpA/C level was found in all compared varieties under stress. Strong increase in total proteolytic activity was detected under drought only in Farmer. Inhibitory analysis revealed a predominance of cysteine and serine protease types. Aminopeptidase activities remained higher at recovery in M181/1338K and Farmer. Results are discussed in terms of genotype-linked different stress coping strategies.

scholarly journals Bcl2 inhibits apoptosis associated with terminal differentiation of HL- 60 myeloid leukemia cells

Blood ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 83 (8) ◽  
pp. 2261-2267 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Naumovski ◽  
ML Cleary
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Myeloid Cells ◽  
Terminal Differentiation ◽  
Retroviral Gene Transfer ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
All Trans Retinoic Acid ◽  
Bcl2 Protein ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The Bcl2 protein inhibits apoptosis (programmed cell death) induced by a variety of noxious stimuli. However, relatively little is known about its effect on apoptosis that occurs after terminal differentiation. Bcl2 protein levels decrease during differentiation of myeloid cells into granulocytes that subsequently undergo apoptosis, but the potential role of Bcl2 in coupling survival and differentiation remains undefined. To ascertain the relationship between decreasing Bcl2 levels and the onset of apoptosis in differentiating myeloid cells, Bcl2 was hyperexpressed in the HL-60 cell line after retroviral gene transfer. After treatment of HL-60/BCL2 cells with all-trans retinoic acid or phorbol myristic acid, Bcl2 levels did not decrease as in normal HL-60 cells but, rather, increased because of activation of the viral promoter. Differentiation of the Bcl2-overexpressing cells was similar to that of normal HL-60 cells, but they showed little evidence for apoptosis and had a prolonged survival. These studies show that the survival-enhancing properties of Bcl2 counteract programmed cell death that accompanies terminal differentiation; however, Bcl2 has no significant effect on differentiation itself, suggesting that apoptosis and differentiation are regulated independently in myeloid cells.

scholarly journals MicroRNA (miRNA)-to-miRNA Regulation of Programmed Cell Death 4 (PDCD4)

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela Ajuyah ◽  
Meredith Hill ◽  
Alireza Ahadi ◽  
Jing Lu ◽  
Gyorgy Hutvagner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Tumor Suppressor ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Tumor Suppressor Genes ◽  
Untranslated Region ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Mutational Analysis ◽  
Mirna Regulation ◽  
Programmed Cell Death 4 ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT The regulation of tumor suppressor genes by microRNAs (miRNAs) is often demonstrated as a one-miRNA-to-one-target relationship. However, given the large number of miRNA sites within a 3′ untranslated region (UTR), most targets likely undergo miRNA cooperation or combinatorial action. Programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4), an important tumor suppressor, prevents neoplastic events and is commonly downregulated in cancer. This study investigates the relationship between miRNA 21 (miR-21) and miR-499 in regulating PDCD4. This was explored using miRNA overexpression, mutational analysis of the PDCD4 3′ UTR to assess regulation at each miRNA site, and 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) calculations for combinatorial behavior. We demonstrate that the first miR-499 binding site within PDCD4 is inactive, but the two remaining sites are both required for PDCD4 suppression. Additionally, the binding of miR-21 to PDCD4 influenced miR-499 activity through an increase in its silencing potency and stabilization of its mature form. Furthermore, adjoining miRNA sites more than 35 nucleotides (nt) apart could potentially regulate thousands of 3′ UTRs, similar to that observed between miR-21 and miR-499. The regulation of PDCD4 serves as a unique example of regulatory action by multiple miRNAs. This relationship was predicted to occur on thousands of targets and may represent a wider mode of miRNA regulation.

scholarly journals Association between Programmed Cell Death 6 Interacting Protein Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism and the Risk of Breast Cancer in a Sample of Iranian Population

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hashemi ◽  
Javad Yousefi ◽  
Seyed Mehdi Hashemi ◽  
Shadi Amininia ◽  
Mahboubeh Ebrahimi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Iranian Population ◽  
Interacting Protein ◽  
Apoptosis Pathway ◽  
Protein Insertion ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Control Study

It has been suggested that genetic factors contribute to patients’ vulnerability to breast cancer (BC). The programmed cell death 6 interacting protein (PDCD6IP) encodes for a protein that is known to bind to the products of the PDCD6 gene, which is involved in the apoptosis pathway. The aim of this case-control study is to investigate the relationship between thePDCD6IP15 bp insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism (rs28381975) and BC risk in an Iranian population. A total of 491 females, including 266 BC patients and 225 control subjects without cancer, were enrolled into the study. Our findings revealed that thePDCD6IP15 bp I/D polymorphism decreased the risk of BC in codominant (OR=0.44, 95%CI=0.31–0.65,p<0.0001, I/D versus DD;OR=0.39, 95%CI=0.17–0.88,p=0.030, I/I versus DD) and dominant (OR=0.44, 95%CI=0.30–0.63,p<0.0001, D/I + I/I versus D/D) tested inheritance models. Also, thePDCD6IPI allele significantly decreased the risk of BC (OR=0.59, 95%CI=0.45–0.78,p<0.001) compared to the D allele.

scholarly journals Water Deficit Irrigation Impacts on Antioxidant Metabolism Associated with Freezing Tolerance in Creeping Bentgrass

2015 ◽  
Vol 140 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Juan Zhang ◽  
Tian-Xiu Zhong ◽  
Li-Xin Xu ◽  
Lie-bao Han ◽  
Xunzhong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Freezing Tolerance ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Guaiacol Peroxidase ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Antioxidant Metabolism ◽  
Mild Drought

Soil water deficit impacts cold acclimation and freezing tolerance in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.), but the mechanisms underlying have not been well understood. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of deficit irrigation before and during cold acclimation on osmoprotectants, antioxidant metabolism, and freezing tolerance in creeping bentgrass. The grass was subjected to three-soil moisture levels: well-watered [100% container capacity (CC)], deficit irrigation induced-mild drought stress (60% CC), and severe drought stress (30% CC) for 35 days including 14 days at 24/20 °C (day/night) and then 21 days under cold acclimation treatment (2 °C) in growth chambers. Leaf proline and total soluble sugar (TSS) levels were higher in the grass under mild drought stress relative to that under severe drought stress. Superoxide (O2−·), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were higher in the grass under severe drought relative to that under well-watered and mild drought stress at day 35. Mild drought stress increased catalase (CAT) and guaiacol peroxidase (POD) activity, induced new isoforms and increased band intensities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), CAT, and POD during cold acclimation (days 14 to 35). No differences in osmoprotectants, antioxidant metabolism, and freezing tolerance were found between mild drought and well-watered treatments. The results of this study suggest deficit irrigation-induced mild drought stress in late fall and winter could induce accumulation of osmoprotectants and improve antioxidant metabolism, and freezing tolerance, but severe drought stress could reduce freezing tolerance of creeping bentgrass in the region with limited precipitation.

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