scholarly journals Absence of Dx2 at Glu-D1 Locus Weakens Gluten Quality Potentially Regulated by Expression of Nitrogen Metabolism Enzymes and Glutenin-Related Genes in Wheat

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lijun Song ◽  
Liqun Li ◽  
Liye Zhao ◽  
Zhenzhen Liu ◽  
Tingting Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Nitrogen Assimilation ◽  
Near Isogenic Lines ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Gluten Quality ◽  
Metabolism Enzymes ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Glutenin Macropolymer ◽  
Gene Expression Levels

Absence of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS) Dx2 weakens the gluten quality, but it is unclear how the absence of Dx2 has these effects. Thus, we investigated the gluten quality in terms of cytological, physicochemical, and transcriptional characteristics using two near-isogenic lines with Dx2 absent or present at Glu-D1 locus. Cytological observations showed that absence of Dx2 delayed and decreased the accumulation of protein bodies (PBs), where fewer and smaller PBs formed in the endosperm. The activity and gene expression levels of nitrogen assimilation and proteolysis enzymes were lower in HMW-D1a without Dx2 than HMW-D1p with Dx2, and thus less amino acid was transported for protein synthesis in the grains. The expression pattern of genes encoding Glu-1Dx2+1Dy12 was similar to those of three transcription factors, where these genes were significantly down-regulated in HMW-D1a than HMW-D1p. Three genes involving with glutenin polymerization were also down-regulated in HMW-D1a. These results may explain the changes in the glutenin and glutenin macropolymer (GMP) levels during grain development. Therefore, we suggest that the lower nitrogen metabolism capacity and expression levels of glutenin synthesis-related genes in HMW-D1a accounted for the lower accumulation of glutenin, GMP, and PBs, thereby weakening the structural‒thermal properties of gluten.

scholarly journals Differences in Gene Expression Profiles of Seven Target Proteins in Third-Stage Larvae of Anisakis simplex (Sensu Stricto) by Sites of Infection in Blue Whiting (Micromesistius poutassou)

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marialetizia Palomba ◽  
Paolo Cipriani ◽  
Lucilla Giulietti ◽  
Arne Levsen ◽  
Giuseppe Nascetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Fish Host ◽  
Host Tissue ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Target Proteins ◽  
Blue Whiting ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Different Tissues ◽  
Gene Expression Levels

The third-stage larvae of the parasitic nematode genus Anisakis tend to encapsulate in different tissues including the musculature of fish. Host tissue penetration and degradation involve both mechanic processes and the production of proteins encoded by an array of genes. Investigating larval gene profiles during the fish infection has relevance in understanding biological traits in the parasite’s adaptive ability to cope with the fish hosts’ defense responses. The present study aimed to investigate the gene expression levels of some proteins in L3 of A. simplex (s.s.) infecting different tissues of blue whiting Micromesistius poutassou, a common fish host of the parasite in the NE Atlantic. The following genes encoding for Anisakis spp. proteins were studied: Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitor (TI), hemoglobin (hb), glycoprotein (GP), trehalase (treh), zinc metallopeptidase 13 (nas 13), ubiquitin-protein ligase (hyd) and sideroflexin 2 (sfxn 2). Significant differences in gene transcripts (by quantitative real-time PCR, qPCR) were observed in larvae located in various tissues of the fish host, with respect to the control. ANOVA analysis showed that relative gene expression levels of the seven target genes in the larvae are linked to the infection site in the fish host. Genes encoding some of the target proteins seem to be involved in the host tissue migration and survival of the parasite in the hostile target tissues of the fish host.

Relationship between codon biased genes, microarray expression values and physiological characteristics of Streptococcus pneumoniae

Microbiology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 150 (7) ◽  
pp. 2313-2325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio J. Martín-Galiano ◽  
Jerry M. Wells ◽  
Adela G. de la Campa
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Translation Rate ◽  
Metabolism Enzymes ◽  
Component Systems ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Two Component Systems ◽  
The Right ◽  
Microarray Expression ◽  
Dna Acquisition ◽  
Gene Expression Levels

A codon-profile strategy was used to predict gene expression levels in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Predicted highly expressed (PHE) genes included those encoding glycolytic and fermentative enzymes, sugar-conversion systems and carbohydrate-transporters. Additionally, some genes required for infection that are involved in oxidative metabolism and hydrogen peroxide production were PHE. Low expression values were predicted for genes encoding specific regulatory proteins like two-component systems and competence genes. Correspondence analysis localized 484 ORFs which shared a distinctive codon profile in the right horn. These genes had a mean G+C content (33·4 %) that was lower than the bulk of the genome coding sequences (39·7 %), suggesting that many of them were acquired by horizontal transfer. Half of these genes (242) were pseudogenes, ORFs shorter than 80 codons or without assigned function. The remaining genes included several virulence factors, such as capsular genes, iga, lytB, nanB, pspA, choline-binding proteins, and functions related to DNA acquisition, such as restriction-modification systems and comDE. In order to compare predicted translation rate with the relative amounts of mRNA for each gene, the codon adaptation index (CAI) values were compared with microarray fluorescence intensity values following hybridization of labelled RNA from laboratory-grown cultures. High mRNA amounts were observed in 32·5 % of PHE genes and in 64 % of the 25 genes with the highest CAI values. However, high relative amounts of RNA were also detected in 10·4 % of non-PHE genes, such as those encoding fatty acid metabolism enzymes and proteases, suggesting that their expression might also be regulated at the level of transcription or mRNA stability under the conditions tested. The effects of codon bias and mRNA amount on different gene groups in S. pneumoniae are discussed.

scholarly journals Effect of Exogenous Gibberellin, Paclobutrazol, Abscisic Acid, and Ethrel Application on Bulblet Development in Lycoris radiata

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junxu Xu ◽  
Qingzhu Li ◽  
Ye Li ◽  
Liuyan Yang ◽  
Yongchun Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Soluble Starch ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Metabolism Enzymes ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Lycoris Radiata ◽  
Bulblet Development

Lycoris species have great ornamental and medicinal values; however, their low regeneration efficiency significantly restricts their commercial production. Exogenous hormone application is an effective way to promote bulblet development, but their effect on Lycoris radiata has not been verified to date. In the present study, we examined the effect of different exogenous hormones on bulblet development in L. radiata, and found that gibberellic acid (GA) significantly inhibited, whereas paclobutrazol (PBZ), abscisic acid (ABA), and ethrel promoted bulblet development, especially PBZ, a GA biosynthesis inhibitor. Furthermore, GA reduced endogenous cytokinin (CK) content, as well as the activities of carbohydrate metabolism enzymes, including sucrose synthase (SUS) and glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase (AGPase), by downregulating the expression levels of LrSUS1, LrSUS2, and genes encoding AGPase large and small subunits. This resulted in the decrease in carbohydrate accumulation in the bulblets, thus hindering their development. PBZ had the opposite effect to GA on carbohydrate metabolism; it decreased endogenous GA15 and GA24, thereby promoting bulblet development. ABA promoted endogenous auxin content and the activities of starch synthesis enzymes, especially soluble starch synthase (SSS) and granule-bound SS (GBSS), through the up-regulation of the expression levels of LrSS1, LrSS2, and LrGBSS1 genes, which could also result in the accumulation of carbohydrates in the bulblets and promote their development. In addition, ethrel application partly promoted bulblet development by promoting endogenous CK content. Although the accumulation of carbohydrates and the activity of starch enzymes were increased by ethrel treatment, we hypothesized that the effect of ethrel on regulating carbohydrate metabolism may be indirect. Our results could provide a basis for improving the propagation efficiency of L. radiata for production, as well as propose some directions for future research.

scholarly journals Quality properties and expression profiling of protein disulfide isomerase genes during grain development of three spring wheat near isogenic lines

Genetika ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 249-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liwei Dong ◽  
Ning Li ◽  
Xiaobing Lu ◽  
Slaven Prodanovic ◽  
Yanhao Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Disulfide Isomerase ◽  
Near Isogenic Lines ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Disulfide Isomerase ◽  
Breadmaking Quality ◽  
Quality Properties ◽  
Isogenic Lines ◽  
Gluten Quality ◽  
Dynamic Expression ◽  
Protein Disulfide

Three wheat glutenin near isogenic lines (NILs) CB037A, CB037B and CB037C were used to investigate their quality properties and the transcriptional expression profiles of PDI gene family during grain development. Our purpose is to understand the relationships between the dynamic expression of different PDI genes and glutenin allelic compositions related to gluten quality. The results showed that glutenin allelic variations had no significant effects on main agronomic traits and yield performance, but resulted in clear gluten quality changes. CB037B with 5+10 subunits had higher glutenin macropolymer (GMP) content and better breadmaking quality than CB037A with 2+12 while the lack of Glu-B3h encoding one abundant B-subunit in CB037C significantly reduced GMP content, dough strength and breadmaking quality. The dynamic expression patterns of eight protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) genes during grain development detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) showed the close correlations between higher expression levels of PDI3-1, PDI5-1 and PDI8-1 and the presence of 5+10 subunits. Meanwhile, Glu-B3h silence resulted in significant decrease of expression levels of five PDI genes (PDI3-1, PDI5-1, PDI6-1, PDI7-2 and PDI8-1), suggesting the vital roles of certain PDI genes in glutenin and GMP synthesis and gluten quality formation.

scholarly journals A Sparse and Low-Rank Regression Model for Identifying the Relationships Between DNA Methylation and Gene Expression Levels in Gastric Cancer and the Prediction of Prognosis

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 854
Author(s):  
Yishu Wang ◽  
Lingyun Xu ◽  
Dongmei Ai
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
The Cancer Genome Atlas ◽  
Low Rank ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Rank Regression ◽  
Prediction Of Prognosis ◽  
Gene Expression Levels

DNA methylation is an important regulator of gene expression that can influence tumor heterogeneity and shows weak and varying expression levels among different genes. Gastric cancer (GC) is a highly heterogeneous cancer of the digestive system with a high mortality rate worldwide. The heterogeneous subtypes of GC lead to different prognoses. In this study, we explored the relationships between DNA methylation and gene expression levels by introducing a sparse low-rank regression model based on a GC dataset with 375 tumor samples and 32 normal samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Differences in the DNA methylation levels and sites were found to be associated with differences in the expressed genes related to GC development. Overall, 29 methylation-driven genes were found to be related to the GC subtypes, and in the prognostic model, we explored five prognoses related to the methylation sites. Finally, based on a low-rank matrix, seven subgroups were identified with different methylation statuses. These specific classifications based on DNA methylation levels may help to account for heterogeneity and aid in personalized treatments.

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