scholarly journals Resolving the Ionotropic P2X4 Receptor Mystery Points towards a New Therapeutic Target for Cardiovascular Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (14) ◽  
pp. 5005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Bragança ◽  
Paulo Correia-de-Sá
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
P2x4 Receptor ◽  
Extracellular Milieu ◽  
Intracellular Energy ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Cardiovascular Functions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a primordial versatile autacoid that changes its role from an intracellular energy saver to a signaling molecule once released to the extracellular milieu. Extracellular ATP and its adenosine metabolite are the main activators of the P2 and P1 purinoceptor families, respectively. Mounting evidence suggests that the ionotropic P2X4 receptor (P2X4R) plays pivotal roles in the regulation of the cardiovascular system, yet further therapeutic advances have been hampered by the lack of selective P2X4R agonists. In this review, we provide the state of the art of the P2X4R activity in the cardiovascular system. We also discuss the role of P2X4R activation in kidney and lungs vis a vis their interplay to control cardiovascular functions and dysfunctions, including putative adverse effects emerging from P2X4R activation. Gathering this information may prompt further development of selective P2X4R agonists and its translation to the clinical practice.

scholarly journals Immunovirological parameters and cytokines in HIV infection

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 663-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Ingrid Tasca ◽  
Sueli Aparecida Calvi ◽  
Lenice do Rosário de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Immune Activation ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapies ◽  
The Many ◽  
Lower Morbidity

Although modern combined antiretroviral therapies (cART) result in lower morbidity and mortality and a visible improvement of clinical and laboratory parameters in HIV-infected, it is known that their long-term use contributes to appearance of the many events unrelated to AIDS such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer and osteoporosis, comorbidities which have been proposed as some of the most important that deprive the majority of infected to present an even better prognosis. This is because even with a decrease in inflammation and immune activation after drug intervention to the patient, these parameters remain higher than those shown by healthy individuals and the imbalance of cytokine profiles also persists. Therefore, evaluations of other biomarkers in clinical practice are needed to complement the exams already carried out routinely and allow more effective monitoring of HIV patients. This review aims to investigate the role of cytokines as potential markers showing studies on their behavior in various stages of HIV infection, with or without cART.

Nanosensors for therapeutic drug monitoring: implications for transplantation

Nanomedicine ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (20) ◽  
pp. 2735-2747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashkan Shafiee ◽  
Elham Ghadiri ◽  
Jareer Kassis ◽  
Anthony Atala
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Organ Rejection ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Deceased Donors ◽  
Transplanted Organs ◽  
Further Development

The number of patients requiring organ transplantations is exponentially increasing. New organs are either provided by healthy or deceased donors, or are grown in laboratories by tissue engineers. Post-surgical follow-up is vital for preventing any complications that can cause organ rejection. Physiological monitoring of a patient who receives newly transplanted organs is crucial. Many efforts are being made to enhance follow-up technologies for monitoring organ recipients, and point-of-care devices are beginning to emerge. Here, we describe the role of biosensors and nanosensors in improving organ transplantation efficiency, managing post-surgical follow-up and reducing overall costs. We provide an overview of the state-of-the-art biosensing technologies and offer some perspectives related to their further development.

scholarly journals microRNAs in the onset and development of cardiovascular disease

2013 ◽  
Vol 126 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kasey C. Vickers ◽  
Kerry-Anne Rye ◽  
Fatiha Tabet
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Novel Therapies ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Gene Regulatory

Physiological and pathological roles for small non-encoding miRNAs (microRNAs) in the cardiovascular system have recently emerged and are now widely studied. The discovery of widespread functions of miRNAs has increased the complexity of gene-regulatory processes and networks in both the cardiovascular system and cardiovascular diseases. Indeed, it has recently been shown that miRNAs are implicated in the regulation of many of the steps leading to the development of cardiovascular disease. These findings represent novel aspects in miRNA biology and, therefore, our understanding of the role of these miRNAs during the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease is critical for the development of novel therapies and diagnostic interventions. The present review will focus on understanding how miRNAs are involved in the onset and development of cardiovascular diseases.

scholarly journals Emerging role of VCP/p97 in cardiovascular diseases: novel insights and therapeutic opportunities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongyang Shu ◽  
Yizhong Peng ◽  
Weijian Hang ◽  
Ning Zhou ◽  
Dao Wen Wang
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Heart Research

Valosin-containing protein (VCP/p97) is a member of the conserved type II AAA+ (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities) family of proteins with multiple biological functions, especially in protein homeostasis. Mutations in VCP/p97 are reportedly related to unique autosomal dominant diseases, which may worsen cardiac function. Although the structure of VCP/p97 has been clearly characterized, with reports of high abundance in the heart, research focusing on the molecular mechanisms underpinning the roles of VCP/p97 in the cardiovascular system has been recently undertaken over the past decades. Recent studies have shown that VCP/p97 deficiency affects myocardial fibers and induces heart failure, while overexpression of VCP/p97 eliminates ischemia/reperfusion injury and relieves pathological cardiac hypertrophy caused by cardiac pressure overload, which is related to changes in the mitochondria and calcium overload. However, certain studies have drawn opposing conclusions, including the mitigation of ischemia/reperfusion injury via inhibition of VCP/p97 ATPase activity. Nevertheless, these emerging studies shed light on the role of VCP/p97 and its therapeutic potential in cardiovascular diseases. In other words, VCP/p97 may be involved in the development of cardiovascular disease, and is anticipated to be a new therapeutic target. This review summarizes current findings regarding VCP/p97 in the cardiovascular system for the first time, and discusses the role of VCP/p97 in cardiovascular disease.

scholarly journals An open-label multicenter observational study (registry) of patients recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with involvement of the cardiovascular system or with baseline severe cardiovascular diseases: rationale, design, and implications for clinical practice

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 4287
Author(s):  
A. O. Konradi ◽  
S. V. Villevalde ◽  
D. V. Duplyakov ◽  
A. V. Kozlenok ◽  
O. V. Melnik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Cardiovascular Complications ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Multicenter Observational Study ◽  
Cardiovascular Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
International Data

The potential impact on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality have become one of the most important issues of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. COVID-19 may be associated with more frequent development of acute cardiovascular complications, while patients with established cardiovascular diseases are characterized by a higher risk of severe infection and adverse in-hospital outcomes. Due to the spread scale of the pandemic, understanding the long-term cardiovascular consequences of COVID-19 is of no less importance. Inability to extrapolate available international data to the Russian population has led to the initiation of a national multicenter study (registry) of patients recovered from COVID-19 and with concomitant involvement of the cardiovascular system or with baseline severe cardiovascular diseases. The article presents its rationale, design and implications of the results for clinical practice.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial Transfer in Cardiovascular Disease: From Mechanisms to Therapeutic Implications

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Chen ◽  
Jinjie Zhong ◽  
Lin-lin Wang ◽  
Ying-ying Chen
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
System Development ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Extracellular Vesicle ◽  
Therapeutic Implications ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Mitochondrial Transfer ◽  
Transfer Strategies

Mitochondrial dysfunction has been proven to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. The phenomenon of intercellular mitochondrial transfer has been discovered in the cardiovascular system. Studies have shown that cell-to-cell mitochondrial transfer plays an essential role in regulating cardiovascular system development and maintaining normal tissue homeostasis under physiological conditions. In pathological conditions, damaged cells transfer dysfunctional mitochondria toward recipient cells to ask for help and take up exogenous functional mitochondria to alleviate injury. In this review, we summarized the mechanism of mitochondrial transfer in the cardiovascular system and outlined the fate and functional role of donor mitochondria. We also discussed the advantage and challenges of mitochondrial transfer strategies, including cell-based mitochondrial transplantation, extracellular vesicle-based mitochondrial transplantation, and naked mitochondrial transplantation, for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders. We hope this review will provide perspectives on mitochondrial-targeted therapeutics in cardiovascular diseases.

Role of Toll-like receptors in cardiovascular diseases

2011 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesus G. Vallejo
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Viral Myocarditis ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Cardiac Remodelling ◽  
Septic Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Immune Recognition

The discovery and characterization of the TLR (Toll-like receptor) family has led to a better understanding of the innate immune system. The strategy of innate immune recognition is based on the detection of constitutive and conserved products of micro-organisms. However, host molecules that are released during injury can also activate TLRs. Engagement of TLRs by microbial or host-derived molecules induces the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which may have both beneficial and detrimental effects on the host. In addition to being expressed in immune cells, TLRs are expressed in other tissues such as those of the cardiovascular system. In the present review, the role of TLRs in septic cardiomyopathy, viral myocarditis, atherosclerosis, ischaemia/reperfusion injury and cardiac remodelling after myocardial infarction are outlined, with attention paid to genetically modified murine models. Although much has been learned about stress-induced TLR activation in the tissues of the cardiovascular system, the role of individual TLRs in initiating and integrating homoeostatic responses within the heart remains to be defined. Accumulating evidence indicates that TLRs may play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, viral myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, cardiac allograft rejection and sepsis-induced left ventricular dysfunction. Moreover, heart failure of diverse aetiology is also now recognized to have an important immune component, with TLR signalling influencing the process of cardiac remodelling and prognosis. In the present review, we outline the biology of TLRs as well as the current experimental and clinical evidence for the role of TLRs in cardiovascular diseases.

scholarly journals Histone Methylation Related Therapeutic Challenge in Cardiovascular Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Yang ◽  
Ying Luan ◽  
Rui-Xia Yuan ◽  
Yi Luan
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Histone Modifications ◽  
Histone Methylation ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Vascular Inflammation ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
High Prevalence

The epidemic of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is predicted to spread rapidly in advanced countries accompanied by the high prevalence of risk factors. In terms of pathogenesis, the pathophysiology of CVDs is featured by multiple disorders, including vascular inflammation accompanied by simultaneously perturbed pathways, such as cell death and acute/chronic inflammatory reactions. Epigenetic alteration is involved in the regulation of genome stabilization and cellular homeostasis. The association between CVD progression and histone modifications is widely known. Among the histone modifications, histone methylation is a reversible process involved in the development and homeostasis of the cardiovascular system. Abnormal methylation can promote CVD progression. This review discusses histone methylation and the enzymes involved in the cardiovascular system and determine the effects of histone methyltransferases and demethylases on the pathogenesis of CVDs. We will further demonstrate key proteins mediated by histone methylation in blood vessels and review histone methylation-mediated cardiomyocytes and cellular functions and pathways in CVDs. Finally, we will summarize the role of inhibitors of histone methylation and demethylation in CVDs and analyze their therapeutic potential, based on previous studies.

scholarly journals Role of melatonin in the angiogenesis potential; highlights on the cardiovascular disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Afshin Rahbarghazi ◽  
Marefat Siahkouhian ◽  
Reza Rahbarghazi ◽  
Mahdi Ahmadi ◽  
Lotfali Bolboli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
Functional Behavior ◽  
Angiogenesis Modulators

AbstractMelatonin possesses multi-organ and pleiotropic effects with potency to control angiogenesis at both molecular and cellular levels. To date, many efforts have been made to control and regulate the dynamic of angiogenesis modulators in a different milieu. The term angiogenesis or neovascularization refers to the development of de novo vascular buds from the pre-existing blood vessels. This phenomenon is tightly dependent on the balance between the pro- and anti-angiogenesis factors which alters the functional behavior of vascular cells. The promotion of angiogenesis is thought to be an effective strategy to accelerate the healing process of ischemic changes such as infarcted myocardium. Of note, most of the previous studies have focused on the anti-angiogenesis capacity of melatonin in the tumor niche. To the best of our knowledge, few experiments highlighted the melatonin angiogenesis potential and specific regulatory mechanisms in the cardiovascular system. Here, we aimed to summarize some previous experiments related to the application of melatonin in cardiovascular diseases such as ischemic injury and hypertension by focusing on the regulatory mechanisms.

scholarly journals The “Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy” of Endothelial Dysfunction Markers in Human Fertility

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 2584
Author(s):  
Daniele Santi ◽  
Giorgia Spaggiari ◽  
Carla Greco ◽  
Clara Lazzaretti ◽  
Elia Paradiso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Reproductive Health ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Early Event ◽  
Vascular Health ◽  
Human Fertility ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Endothelial Homeostasis

Endothelial dysfunction is an early event in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and represents the first step in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. The evaluation of endothelial health is fundamental in clinical practice and several direct and indirect markers have been suggested so far to identify any alterations in endothelial homeostasis. Alongside the known endothelial role on vascular health, several pieces of evidence have demonstrated that proper endothelial functioning plays a key role in human fertility and reproduction. Therefore, this state-of-the-art review updates the endothelial health markers discriminating between those available for clinical practice or for research purposes and their application in human fertility. Moreover, new molecules potentially helpful to clarify the link between endothelial and reproductive health are evaluated herein.

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