scholarly journals Mitochondrial Transfer in Cardiovascular Disease: From Mechanisms to Therapeutic Implications

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Chen ◽  
Jinjie Zhong ◽  
Lin-lin Wang ◽  
Ying-ying Chen
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
System Development ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Extracellular Vesicle ◽  
Therapeutic Implications ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Mitochondrial Transfer ◽  
Transfer Strategies

Mitochondrial dysfunction has been proven to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. The phenomenon of intercellular mitochondrial transfer has been discovered in the cardiovascular system. Studies have shown that cell-to-cell mitochondrial transfer plays an essential role in regulating cardiovascular system development and maintaining normal tissue homeostasis under physiological conditions. In pathological conditions, damaged cells transfer dysfunctional mitochondria toward recipient cells to ask for help and take up exogenous functional mitochondria to alleviate injury. In this review, we summarized the mechanism of mitochondrial transfer in the cardiovascular system and outlined the fate and functional role of donor mitochondria. We also discussed the advantage and challenges of mitochondrial transfer strategies, including cell-based mitochondrial transplantation, extracellular vesicle-based mitochondrial transplantation, and naked mitochondrial transplantation, for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders. We hope this review will provide perspectives on mitochondrial-targeted therapeutics in cardiovascular diseases.

Role of Platelet-Activating Factor in Cardiovascular Pathophysiology

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 1669-1699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Montrucchio ◽  
Giuseppe Alloatti ◽  
Giovanni Camussi
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Platelet Activating Factor ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Endothelial Cell Migration

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a phospholipid mediator that belongs to a family of biologically active, structurally related alkyl phosphoglycerides. PAF acts via a specific receptor that is coupled with a G protein, which activates a phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C. In this review we focus on the aspects that are more relevant for the cell biology of the cardiovascular system. The in vitro studies provided evidence for a role of PAF both as intercellular and intracellular messenger involved in cell-to-cell communication. In the cardiovascular system, PAF may have a role in embryogenesis because it stimulates endothelial cell migration and angiogenesis and may affect cardiac function because it exhibits mechanical and electrophysiological actions on cardiomyocytes. Moreover, PAF may contribute to modulation of blood pressure mainly by affecting the renal vascular circulation. In pathological conditions, PAF has been involved in the hypotension and cardiac dysfunctions occurring in various cardiovascular stress situations such as cardiac anaphylaxis and hemorrhagic, traumatic, and septic shock syndromes. In addition, experimental studies indicate that PAF has a critical role in the development of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Indeed, PAF cooperates in the recruitment of leukocytes in inflamed tissue by promoting adhesion to the endothelium and extravascular transmigration of leukocytes. The finding that human heart can produce PAF, expresses PAF receptor, and is sensitive to the negative inotropic action of PAF suggests that this mediator may have a role also in human cardiovascular pathophysiology.

Extracellular vesicle interplay in cardiovascular pathophysiology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherin Saheera ◽  
Vivek P Jani ◽  
Kenneth W Witwer ◽  
Shelby Kutty
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Lipid Bilayer ◽  
Cellular Responses ◽  
Extracellular Vesicle ◽  
Cargo Proteins ◽  
And Function ◽  
Intercellular Communications ◽  
Rna And Dna

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized lipid bilayer-delimited particles released from cells that mediate intercellular communications and play a pivotal role in various physiological and pathological processes. Subtypes of EVs may include plasma-membrane ectosomes or microvesicles and endosomal-origin exosomes, although functional distinctions remain unclear. EVs carry cargo proteins, nucleic acids (RNA and DNA), lipids, and metabolites. By presenting or transferring this cargo to recipient cells, EVs can trigger cellular responses. Here, we summarize what is known about EV biogenesis, composition, and function, with an emphasis on the role of EVs in cardiovascular system. Additionally, we provide an update on the function of EVs in cardiovascular pathophysiology, further highlighting their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.

scholarly journals Therapeutic Implications for PDE2 and cGMP/cAMP Mediated Crosstalk in Cardiovascular Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (20) ◽  
pp. 7462
Author(s):  
Mirna S. Sadek ◽  
Eleder Cachorro ◽  
Ali El-Armouche ◽  
Susanne Kämmerer
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Therapeutic Implications ◽  
Secondary Messengers ◽  
Cgmp Signaling ◽  
Cardiovascular Pathologies ◽  
Regulatory Functions ◽  
Cellular Components ◽  
Camp And Cgmp

Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are the principal superfamily of enzymes responsible for degrading the secondary messengers 3′,5′-cyclic nucleotides cAMP and cGMP. Their refined subcellular localization and substrate specificity contribute to finely regulate cAMP/cGMP gradients in various cellular microdomains. Redistribution of multiple signal compartmentalization components is often perceived under pathological conditions. Thereby PDEs have long been pursued as therapeutic targets in diverse disease conditions including neurological, metabolic, cancer and autoimmune disorders in addition to numerous cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). PDE2 is a unique member of the broad family of PDEs. In addition to its capability to hydrolyze both cAMP and cGMP, PDE2 is the sole isoform that may be allosterically activated by cGMP increasing its cAMP hydrolyzing activity. Within the cardiovascular system, PDE2 serves as an integral regulator for the crosstalk between cAMP/cGMP pathways and thereby may couple chronically adverse augmented cAMP signaling with cardioprotective cGMP signaling. This review provides a comprehensive overview of PDE2 regulatory functions in multiple cellular components within the cardiovascular system and also within various subcellular microdomains. Implications for PDE2- mediated crosstalk mechanisms in diverse cardiovascular pathologies are discussed highlighting the prospective use of PDE2 as a potential therapeutic target in cardiovascular disorders.

scholarly journals Targeting Heme Oxygenase-1 in Cardiovascular and Kidney Disease

Antioxidants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather A. Drummond ◽  
Zachary L. Mitchell ◽  
Nader G. Abraham ◽  
David E. Stec
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Heme Oxygenase ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Organ Injury ◽  
Renal Diseases ◽  
Heme Oxygenase 1 ◽  
Benefit Patient ◽  
Regulation Of Blood Pressure

Heme oxygenase (HO) plays an important role in the cardiovascular system. It is involved in many physiological and pathophysiological processes in all organs of the cardiovascular system. From the regulation of blood pressure and blood flow to the adaptive response to end-organ injury, HO plays a critical role in the ability of the cardiovascular system to respond and adapt to changes in homeostasis. There have been great advances in our understanding of the role of HO in the regulation of blood pressure and target organ injury in the last decade. Results from these studies demonstrate that targeting of the HO system could provide novel therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of several cardiovascular and renal diseases. The goal of this review is to highlight the important role of HO in the regulation of cardiovascular and renal function and protection from disease and to highlight areas in which targeting of the HO system needs to be translated to help benefit patient populations.

scholarly journals Role of circular RNAs in cardiovascular diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 244 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue Gong ◽  
Gengze Wu ◽  
Chunyu Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Promising Target ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Expression Abundance ◽  
Therapeutic Perspective

Over the last several decades, cardiovascular diseases largely increase the morbidity and mortality especially in developed countries, affecting millions of people worldwide. Although extensive work over the last two decades attempted to decipher the molecular network of regulating the pathogenesis and progression of these diseases, evidences from clinical trials with newly revealed targets failed to show more evidently salutary effects, indicating the inefficiency of understanding the complete regulatory landscape. Recent studies have shifted their focus from coding genes to the non-coding ones, which consist of microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and the lately re-discovered a unique group of RNAs—circular RNAs (circRNAs). As the focus now has been shifted to the newly identified group of non-coding RNAs, circRNAs exhibit stability, highly conservation and relative enriched expression abundance in some cases, which are distinct from their cognate linear counterparts—lncRNAs. So far, emerging evidence begins to support the critical role of circRNAs in organogenesis and pathogenesis as exemplified in the central nervous system, and could be just as implicative in the cardiovascular system, suggesting a therapeutic perspective in related diseases. Impact statement Circular RNAs are important regulators of multiple biological processes such as organogenesis and oncogenesis. Although the bulk of concerning studies focused on revealing their diversified roles in various types of cancers, reports began to accumulate in cardiovascular field these days. We summarize circular RNAs implicated in cardiovascular diseases, aiming to highlight the advances in the knowledge of such diseases and their potential of being promising target for diagnosis and therapy.

The role of electronegative low-density lipoprotein in cardiovascular diseases and its therapeutic implications

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 239-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumeyya Akyol ◽  
Jonathan Lu ◽  
Omer Akyol ◽  
Fatih Akcay ◽  
Ferah Armutcu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Therapeutic Implications

scholarly journals Resolving the Ionotropic P2X4 Receptor Mystery Points towards a New Therapeutic Target for Cardiovascular Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (14) ◽  
pp. 5005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Bragança ◽  
Paulo Correia-de-Sá
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
P2x4 Receptor ◽  
Extracellular Milieu ◽  
Intracellular Energy ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Cardiovascular Functions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a primordial versatile autacoid that changes its role from an intracellular energy saver to a signaling molecule once released to the extracellular milieu. Extracellular ATP and its adenosine metabolite are the main activators of the P2 and P1 purinoceptor families, respectively. Mounting evidence suggests that the ionotropic P2X4 receptor (P2X4R) plays pivotal roles in the regulation of the cardiovascular system, yet further therapeutic advances have been hampered by the lack of selective P2X4R agonists. In this review, we provide the state of the art of the P2X4R activity in the cardiovascular system. We also discuss the role of P2X4R activation in kidney and lungs vis a vis their interplay to control cardiovascular functions and dysfunctions, including putative adverse effects emerging from P2X4R activation. Gathering this information may prompt further development of selective P2X4R agonists and its translation to the clinical practice.

Pesticides-induced cardiovascular dysfunctions: Prevalence and associated mechanisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Adeyemi ◽  
Victor O. Ukwenya ◽  
Olatunbosun K. Arowolo ◽  
Christian C. Olise
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Human Exposure ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Pathological Conditions

: Increased applications of pesticides mainly in agriculture and public health has resulted in increased chances of human exposure to pesticides. Chronic exposure to pesticides has been implicated in several human diseases including cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular diseases are broadly used for various heart pathological conditions including defect blood vessels, and they include myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, stroke, cardiomyopathy, coronary heart disease etc. In this review, the association between human exposure to pesticides and development of cardiovascular diseases was discussed using epidemiological and laboratory data. The toxicokinetics of pesticides in humans was reviewed, as well as the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. The important role of oxidative stress, and principally the induction of reactive oxygen species as the signaling molecules for various signaling pathways involved in pesticidesinduced cardiovascular disease was discussed.

scholarly journals Role of Peoxisome Proliferator Activator Receptor on Blood Retinal Barrier Breakdown

PPAR Research ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 2008 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuo Yanagi
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Retinal Pigment ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Blood Retinal Barrier ◽  
Early Diabetes ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Barrier Breakdown ◽  
Brb Breakdown

The retinal vessels have two barriers: the retinal pigment epithelium and the retinal vascular endothelium. Each barrier exhibits increased permeability under various pathological conditions. This condition is referred to as blood retinal barrier (BRB) breakdown. Clinically, the most frequently encountered condition causing BRB breakdown is diabetic retinopathy. In recent studies, inflammation has been linked to BRB breakdown and vascular leakage in diabetic retinopathy. Biological support for the role of inflammation in early diabetes is the adhesion of leukocytes to the retinal vasculature (leukostasis) observed in diabetic retinopathy. is a member of a ligand-activated nuclear receptor superfamily and plays a critical role in a variety of biological processes, including adipogenesis, glucose metabolism, angiogenesis, and inflammation. There is now strong experimental evidence to support the theory that inhibits diabetes-induced retinal leukostasis and leakage, playing an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Therapeutic targeting of may be beneficial to diabetic retinopathy.

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