scholarly journals Diverse Roles for Hyaluronan and Hyaluronan Receptors in the Developing and Adult Nervous System

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (17) ◽  
pp. 5988
Author(s):  
Alec Peters ◽  
Larry S. Sherman
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Neural Tissues ◽  
Cell Processes ◽  
Nervous System Function ◽  
Specific Receptors ◽  
Hyaluronan Receptors ◽  
Complex Signaling

Hyaluronic acid (HA) plays a vital role in the extracellular matrix of neural tissues. Originally thought to hydrate tissues and provide mechanical support, it is now clear that HA is also a complex signaling molecule that can regulate cell processes in the developing and adult nervous systems. Signaling properties are determined by molecular weight, bound proteins, and signal transduction through specific receptors. HA signaling regulates processes such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, and process extension in a variety of cell types including neural stem cells, neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocyte progenitors. The synthesis and catabolism of HA and the expression of HA receptors are altered in disease and influence neuroinflammation and disease pathogenesis. This review discusses the roles of HA, its synthesis and breakdown, as well as receptor expression in neurodevelopment, nervous system function and disease.

Unexpected Roles for the Second Brain: Enteric Nervous System as Master Regulator of Bowel Function

2019 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 235-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Schneider ◽  
Christina M. Wright ◽  
Robert O. Heuckeroth
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Bowel Function ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Intestinal Immune System ◽  
Electrolyte Flux ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Many ◽  
New Literature

At the most fundamental level, the bowel facilitates absorption of small molecules, regulates fluid and electrolyte flux, and eliminates waste. To successfully coordinate this complex array of functions, the bowel relies on the enteric nervous system (ENS), an intricate network of more than 500 million neurons and supporting glia that are organized into distinct layers or plexi within the bowel wall. Neuron and glial diversity, as well as neurotransmitter and receptor expression in the ENS, resembles that of the central nervous system. The most carefully studied ENS functions include control of bowel motility, epithelial secretion, and blood flow, but the ENS also interacts with enteroendocrine cells, influences epithelial proliferation and repair, modulates the intestinal immune system, and mediates extrinsic nerve input. Here, we review the many different cell types that communicate with the ENS, integrating data about ENS function into a broader view of human health and disease. In particular, we focus on exciting new literature highlighting relationships between the ENS and its lesser-known interacting partners.

scholarly journals Expression of the Mouse Hepatitis Virus Receptor by Central Nervous System Microglia

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (14) ◽  
pp. 7828-7832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandran Ramakrishna ◽  
Cornelia C. Bergmann ◽  
Kathryn V. Holmes ◽  
Stephen A. Stohlman
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Hepatitis Virus ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Mouse Hepatitis Virus ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Down Regulation ◽  
Virus Receptor

ABSTRACT Detection of the mouse hepatitis virus receptor within the central nervous system (CNS) has been elusive. Receptor expression on microglia was reduced during acute infection and restored following immune-mediated virus control. Receptor down regulation was independent of neutrophils, NK cells, gamma interferon, or perforin. Infection of mice devoid of distinct inflammatory cells revealed CD4+ T cells as the major cell type influencing receptor expression by microglia. In addition to demonstrating receptor expression on CNS resident cells, these data suggest that transient receptor down regulation on microglia aids in establishing persistence in the CNS by assisting virus infection of other glial cell types.

scholarly journals Development, Diversity, and Neurogenic Capacity of Enteric Glia

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Werend Boesmans ◽  
Amelia Nash ◽  
Kinga R. Tasnády ◽  
Wendy Yang ◽  
Lincon A. Stamp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Enteric Neurons ◽  
Enteric Glia ◽  
Enteric Glial Cells ◽  
Functional Versatility

Enteric glia are a fascinating population of cells. Initially identified in the gut wall as the “support” cells of the enteric nervous system, studies over the past 20 years have unveiled a vast array of functions carried out by enteric glia. They mediate enteric nervous system signalling and play a vital role in the local regulation of gut functions. Enteric glial cells interact with other gastrointestinal cell types such as those of the epithelium and immune system to preserve homeostasis, and are perceptive to luminal content. Their functional versatility and phenotypic heterogeneity are mirrored by an extensive level of plasticity, illustrated by their reactivity in conditions associated with enteric nervous system dysfunction and disease. As one of the hallmarks of their plasticity and extending their operative relationship with enteric neurons, enteric glia also display neurogenic potential. In this review, we focus on the development of enteric glial cells, and the mechanisms behind their heterogeneity in the adult gut. In addition, we discuss what is currently known about the role of enteric glia as neural precursors in the enteric nervous system.

Clones in the chick diencephalon contain multiple cell types and siblings are widely dispersed

Development ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Golden ◽  
C.L. Cepko
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Radial Glia ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Nervous System Function ◽  
Multiple Cell ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Development Proceeds ◽  
Developing Nervous System ◽  
Vertebrate Central Nervous System

The thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus of the vertebrate central nervous system are derived from the embryonic diencephalon. These regions of the nervous system function as major relays between the telencephalon and more caudal regions of the brain. Early in development, the diencephalon morphologically comprises distinct units known as neuromeres or prosomeres. As development proceeds, multiple nuclei, the functional and anatomical units of the diencephalon, derive from the neuromeres. It was of interest to determine whether progenitors in the diencephalon give rise to daughters that cross nuclear or neuromeric boundaries. To this end, a highly complex retroviral library was used to infect diencephalic progenitors. Retrovirally marked clones were found to contain neurons, glia and occasionally radial glia. The majority of clones dispersed in all directions, resulting in sibling cells populating multiple nuclei within the diencephalon. In addition, several distinctive patterns of dispersion were observed. These included clones with siblings distributed bilaterally across the third ventricle, clones that originated in the lateral ventricle, clones that crossed neuromeric boundaries, and clones that crossed major boundaries of the developing nervous system, such as the diencephalon and mesencephalon. These findings demonstrate that progenitor cells in the diencephalon are multipotent and that their daughters can become widely dispersed.

scholarly journals Stem cell differentiation trajectories inHydraresolved at single-cell resolution

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Siebert ◽  
Jeffrey A. Farrell ◽  
Jack F. Cazet ◽  
Yashodara L. Abeykoon ◽  
Abby S. Primack ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Stem Cell Differentiation ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Differentiated Cells ◽  
Nervous System Function ◽  
Stem Cell Populations ◽  
Molecular Description

AbstractThe adultHydrapolyp continuously renews all of its cells using three separate stem cell populations, but the genetic pathways enabling homeostatic tissue maintenance are not well understood. We used Drop-seq to sequence transcriptomes of 24,985 singleHydracells and identified the molecular signatures of a broad spectrum of cell states, from stem cells to terminally differentiated cells. We constructed differentiation trajectories for each cell lineage and identified the transcription factors expressed along these trajectories, thus creating a comprehensive molecular map of all developmental lineages in the adult animal. We unexpectedly found that neuron and gland cell differentiation transits through a common progenitor state, suggesting a shared evolutionary history for these secretory cell types. Finally, we have built the first gene expression map of theHydranervous system. By producing a comprehensive molecular description of the adultHydrapolyp, we have generated a resource for addressing fundamental questions regarding the evolution of developmental processes and nervous system function.

Neuron-glia relationship during the early postembryonic development of the nervous system in some oligochaetes

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 600-601
Author(s):  
Wiktor Djaczenko ◽  
Carmen Calenda Cimmino
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Postembryonic Development ◽  
Ruthenium Red ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tubifex Tubifex ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Cell Processes ◽  
Cytoplasmic Processes

The simplicity of the developing nervous system of oligochaetes makes of it an excellent model for the study of the relationships between glia and neurons. In the present communication we describe the relationships between glia and neurons in the early periods of post-embryonic development in some species of oligochaetes.Tubifex tubifex (Mull. ) and Octolasium complanatum (Dugès) specimens starting from 0. 3 mm of body length were collected from laboratory cultures divided into three groups each group fixed separately by one of the following methods: (a) 4% glutaraldehyde and 1% acrolein fixation followed by osmium tetroxide, (b) TAPO technique, (c) ruthenium red method.Our observations concern the early period of the postembryonic development of the nervous system in oligochaetes. During this period neurons occupy fixed positions in the body the only observable change being the increase in volume of their perikaryons. Perikaryons of glial cells were located at some distance from neurons. Long cytoplasmic processes of glial cells tended to approach the neurons. The superimposed contours of glial cell processes designed from electron micrographs, taken at the same magnification, typical for five successive growth stages of the nervous system of Octolasium complanatum are shown in Fig. 1. Neuron is designed symbolically to facilitate the understanding of the kinetics of the growth process.

Cell Reactivity Pattern of the Guinea Pig Cecal Mucosa Evidenced by the ZIO Technique

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 50-51
Author(s):  
Juan Mora-Galindo ◽  
Jorge Arauz-Contreras
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Reactivity ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Neural Tissues ◽  
Maturation Stages ◽  
Zinc Iodide ◽  
Cecal Mucosa

The zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide (ZIO) technique is presently employed to study both, neural and non neural tissues. Precipitates depends on cell types and possibly cell metabol ism as well.Guinea pig cecal mucosa, already known to be composed of epithelium with cells at different maturation stages and lamina propria which i s formed by morphologically and functionally heterogeneous cell population, was studied to determine the pat tern of ZIO impregnation. For this, adult Guinea pg cecal mucosa was fixed with buffered 1.2 5% g 1 utara 1 dehyde before incubation with ZIO for 16 hours, a t 4°C in the dark. Further steps involved a quick sample dehydration in graded ethanols, embedding in Epon 812 and sectioning to observe the unstained material under a phase contrast light microscope (LM) and a transmission electron microscope (TEM).

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