Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Microbial-Modulating Activities of Essential Oils: Implications in Colonic Pathophysiology

Essential oils (EOs) are a complex mixture of hydrophobic and volatile compounds synthesized from aromatic plants, most of them commonly used in the human diet. In recent years, many studies have analyzed their antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and anticancer properties in vitro and on experimentally induced animal models of colitis and colorectal cancer. However, there are still few clinical studies aimed to understand their role in the modulation of the intestinal pathophysiology. Many EOs and some of their molecules have demonstrated their efficacy in inhibiting bacterial, fungi and virus replication and in modulating the inflammatory and oxidative processes that take place in experimental colitis. In addition to this, their antitumor activity against colorectal cancer models makes them extremely interesting compounds for the modulation of the pathophysiology of the large bowel. The characterization of these EOs is made difficult by their complexity and by the different compositions present in the same oil having different geographical origins. This review tries to shift the focus from the EOs to their individual compounds, to expand their possible applications in modulating colon pathophysiology.

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Molecules Present in Plant Essential Oils for Prevention and Treatment of Colorectal Cancer (CRC)

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26040885 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 885

Author(s):

Giovannamaria Petrocelli ◽

Fulvia Farabegoli ◽

Maria Chiara Valerii ◽

Catia Giovannini ◽

Alberto Sardo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Colorectal Cancer ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Cell Line ◽

Targeted Delivery ◽

Complex Mixture ◽

Human Colon ◽

Epithelial Cell Line ◽

Colon Cells ◽

Anticancer Properties

Essential oils (EOs) are a complex mixture of hydrophobic and volatile compounds synthesized from aromatic plants, commonly present in the human diet. In recent years, many in vitro studies have suggested possible anticancer properties of single EO compounds, on colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. However, the majority of these studies did not compare the effects of these compounds on normal and cancer colon cells. By using NCM-460, a normal human mucosal epithelial cell line, Caco-2, a human colon epithelial adenocarcinoma cell line, and SW-620, colon cancer cells derived from lymph node metastatic site, we identified cinnamaldehyde, derived from cinnamon EO and eugenol, derived from bud clove EO, as compounds with a specific anticancer action selectively targeting the transformed colonic cells. Both cinnamaldehyde (75 µM) and eugenol (800 µM), after 72 h of treatment, were capable to induce apoptosis, necrosis and a cell cycle slowdown in Caco-2 and in SW-620, but not in NCM-460 cells. If associated with a targeted delivery to the colon, these two compounds could prove effective in the prevention or treatment of CRC.

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Cardamonin Attenuates Experimental Colitis and Associated Colorectal Cancer

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom11050661 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 661

Author(s):

Shirley James ◽

Jayasekharan S. Aparna ◽

Anu Babu ◽

Aswathy Mary Paul ◽

Manendra Babu Lankadasari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Colorectal Cancer ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Experimental Colitis ◽

Tumor Formation ◽

Raw 264.7 Cells ◽

Wide Range ◽

Nitrous Oxide Production ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Cardamonin is a naturally occurring chalcone, majorly from the Zingiberaceae family, which includes a wide range of spices from India. Herein, we investigated the anti-inflammatory property of cardamonin using different in vitro and in vivo systems. In RAW 264.7 cells, treatment with cardamonin showed a reduced nitrous oxide production without affecting the cell viability and decreased the expression of iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-6, and inhibited NF-kB signaling which emphasizes the role of cardamonin as an anti-inflammatory molecule. In a mouse model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis, cardamonin treatment protected the mice from colitis. Subsequently, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of this chalcone in a colitis-associated colon cancer model. We performed microRNA profiling in the different groups and observed that cardamonin modulates miRNA expression, thereby inhibiting tumor formation. Together, our findings indicate that cardamonin has the potential to be considered for future therapy against colorectal cancer.

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Anticancer effects against colorectal cancer models of chloro(triethylphosphine)gold(I) encapsulated in PLGA–PEG nanoparticles

BioMetals ◽

10.1007/s10534-021-00313-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Alessio Menconi ◽

Tiziano Marzo ◽

Lara Massai ◽

Alessandro Pratesi ◽

Mirko Severi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Colorectal Cancer ◽

Gold Complex ◽

Drug Candidate ◽

Side Reactions ◽

Anticancer Effects ◽

Cancer Models ◽

Free Gold ◽

Hct 116 ◽

New Formulation

AbstractChloro(triethylphosphine)gold(I), (Et3PAuCl hereafter), is an Auranofin (AF)-related compound showing very similar biological and pharmacological properties. Like AF, Et3PAuCl exhibits potent antiproliferative properties in vitro toward a variety of cancer cell lines and is a promising anticancer drug candidate. We wondered whether Et3PAuCl encapsulation might lead to an improved pharmacological profile also considering the likely reduction of unwanted side-reactions that are responsible for adverse effects and for drug inactivation. Et3PAuCl was encapsulated in biocompatible PLGA–PEG nanoparticles (NPs) and the new formulation evaluated in colorectal HCT-116 cancer cells in comparison to the free gold complex. Notably, encapsulated Et3PAuCl (nano-Et3PAuCl hereafter) mostly retains the cellular properties of the free gold complex and elicits even greater cytotoxic effects in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells, mediated by apoptosis and autophagy. Moreover, a remarkable inhibition of two crucial signaling pathways, i.e. ERK and AKT, by nano-Et3PAuCl, was clearly documented. The implications of these findings are discussed.

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Suppression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced neutrophil adherence responses by essential oils

Mediators of Inflammation ◽

10.1080/09629350310001633342 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 323-328 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

Shigeru Abe ◽

Naho Maruyama ◽

Kazumi Hayama ◽

Hiroko Ishibashi ◽

Shigeharu Inoue ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Tumor Necrosis ◽

Neutrophil Activation ◽

Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Neutrophil Adherence ◽

Factor Alpha ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Necrosis Factor

Background:In aromatherapy, essential oils are used as anti-inflammatory remedies, but experimental studies on their action mechanisms are very limited.Aims:To assess their anti-inflammatory activities, effects of essential oils on neutrophil activation were examinedin vitro.Methods:Neutrophil activation was measured by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-induced adherence reaction of human peripheral neutrophils.Results:All essential oils tested at 0.1% concentration suppressed TNF-α-induced neutrophil adherence, and, in particular, lemongrass, geranium and spearmint oils clearly lowered the reaction even at 0.0125%. Similar inhibitory activities for the neutrophil adherence were obtained by their major constituent terpenoids: citral, geraniol, citronellol and carvone. In contrast, very popular essential oils, tea tree oil and lavender oil, did not display the inhibitory activity at the concentration.Conclusion:Thus, some essential oils used as anti-inflammatory remedies suppress neutrophil activation by TNF-α at a low concentration (0.0125-0.025%)in vitro.

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Modulatory effect of Syzygium aromaticum and Pelargonium graveolens on oxidative stress and inflammation

10.1101/362426 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Ilias Marmouzi ◽

El Mostafa Karym ◽

Rachid Alami ◽

Meryem El Jemli ◽

Mourad Kharbach ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Toxic Effect ◽

Tetrahymena Pyriformis ◽

Syzygium Aromaticum ◽

Minimal Risk ◽

Pelargonium Graveolens ◽

Anti Inflammatory

AbstractBackgroundTherapy combination is defined as disease treatment with two or more medication to acheive efficacy with lower doses or lower toxicity. Regarding its reported toxicities and efficacy, the Essential Oils (EOs) from Syzygium aromaticum (SA) and Pelargonium graveolens (PG) were combined for in vitro and in vivo assays and toxicities.MethodsThe Essential Oils and mixture were tested for in vivo/in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The assays included the animal model of acute inflammation (carrageenan model), the protective effect on H2O2/Sodium nitroprissude induced stress in Tetrahymena pyriformis, and the in vitro antioxidant assays.ResultsThe chemical analysis of the investigated Oils has lead to the identification of Eugenol (74.06%), Caryophyllene (11.52%) and Carvacrol acetate (7.82%) as the major element in SA; while PG was much higher in Citronellol (30.77%), 10-epi-γ-Eudesmol (22.59%), and Geraniol (13.95%). In our pharmacological screening of samples, both Oils demonstrated good antioxidant effects. In vivo investigation of the antioxidant activity in the protozoa model (T. pyriformis) demonstrated a lesser toxic effect of EOs mixture with no significant differences when oxidative stress markers and antioxidant enzymes (MDA, SOD and CAT) were evaluated. On the other hand the in vivo model of inflammatory response to carrageenan demonstrated a good inhibitory potential of both EOs. The EOs Mixture demonstrated equivalent bioactivity with lower toxic effect and minimal risk for each compound.ConclusionsThe results from this study indicate that EOs mixture from SA and PG demonstrated promising modulatory antioxidant/anti-inflammatory effect, which suggest an efficient association for therapy.

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Anti-Inflammatory Formulation and Characterization of an Herbal Formulation

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2020/v32i4331069 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 51-57

Author(s):

Snigdha Pattnaik ◽

Laxmidhar Moharana

Keyword(s):

Pain Reduction ◽

Inflammatory Activity ◽

Topical Gel ◽

Herbal Formulation ◽

Characterization Studies ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Vitro Analysis ◽

In Vitro Analysis

Anti-inflammatory refers to group of medication that is utilized for curing pain and inflammation. Many synthetic products are used as anti-inflammatory agents but the effects caused by them is not satisfactory. Cordis obliqua is an anti-inflammatory herb that is enormously involved in pain reduction. The present paper aims to develop a topical gel formulation comprising herbs i.e. Cordis obliqua and curcumin with potent anti-inflammatory activity. The gel formulation was then subjected to characterization studies which involve pH, viscosity, excrudability, spreadability and in vitro analysis. pH of gel formulation was found to be 7.2±1.01 which is almost equivalent to the skin pH. In viscosity test, it was observed that viscosity of gel formulation was found to be effective. Moreover, spreadability co-efficient of the formulation satisfactory which indicates that sanitizer gel easily adhers on the skin and covers the bacteria residing on the skin, if any.

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Trichomes Morphology and Essential Oils Characterization of Field-Growing and In Vitro Propagated Plants of Lavandula pedunculata

Microscopy and Microanalysis ◽

10.1017/s143192760808971x ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 14 (S3) ◽

pp. 148-149 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

M. Zuzarte ◽

A.M. Dinis ◽

C. Cavaleiro ◽

J. Canhoto ◽

L. Salgueiro

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Antifungal Activity ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Vegetative Propagation ◽

Leaf Trichomes ◽

Economic Exploitation ◽

Selection Of

The selection of native Lavandula species and their economic exploitation have increased in the last few years. Micropropagation techniques have been used as an alternative for vegetative propagation allowing the multiplication of selected genotypes and chemotypes. Our previous studies showed that the essential oils of Lavandula pedunculata have an important antifungal activity against dermatophyte strains. Therefore, a new line of investigation concerning the in vitro culture of this species is justified. In the present study we compare the morphology of the leaf trichomes and the chemical composition of their essential oils in both field-growing and in vitro propagated plants.

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