Adipokines and Obesity. Potential Link to Metabolic Disorders and Chronic Complications

Katarzyna Zorena; Olga Jachimowicz-Duda; Daniel Ślęzak; Marlena Robakowska; Małgorzata Mrugacz

doi:10.3390/ijms21103570

Adipokines and Obesity. Potential Link to Metabolic Disorders and Chronic Complications

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21103570 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (10) ◽

pp. 3570 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Katarzyna Zorena ◽

Olga Jachimowicz-Duda ◽

Daniel Ślęzak ◽

Marlena Robakowska ◽

Małgorzata Mrugacz

Keyword(s):

The Body ◽

Biologically Active ◽

World Health ◽

Target Cells ◽

Fatty Tissue ◽

Chronic Complications ◽

Overweight People ◽

Cochrane Database ◽

Potential Link ◽

Health Organization

The World Health Organization (WHO) has recognized obesity as one of the top ten threats to human health. It is estimated that the number of obese and overweight people worldwide exceeds the number of those who are undernourished. Obesity is not only a state of abnormally increased adipose tissue in the body, but also of increased release of biologically active adipokines. Adipokines released into the circulating blood, due to their specific receptors on the surface of target cells, act as classic hormones affecting the metabolism of tissues and organs. What is more, adipokines and cytokines may decrease the insulin sensitivity of tissues and induce inflammation and development of chronic complications. Certainly, it can be stated that in an era of a global obesity pandemic, adipokines may gain more and more importance as regards their use in the diagnostic evaluation and treatment of diseases. An extensive search for materials on the role of white, brown and perivascular fatty tissue and obesity-related metabolic and chronic complications was conducted online using PubMed, the Cochrane database and Embase.

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Fundamental Basis of COVID-19 Pathogenesis

Serbian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research ◽

10.2478/sjecr-2020-0029 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 93-111

Author(s):

Sergey Brankovich Bolevich ◽

Peter Frantzevich Litvitsky ◽

Sergei Vitalievich Grachev ◽

Sergey Ivanovich Vorobyev ◽

Alexandra Sergeevna Orlova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Epithelial Cells ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

The Body ◽

Biologically Active ◽

World Health ◽

Ros Generation ◽

Target Cells ◽

Atypical Pneumonia ◽

The World ◽

Health Organization

AbstractAt the end of 2019, a new coronavirus infection occurred in the People’s Republic of China with an epicentre in the city of Wuhan. On February 11th, 2020, the World Health Organization assigned the official name of the infection caused by the new coronavirus – COVID-19. COVID-19 has affected people from all over the world given that the infection was noted in 200 countries resulting in annunciation of the pandemic situation. Human corona viruses cause mild to moderate respiratory infections. At the end of 2002, a new coronavirus appeared (SARS-CoV), the causal agent of atypical pneumonia, which caused acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The initial stage of COVID-19 infection is the penetration of SARS-CoV-2 into target cells that have angiotensin converting enzyme type II receptors. The virus enters the body through the respiratory tract and interacts primarily with toll-like receptors (TLRs). The events in SARS-Cov-2 induced infection follow the next scenario: epithelial cells via TLRs recognize and identify SARS-Cov-2, and after that the information is transmitted to the transcriptional NF-κB, which causes expression of the corresponding genes. Activated in this way, the epithelial cells begin to synthesize various biologically active molecules. The results obtained on preclinical material indicate that ROS generation increases and the antioxidant protection decreases, which plays a major role in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV, as well as in the progression and severity of this respiratory disease.

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Iodine deficiency: socio-economic problems and new approaches to its solution in veterinary medicine

BIO Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/bioconf/20213204002 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 32 ◽

pp. 04002

Author(s):

Alexey Yevglevsky ◽

Andrey Gostev

Keyword(s):

Mental Retardation ◽

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Animal Husbandry ◽

Preventive Treatment ◽

The Body ◽

Biologically Active ◽

World Health ◽

Polymer Complex ◽

The World ◽

Health Organization

One of the global, vital problems of humanity is iodine deficiency. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 2 billion people live in conditions of iodine deficiency. people: among them, 740 million have endemic goiter, 43 million have mental retardation, more than 6 million. they suffer from cretinism (an extreme degree of mental retardation). Currently, iodine deficiency diseases are the most common non-infectious diseases in the world. What about mammalian animals? In animals, iodine performs the same functions as in humans. Animals, especially agricultural animals, are just as sensitive to iodine deficiency as humans. With a lack of iodine in the body of animals, the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones is disrupted, which leads to a decrease in the intensity of redox processes, as a result of which all types of metabolism are disrupted:-protein, fat, carbohydrate, macro – and microelement, energy. In this regard, the failure of the thyroid gland is accompanied by the development of severe pathobiochemical processes, which, in the end, leads to the clinical manifestation of pathophysiological conditions. Taking into account the fact that in conditions of constant iodine deficiency it is very problematic to ensure the health of productive animals, the issues of prevention of iodine deficiency conditions are economically significant for industrial animal husbandry. It is no accident that in countries experiencing natural iodine deficiency, state programs have been developed that provide for the use of iodine-containing additives in the diets of productive animals. Despite the fact that the simplest and most affordable method of eliminating iodine deficiency in humans and animals is the inclusion of iodized salt in the diet, however, this method can not be used for veterinary purposes. First of all, the feed method of using biologically active additives eliminates the possibility of dosed therapeutic or preventive treatment. On the pages of this article, we draw attention to the emerging prospects for the use of a new iodine-metabolic composition in non-infectious and infectious pathology, based on an iodine polymer complex known in pharmacology as iodinol and succinic acid.

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Secondary Metabolites of Plants as Modulators of Endothelium Functions

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22052533 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (5) ◽

pp. 2533

Author(s):

Anna Bartáková ◽

Marie Nováková

Keyword(s):

Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate ◽

Adenosine Monophosphate ◽

Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate ◽

The Body ◽

Guanosine Monophosphate ◽

Biologically Active ◽

World Health ◽

Intracellular Calcium Level ◽

Health Organization ◽

Active Substances

According to the World Health Organization, cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death worldwide. They may be caused by various factors or combinations of factors. Frequently, endothelial dysfunction is involved in either development of the disorder or results from it. On the other hand, the endothelium may be disordered for other reasons, e.g., due to infection, such as COVID-19. The understanding of the role and significance of the endothelium in the body has changed significantly over time—from a simple physical barrier to a complex system encompassing local and systemic regulation of numerous processes in the body. Endothelium disorders may arise from impairment of one or more signaling pathways affecting dilator or constrictor activity, including nitric oxide–cyclic guanosine monophosphate activation, prostacyclin–cyclic adenosine monophosphate activation, phosphodiesterase inhibition, and potassium channel activation or intracellular calcium level inhibition. In this review, plants are summarized as sources of biologically active substances affecting the endothelium. This paper compares individual substances and mechanisms that are known to affect the endothelium, and which subsequently may cause the development of cardiovascular disorders.

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The role of nanoparticles as nanocarriers for the controlled release of some potential existing antiviral drugs for SARS-CoV-2 management: A Review

Coronaviruses ◽

10.2174/2666796701999201209142419 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 01 ◽

Author(s):

Onome Ejeromedoghene ◽

Joshua I. Orege ◽

Justina U. Onwuka ◽

Philip A. Adebule ◽

Teddy Ehianeta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Controlled Release ◽

Drug Distribution ◽

Antiviral Drugs ◽

Health Care Facilities ◽

The Body ◽

World Health ◽

Target Cells ◽

Drug Molecules ◽

Antibiotic Drugs ◽

Health Organization

Introduction: The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently declared the outbreak and spread of the new strain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) a global pandemic. In this regard, a lot of scientific investigations and clinical trials on some existing antiviral and antibiotic drugs have been ongoing to combat this menace. Methods: In the past, conventional drug therapy has shown irregular drug distribution, poor solubility, and low permeability to target cells, organs, and tissues. However, Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine Remdesivir, Lopinavir/Ritonavir, etc. have attracted several investigations in mono-therapeutic approaches and a combination of therapy have shown promising effects in reducing viral loading in some SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. Never the less, the advent of nanomedicine has triggered serious attention on drug-loaded nanoparticle as nanocarriers to deliver bioactive drug molecules to target organs with increased circulation and controlled release. Therefore, the application of nanoparticles as nanocarriers for the controlled release of antiviral drugs would improve the ease of drug administration and care of patients admitted at various health care facilities worldwide. Conclusion: Owing to their small sizes, biocompatibility, and high encapsulation properties, nanoparticles can be utilized as potential nanocarrier of antiviral drugs for the SARS-CoV-2 management at a reduced cost with minimal side effect in the body system. In addition, some noticeable concerns on the ongoing management of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in developing nations have been presented for concerted attention.

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Secular Trends of Underweight, Overweight, and Obesity in Children and Adolescents from Ukraine

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18063302 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (6) ◽

pp. 3302

Author(s):

Katarzyna Dereń ◽

Justyna Wyszyńska ◽

Serhiy Nyankovskyy ◽

Olena Nyankovska ◽

Marta Yatsula ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Children And Adolescents ◽

Age Groups ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

The Body ◽

World Health ◽

Public Health Issue ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Significant Public Health ◽

Health Organization ◽

Obesity In Children

Overweight and obesity, as well as underweight in children and adolescents, pose a significant public health issue. This study aimed to investigate the secular trend of the incidence of underweight, overweight, and obesity in children from Ukraine in 2013/2014 and 2018/2019. The studies were conducted in randomly selected primary and secondary schools in Ukraine. In total, 13,447 children (6468 boys and 6979 girls) participated in the study in 2013/2014 and 18,144 children (8717 boys and 9427 girls) participated in 2018/2019. Measurements of body weight and height were performed in triplicate. Underweight, overweight, and obesity were diagnosed according to the standards of the World Health Organization (WHO). In the group of girls, a significant difference between 2013/2014 and 2018/2019 measurements was found only among 7-year-olds. The percentage of girls at this age exceeding the body mass index (BMI) norm was lower in the 2018/2019 study. In boys, a significant difference was also found in 7-year-olds, and, as in girls, a lower share of overweight and obesity was found in 2018/2019. But for the ages of 12, 13, and 15, the significant differences had a different character—more overweight or obese boys were found in the 2018/2019 study. The proportion of underweight children was similar for the majority of age groups in both genders and did not differ in a statistically significant way.

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Prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade entre mulheres eutróficas

Revista de Ciências Médicas e Biológicas ◽

10.9771/cmbio.v11i2.6682 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 184

Author(s):

Marcela Ribeiro da Costa ◽

Durval Sobreiro Júnior ◽

Crésio Alves

Keyword(s):

Normal Weight ◽

The Body ◽

World Health ◽

Font Size ◽

Percentage Body Fat ◽

Obesity And Overweight ◽

Skin Fold ◽

Methods Of Evaluation ◽

Health Organization ◽

Body Compositions

Introdução - Apesar da ampla utilização e significativa correlação do IMC (Índice de Massa Corporal) com o diagnóstico de sobrepeso e obesidade, estudos recentes sugerem pouca associação dos valores intermediários de sobrepeso com o percentual de gordura corporal, o que pode subestimar a prevalência de elevada adiposidade e seus riscos à saúde. Métodos - Este estudo comparou o diagnóstico de mulheres consideradas eutróficas pelo critério de IMC preconizado pela OMS (Organização Mundial de Saúde) com a avaliação segundo o cálculo do percentual de gordura corporal aferido por pregas cutâneas. Foram analisadas as fichas de avaliação física de duzentas e quatro alunas matriculadas em uma academia exclusiva para mulheres de Salvador, Bahia, em 2010. Foram analisados peso, altura, prega cutânea tricipital, supra-ilíaca e coxa, além dos cálculos de IMC e percentual de gordura corporal através do programa EVO®. Resultados - Foi observado que apenas 25,95% das mulheres eutróficas pelo valor do IMC permaneceram com mesmo diagnóstico nutricional após avaliação do percentual de gordura corporal. A prevalência de obesidade, segundo o IMC, foi de 6,37% da amostra total, enquanto essa prevalência entre mulheres eutróficas pelo IMC, após avaliação da composição corporal, foi de 38,17%, 6 vezes maior. Observou-se, também, influência da idade na adequação do IMC e percentual de gordura corporal. Discussão - Os achados deste estudo foram compatíveis com outros resultados encontrados na literatura, sugerindo subdiagnóstico do sobrepeso e da obesidade através da classificação do IMC e a necessidade da associação de métodos para uma avaliação clínica mais adequada e um diagnóstico do estado nutricional mais preciso. Abstract Introduction: The BMI (Body Mass Index) is the major parameter currently recommended by the WHO (world health organization) to determine the diagnosis and the treatment to obesity and overweight. The intermediate BMI classification could underestimate the diagnosis when is compared with other evaluation methods. Methods: the aim of this paper is show the relationship between normal BMI and the high percentage body fat evaluated by skin fold thicknesses protocol (Pollock, 1984) in woman from Salvador, Bahia, Brazil in 2010. We compared the classification diagnosis based in BMI and skin fold thicknesses in 204 women age between 20 to 59 years. Results: in our sample, according with the classification based in BMI 74% of subjects was considered normal weight. When we analyzed the skin fold classification only 26% remain with the same diagnosis. Conclusions: Our outcome shows the role of the BMI in the diagnosis of the obesity and overweight must to be considerated and added to other methods of evaluation of the body compositions a skin fold protocols.

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Developing WHO guidelines: Time to formally include evidence from mathematical modelling studies

F1000Research ◽

10.12688/f1000research.12367.1 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. 1584 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Matthias Egger ◽

Leigh Johnson ◽

Christian Althaus ◽

Anna Schöni ◽

Georgia Salanti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Modelling ◽

The Body ◽

World Health ◽

Who Guidelines ◽

Problem Model ◽

Assessment Development ◽

Modelling Studies ◽

Health Organization

In recent years, the number of mathematical modelling studies has increased steeply. Many of the questions addressed in these studies are relevant to the development of World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, but modelling studies are rarely formally included as part of the body of evidence. An expert consultation hosted by WHO, a survey of modellers and users of modelling studies, and literature reviews informed the development of recommendations on when and how to incorporate the results of modelling studies into WHO guidelines. In this article, we argue that modelling studies should routinely be considered in the process of developing WHO guidelines, but particularly in the evaluation of public health programmes, long-term effectiveness or comparative effectiveness. There should be a systematic and transparent approach to identifying relevant published models, and to commissioning new models. We believe that the inclusion of evidence from modelling studies into the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) process is possible and desirable, with relatively few adaptations. No single “one-size-fits-all” approach is appropriate to assess the quality of modelling studies. The concept of the ‘credibility’ of the model, which takes the conceptualization of the problem, model structure, input data, different dimensions of uncertainty, as well as transparency and validation into account, is more appropriate than ‘risk of bias’.

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Physical development of children in St. Petersburg: to the discussion about methods of evaluation

Pediatrician (St Petersburg) ◽

10.17816/ped10233-36 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 33-36

Author(s):

Vera L. Gritsinskaya ◽

Valeria P. Novikova

Keyword(s):

Essential Feature ◽

The Body ◽

International Standards ◽

World Health ◽

School Age Children ◽

Growth Spurt ◽

School Age ◽

Modern School ◽

Health Organization ◽

Growth Assessment

Anthropometric evaluation is an essential feature of pediatric evaluation. Different countries use different approaches in pediatric growth assessment. The article presents a comparative analysis of the body length (BL) indicators of modern school-age children in St. Petersburg with regional standards (1991) and international standards (WHO Growth Reference 2007). Anthropometric evaluation was conducted among 6207 children aged 7 to 17 years; the median, standard deviation and centile distribution of the BL values of school-age children were determined. We found that the values of BL of modern school-age children are higher than that their peers had thirty years ago; in boys, the maximum difference is found during the pubertal growth spurt; Non-parametric and parametric indicators of BL in senior pupils of St. Petersburg are higher than in the standards of the World Health Organization; in junior schoolchildren no difference was found. The data we obtained create the prerequisites for the development of modern regional standards for growth assessment of children and school-age children in St. Petersburg and their practical use for pediatric examinations.

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NEW CORONOVIRUS INFECTION: CLINICAL AND PATHOGENETIC ASPECTS OF COVID-19 IN PREGNANT WOMEN

"Medical & pharmaceutical journal "Pulse" ◽

10.26787/nydha-2686-6838-2021-23-8-57-62 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 57-62

Author(s):

Allakhyarov D.Z. ◽

Petrov Yu.A. ◽

Chernavsky V.V.

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

The Body ◽

World Health ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Global Pandemic ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Coronavirus Infection ◽

The Moment ◽

Health Organization ◽

The Impact

This article presents reviews of literature sources on the clinical and pathogenetic aspects of the course of a new coronovirus infection in pregnant women, in order to analyze the features of the course of COVID-19 in pregnant women and to assess the impact of infection on the body of a woman and a fetus. Pregnancy is a special physiological condition, during which a number of changes occur in the body, not only in the hormonal status, but also in the immune system. The urgency of this problem is due to the high prevalence of new coronavirus infection among the population. On March 12, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO), as a result of the dynamic development of the epidemic in many countries and continents, declared a global pandemic of the contagious disease COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. According to available studies, pregnant women are more susceptible to a more severe course of infectious diseases affecting the upper respiratory tract. According to various studies, a new coronavirus infection can lead to premature birth, miscarriage, and preeclampsia. Separate studies show increased mortality in pregnant women diagnosed with COVID-19. The SARS-CoV-2 virus does not have a direct teratogenic effect on the fetus, but it can indirectly lead to harmful effects on the developing organism. Special attention should be paid to the issue of vaccination of pregnant women against a new coronavirus infection, at the moment there is no accurate data on the effect of the vaccine on the body of the pregnant woman and the fetus. In this regard, the question of the impact of a new coronavirus infection on the course of pregnancy has become relevant.

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Introduction

Leprosy ◽

10.5744/florida/9781683401841.003.0001 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-19

Author(s):

Charlotte A. Roberts

Keyword(s):

World Health Organization ◽

Mycobacterium Leprae ◽

Relative Strength ◽

The Body ◽

World Health ◽

Neglected Tropical Disease ◽

The World ◽

Mycobacterium Lepromatosis ◽

History Of ◽

Health Organization

This chapter introduces leprosy, an infection that is still misunderstood and considered a neglected tropical disease but declining in frequency, according to the World Health Organization. The bacteria that cause leprosy, Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis, are outlined, as well as how a relative strength of a person’s immune system determines how leprosy affects the body. Although leprosy is curable, associated stigma and disability remain common challenges for people with the disease in parts of the world. The goals and structure of the book are outlined, ten myths that still pervade society at large are listed, and the use of the word “leper” discussed. Based on World Health Organization data, the chapter also explores the frequency of leprosy today, where the infection remains a challenge, and the history of detecting and reporting evidence for leprosy in living populations. Finally, the reasons why bioarchaeologists have an interest in this infection are explored.

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