scholarly journals Coagulatory Defects in Type-1 and Type-2 Diabetes

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (24) ◽  
pp. 6345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amélie I. S. Sobczak ◽  
Alan J. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Ion Homeostasis ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Metal Ion Homeostasis ◽  
Increased Risk

Diabetes (both type-1 and type-2) affects millions of individuals worldwide. A major cause of death for individuals with diabetes is cardiovascular diseases, in part since both types of diabetes lead to physiological changes that affect haemostasis. Those changes include altered concentrations of coagulatory proteins, hyper-activation of platelets, changes in metal ion homeostasis, alterations in lipid metabolism (leading to lipotoxicity in the heart and atherosclerosis), the presence of pro-coagulatory microparticles and endothelial dysfunction. In this review, we explore the different mechanisms by which diabetes leads to an increased risk of developing coagulatory disorders and how this differs between type-1 and type-2 diabetes.

Epidemiology of Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus in Latin America

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricio Lopez-Jaramillo ◽  
Jose Lopez-Lopez ◽  
Daniel Cohen ◽  
Natalia Alarcon-Ariza ◽  
Margarita Mogollon-Zehr
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
And Control

: Hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus are two important risk factors that contribute to cardiovascular diseases worldwide. In Latin America hypertension prevalence varies from 30 to 50%. Moreover, the proportion of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension is very low. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus varies from 8 to 13% and near to 40% are unaware of their condition. In addition, the prevalence of prediabetes varies from 6 to 14% and this condition has been also associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. The principal factors linked to a higher risk of hypertension in Latin America are increased adiposity, low muscle strength, unhealthy diet, low physical activity and low education. Besides being chronic conditions, leading causes of cardiovascular mortality, both hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus represent a substantial cost for the weak health systems of Latin American countries. Therefore, is necessary to implement and reinforce public health programs to improve awareness, treatment and control of hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus, in order to reach the mandate of the Unit Nations of decrease the premature mortality for CVD.

HLA Class II Allele Analyses Implicate Common Genetic Components in Type 1 and Non–Insulin-Treated Type 2 Diabetes

2020 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. e245-e254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Jacobi ◽  
Lucas Massier ◽  
Nora Klöting ◽  
Katrin Horn ◽  
Alexander Schuch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Hla Class Ii ◽  
Risk Haplotype ◽  
Genetic Components ◽  
Hla Genotypes ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Context Common genetic susceptibility may underlie the frequently observed co-occurrence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in families. Given the role of HLA class II genes in the pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes, the aim of the present study was to test the association of high density imputed human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotypes with type 2 diabetes. Objectives and Design Three cohorts (Ntotal = 10 413) from Leipzig, Germany were included in this study: LIFE-Adult (N = 4649), LIFE-Heart (N = 4815) and the Sorbs (N = 949) cohort. Detailed metabolic phenotyping and genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data were available for all subjects. Using 1000 Genome imputation data, HLA genotypes were imputed on 4-digit level and association tests for type 2 diabetes, and related metabolic traits were conducted. Results In a meta-analysis including all 3 cohorts, the absence of HLA-DRB5 was associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes (P = 0.001). In contrast, HLA-DQB*06:02 and HLA-DQA*01:02 had a protective effect on type 2 diabetes (P = 0.005 and 0.003, respectively). Both alleles are part of the well-established type 1 diabetes protective haplotype DRB1*15:01~DQA1*01:02~DQB1*06:02, which was also associated with reduced risk of type 2 diabetes (OR 0.84; P = 0.005). On the contrary, the DRB1*07:01~DQA1*02:01~DQB1*03:03 was identified as a risk haplotype in non–insulin-treated diabetes (OR 1.37; P = 0.002). Conclusions Genetic variation in the HLA class II locus exerts risk and protective effects on non–insulin-treated type 2 diabetes. Our data suggest that the genetic architecture of type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes might share common components on the HLA class II locus.

scholarly journals Diabetes increases the risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 793-803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prue J Hardefeldt ◽  
Senarath Edirimanne ◽  
Guy D Eslick
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Reference Lists ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Study Participants

The aim of this meta-analysis was to collate and analyse all primary observational studies investigating the risk of breast cancer (BC) associated with diabetes. In addition, we aimed to complete subgroup analyses by both type of diabetes and gender of study participants to further clarify the origin of any such association between the two. Studies were obtained from a database search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, Current Contents Connect and Google Scholar with additional cross-checking of reference lists. Collated data were assessed for heterogeneity and a pooled odds ratio (OR) calculated. Forty-three studies were included in the meta-analysis with 40 studies investigating BC in women and six studies investigating BC in men. Overall, we found a significantly increased risk of BC associated with diabetes in women (OR 1.20, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13–1.29). After subgroup analysis by type of diabetes, the association was unchanged with type 2 diabetes (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.07–1.40) and nullified with gestational diabetes (OR 1.06, 95% CI 0.79–1.40). There were insufficient studies to calculate a pooled OR of the risk of BC associated with type 1 diabetes. There was an increased risk of BC in males with diabetes mellitus; however, the results did not reach statistical significance (OR 1.29, 95% CI 0.99–1.67). In conclusion, diabetes increases the risk of BC in women. This association is confirmed in women with type 2 diabetes and supports the hypothesis that diabetes is an independent risk factor for BC.

scholarly journals The impact of global and local Polynesian genetic ancestry on complex traits in Native Hawaiians

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanxiao Sun ◽  
Meng Lin ◽  
Emily M. Russell ◽  
Ryan L. Minster ◽  
Tsz Fung Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Heart Failure ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Native Hawaiian ◽  
Genetic Ancestry ◽  
Native Hawaiians ◽  
Increased Risk

AbstractEpidemiological studies of obesity, Type-2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular diseases and several common cancers have revealed an increased risk in Native Hawaiians compared to European- or Asian-Americans living in the Hawaiian islands. However, there remains a gap in our understanding of the genetic factors that affect the health of Native Hawaiians. To fill this gap, we studied the genetic risk factors at both the chromosomal and sub-chromosomal scales using genome-wide SNP array data on ∼4,000 Native Hawaiians from the Multiethnic Cohort. We estimated the genomic proportion of Native Hawaiian ancestry (“global ancestry,” which we presumed to be Polynesian in origin), as well as this ancestral component along each chromosome (“local ancestry”) and tested their respective association with binary and quantitative cardiometabolic traits. After attempting to adjust for non-genetic covariates evaluated through questionnaires, we found that per 10% increase in global Polynesian genetic ancestry, there is a respective 8.6%, and 11.0% increase in the odds of being diabetic (P = 1.65 10−4) and having heart failure (P = 2.18 10−4), as well as a 0.059 s.d. increase in BMI (P = 1.04 10−10). When testing the association of local Polynesian ancestry with risk of disease or biomarkers, we identified a chr6 region associated with T2D. This association was driven by an uniquely prevalent variant in Polynesian ancestry individuals. However, we could not replicate this finding in an independent Polynesian cohort from Samoa due to the small sample size of the replication cohort. In conclusion, we showed that Polynesian ancestry, which likely capture both genetic and lifestyle risk factors, is associated with an increased risk of obesity, Type-2 diabetes, and heart failure, and that larger cohorts of Polynesian ancestry individuals will be needed to replicate the putative association on chr6 with T2D.Author SummaryNative Hawaiians are one of the fastest growing ethnic minority in the U.S., and exhibit increased risk for metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. However, they are generally understudied, especially from a genetic perspective. To fill this gap, we studied the association of Polynesian genetic ancestry, at genomic and subgenomic scale, with quantitative and binary traits in self-identified Native Hawaiians. We showed that Polynesian ancestry, which likely capture both genetic and non-genetic risk factors related to Native Hawaiian people and culture are associated with increased risk for obesity, type-2 diabetes, and heart failure. While we do not endorse utilizing genetic information to supplant current standards of defining community membership through self-identity or genealogical records, our results suggest future studies could identify population-specific genetic susceptibility factors that may be useful in suggesting underlying biological mechanisms and reducing the disparity in disease interventions in Polynesian populations.

scholarly journals Type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus and incidence of seven cardiovascular diseases

2018 ◽  
Vol 262 ◽  
pp. 66-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanna C. Larsson ◽  
Alice Wallin ◽  
Niclas Håkansson ◽  
Otto Stackelberg ◽  
Magnus Bäck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases

Risk factors of death in diabetes mellitus

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (9) ◽  
pp. 697-700
Author(s):  
Nailya S. Asfandiyarova
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Cancer Risk Factors

Objective. To study risk factors of death in diabetes mellitus (DM). Materials and methods. This prospective cohort study included 337 patients with compromised carbohydrate metabolism (36 with impaired fasting glycemia or impaired glucose tolerance, 80 with type 1 diabetes, 194 with type 2 diabetes, 27 with diabetes due to chronic pancreatitis). Mean follow-up was 11.2±4.8 years (from 1 January 1995 through 31 December 2014). We investigated causes and risk factors of death in patients with impaired carbohydrate metabolism. Results. 115 patients died during the study period. The most common causes of death of patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes are cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Risk factors of death in type 1 DM include cardiovascular disease, diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy. Patients die at a younger age due to early onset of the disease. In type 2 diabetes risk factors of death are cardiovascular and oncologic diseases, nephropathy, the use of insulin. Patients die in elderly and senile age due to the late onset of diabetes. Gender differences in mortality associated with type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus were not observed. Conclusion. Main causes of death in patients with type 1 and 2 DM are cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Risk factors of death include macro - and microvascular complications.

DIABETIC ENCEPHALOPATHY IN TYPE 2 DIABETES

2017 ◽  
pp. 52-58
Author(s):  
Van Vy Hau Nguyen ◽  
Hai Thuy Nguyen ◽  
Dinh Toan Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Diabetic Encephalopathy ◽  
Downstream Effects ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Brain

Type 2 diabetes is a common metabolic disease with a rising global prevalence. It is associated with slowly progressive end-organ damage in the eyes and kidneys, but also in the brain. The latter complication is often referred to as "diabetic encephalopathy" and is characterized by mild to moderate impairments in cognitive functioning. It is also associated with an increased risk of dementia. Diabetic encephalopathies are now accepted complications of diabetes. To date, its pathogenetic mechanisms are largely unclear. They appear to differ in type 1 and type 2 diabetes as to underlying mechanisms and the nature of resulting cognitive deficits. The increased incidence of Alzheimer’s disease in type 2 diabetes is associated with insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia, and commonly accompanying attributes such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertension and obesity. However, cognitive impairement in type 1 diabetes have other differences with type 2 diabetes. The major underlying component here appears to be insulin deficiency with downstream effects on the expression of neurotrophic factors, neurotransmitters, oxidative and apoptotic stressors resulting in defects in neuronal integrity, connectivity and loss commonly occurring in the still developing brain.

scholarly journals Increased Tau Phosphorylation and Cleavage in Mouse Models of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes

Endocrinology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 150 (12) ◽  
pp. 5294-5301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhumsoo Kim ◽  
Carey Backus ◽  
SangSu Oh ◽  
John M. Hayes ◽  
Eva L. Feldman
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Mouse Models ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tau Phosphorylation ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Tau Cleavage

Abstract As the population of the United States ages, the incidence of age-related neurodegenerative and systemic diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and diabetes is increasing rapidly. Multiple studies report that patients with diabetes have a 50–75% increased risk of developing AD compared with age- and gender-matched patients without diabetes. Abnormally phosphorylated tau is a major building block of neurofibrillary tangles, a classic neuropathological characteristic of AD. In addition, proteolytic tau cleavage promotes AD progression due to cleaved tau serving as a nucleation center for the pathological assembly of tau filaments. The current study examines tau modification in type 1 (streptozotocin-injected) and type 2 (db/db) mouse models of diabetes. Tau phosphorylation is increased in the cortex and hippocampus of db/db mice compared with db+ control mouse brain. Interestingly, there is an age-dependent increase in tau cleavage that is not observed in age-matched control db+ animals. Streptozotocin injection also increased tau phosphorylation; however, the increase was less significant compared with the type 2 mouse model, and more importantly, no tau cleavage was detected. Our results suggest tau modification caused by insulin dysfunction and hyperglycemia may contribute to the increased incidence of AD in diabetes. We hypothesize that type 1 and type 2 diabetes may contribute to AD through different mechanisms; in type 2 diabetes, hyperglycemia-mediated tau cleavage may be the key feature, whereas insulin deficiency may be the major contributing factor in type 1 diabetes.

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