scholarly journals CB1 Activity Drives the Selection of Navigational Strategies: A Behavioral and c-Fos Immunoreactivity Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 1072
Author(s):  
Daniela Laricchiuta ◽  
Francesca Balsamo ◽  
Carlo Fabrizio ◽  
Anna Panuccio ◽  
Andrea Termine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Learning ◽  
Dorsal Striatum ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
Cognitive Map ◽  
Cb1 Receptors ◽  
Spatial Problem ◽  
System A ◽  
Hole Board ◽  
Selection Of

To promote efficient explorative behaviors, subjects adaptively select spatial navigational strategies based on landmarks or a cognitive map. The hippocampus works alone or in conjunction with the dorsal striatum, both representing the neuronal underpinnings of the navigational strategies organized on the basis of different systems of spatial coordinate integration. The high expression of cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptors in structures related to spatial learning—such as the hippocampus, dorsal striatum and amygdala—renders the endocannabinoid system a critical target to study the balance between landmark- and cognitive map-based navigational strategies. In the present study, mice treated with the CB1-inverse agonist/antagonist AM251 or vehicle were trained on a Circular Hole Board, a task that could be solved through either navigational strategy. At the end of the behavioral testing, c-Fos immunoreactivity was evaluated in specific nuclei of the hippocampus, dorsal striatum and amygdala. AM251 treatment impaired spatial learning and modified the pattern of the performed navigational strategies as well as the c-Fos immunoreactivity in the hippocampus, dorsal striatum and amygdala. The present findings shed light on the involvement of CB1 receptors as part of the selection system of the navigational strategies implemented to efficiently solve the spatial problem.

scholarly journals Cannabinoid Control of Olfactory Processes: The Where Matters

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Terral ◽  
Giovanni Marsicano ◽  
Pedro Grandes ◽  
Edgar Soria-Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cannabinoid Receptor ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
Cb1 Receptors ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Brain Circuits ◽  
The Brain

Olfaction has a direct influence on behavior and cognitive processes. There are different neuromodulatory systems in olfactory circuits that control the sensory information flowing through the rest of the brain. The presence of the cannabinoid type-1 (CB1) receptor, (the main cannabinoid receptor in the brain), has been shown for more than 20 years in different brain olfactory areas. However, only over the last decade have we started to know the specific cellular mechanisms that link cannabinoid signaling to olfactory processing and the control of behavior. In this review, we aim to summarize and discuss our current knowledge about the presence of CB1 receptors, and the function of the endocannabinoid system in the regulation of different olfactory brain circuits and related behaviors.

scholarly journals Sensitivity Based Selection of an Optimal Cable-Driven Parallel Robot Design for Rehabilitation Purposes

Robotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Ferdaws Ennaiem ◽  
Abdelbadiâ Chaker ◽  
Juan Sebastián Sandoval Arévalo ◽  
Med Amine Laribi ◽  
Sami Bennour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pareto Front ◽  
Parallel Robot ◽  
Elastic Stiffness ◽  
Upper Limb Rehabilitation ◽  
Daily Life Activities ◽  
System A ◽  
The Monte Carlo Method ◽  
Genetic Algorithm Method ◽  
Limb Rehabilitation ◽  
Selection Of

This paper deals with the design of an optimal cable-driven parallel robot (CDPR) for upper limb rehabilitation. The robot’s prescribed workspace is identified with the help of an occupational therapist based on three selected daily life activities, which are tracked using a Qualisys motion capture system. A preliminary architecture of the robot is proposed based on the analysis of the tracked trajectories of all the activities. A multi-objective optimization process using the genetic algorithm method is then performed, where the cable tensions and the robot size are selected as the objective functions to be minimized. The cables tensions are bounded between two limits, where the lower limit ensures a positive tension in the cables at all times and the upper limit represents the maximum torque of the motor. A sensitivity analysis is then performed using the Monte Carlo method to yield the optimal design selected out of the non-dominated solutions, forming the obtained Pareto front. The robot with the highest robustness toward the disturbances is identified, and its dexterity and elastic stiffness are calculated to investigate its performance.

scholarly journals An Analytical Approach for the Selection of Technologies to be Integrated in a Plug&play Façade Unit: The RenoZEB Case Study

Proceedings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Alessandro Pracucci ◽  
Sara Magnani ◽  
Laura Vandi ◽  
Oscar Casadei ◽  
Amaia Uriarte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Building Envelope ◽  
Design System ◽  
Decision Matrix ◽  
Design Guideline ◽  
Existing Building ◽  
Building Conditions ◽  
Zero Energy Building ◽  
System A ◽  
Selection Of

The nearly Zero Energy building (nZEB) renovation market is currently the key feature in the construction sector. RenoZEB aims to develop a systematic approach for retrofitting by assembling different technologies in a plug and play building envelope. This paper presents the methodology used to transform the RenoZEB concept in the design system. A multi-criteria decision matrix is used for the selection of the best façade technologies within the market while the analysis of the existing building conditions allows to develop a replicable approach for designing deep retrofitting intervention through a plug&play façade. The methodology appears to be a valuable support for the selection of technologies and allows to define a design guideline for the envelope.

Activation of astroglial CB1R mediates cerebral ischemic tolerance induced by electroacupuncture

2021 ◽  
pp. 0271678X2199439
Author(s):  
Cen Yang ◽  
Jingjing Liu ◽  
Jingyi Wang ◽  
Anqi Yin ◽  
Zhenhua Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
Artery Occlusion ◽  
Ischemic Tolerance ◽  
Protective Mechanisms ◽  
Promising Therapeutic Approach ◽  
Subsequent Activation ◽  
Cerebral Ischemic ◽  
Cerebral Artery Occlusion ◽  
The Brain

There are no effective treatments for stroke. The activation of endogenous protective mechanisms is a promising therapeutic approach, which evokes the intrinsic ability of the brain to protect itself. Accumulated evidence strongly suggests that electroacupuncture (EA) pretreatment induces rapid tolerance to cerebral ischemia. With regard to mechanisms underlying ischemic tolerance induced by EA, many molecules and signaling pathways are involved, such as the endocannabinoid system, although the exact mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. In the current study, we employed mutant mice, neuropharmacology, microdialysis, and virus transfection techniques in a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model to explore the cell-specific and brain region-specific mechanisms of EA-induced neuroprotection. EA pretreatment resulted in increased ambient endocannabinoid (eCB) levels and subsequent activation of ischemic penumbral astroglial cannabinoid type 1 receptors (CB1R) which led to moderate upregulation of extracellular glutamate that protected neurons from cerebral ischemic injury. These findings provide a novel cellular mechanism of EA and a potential therapeutic target for ischemic stroke.

Surgical Treatment of Cervical Arteriovenous Fistula in a Patient with Neurofibromatosis Type 1

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 566-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Guzel ◽  
M. Tatli ◽  
U. Er ◽  
A. Kazanci ◽  
H.M. Ozturk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arteriovenous Fistula ◽  
Treatment Option ◽  
Neurofibromatosis Type 1 ◽  
Surgical Excision ◽  
Neurofibromatosis Type ◽  
First Line ◽  
Endovascular Occlusion ◽  
First Line Treatment ◽  
Selection Of

Vasculopathies are frequently associated with neurofibromatosis type-1, and they are generally occlusive or stenotic type lesions. Vertebral arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is quite rare in neurofibromatosis type 1 patients. They can be treated with surgical excision or endovascular occlusion. We describe a surgically treated cervical AVF in a neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1) patient and discuss the selection of the patient for the surgery. Although endovascular occlusion is the first line treatment option for cervical AVFs, some selected cases can be successfully treated by surgery. Surgery should be considered as a treatment option in spite of its risks, especially for cervical AVF which is associated with fibromuscular system diseases like NF-1.

Endoleaks: current concepts and treatments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zia Ur Rehman
Keyword(s):  
Stent Graft ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Endovascular Aneurysm Repair ◽  
Aneurysm Rupture ◽  
Special Situation ◽  
Type V ◽  
Aneurysm Repair ◽  
Benign Course ◽  
Selection Of

Endoleaks are the most common complications following endovascular aneurysm repair. Depending upon their origin, there are five types of endoleaks, types I-V, which can also be classified as direct and indirect endoleaks. Direct endoleaks type 1 and III have higher risk of aneurysm rupture due to rapid sac expansion, and require immediate correction.  Indirect endoleaks types II, IV and V have a relatively benign course compared to direct endoleaks. Most of them resolve with time and very few of them need interventions upon sac enlargement. Type V endotension is a special situation where there is sac enlargement despite no demonstrable endoleak. Proper planning and appropriate selection of stent-graft can prevent most of these endoleaks. With improvement in stent-graft technology, the incidence of endoleaks has been reduced. The current narrative review was planned to describe the pathophysiology, risk factors and treatment options for each type of endoleak. Continuous...

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