scholarly journals Development of a Method for Scaffold-Free Elastic Cartilage Creation

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 8496
Author(s):  
Masahiro Enomura ◽  
Soichiro Murata ◽  
Yuri Terado ◽  
Maiko Tanaka ◽  
Shinji Kobayashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Transplant Rejection ◽  
Costal Cartilage ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cartilage Tissue ◽  
Culture Vessel ◽  
Biological Origin ◽  
Cartilage Grafts ◽  
Elastic Cartilage ◽  
Over Time

Microtia is a congenital aplasia of the auricular cartilage. Conventionally, autologous costal cartilage grafts are collected and shaped for transplantation. However, in this method, excessive invasion occurs due to limitations in the costal cartilage collection. Due to deformation over time after transplantation of the shaped graft, problems with long-term morphological maintenance exist. Additionally, the lack of elasticity with costal cartilage grafts is worth mentioning, as costal cartilage is a type of hyaline cartilage. Medical plastic materials have been transplanted as alternatives to costal cartilage, but transplant rejection and deformation over time are inevitable. It is imperative to create tissues for transplantation using cells of biological origin. Hence, cartilage tissues were developed using a biodegradable scaffold material. However, such materials suffer from transplant rejection and biodegradation, causing the transplanted cartilage tissue to deform due to a lack of elasticity. To address this problem, we established a method for creating elastic cartilage tissue for transplantation with autologous cells without using scaffold materials. Chondrocyte progenitor cells were collected from perichondrial tissue of the ear cartilage. By using a multilayer culture and a three-dimensional rotating suspension culture vessel system, we succeeded in creating scaffold-free elastic cartilage from cartilage progenitor cells.

Using synchrotron radiation inline phase-contrast imaging computed tomography to visualize three-dimensional printed hybrid constructs for cartilage tissue engineering

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 802-812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeola D. Olubamiji ◽  
Zohreh Izadifar ◽  
Ning Zhu ◽  
Tuanjie Chang ◽  
Xiongbiao Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Cartilage Tissue Engineering ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cartilage Tissue ◽  
Phase Contrast Imaging ◽  
Contrast Imaging ◽  
Over Time

Synchrotron radiation inline phase-contrast imaging combined with computed tomography (SR-inline-PCI-CT) offers great potential for non-invasive characterization and three-dimensional visualization of fine features in weakly absorbing materials and tissues. For cartilage tissue engineering, the biomaterials and any associated cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) that is secreted over time are difficult to image using conventional absorption-based imaging techniques. For example, three-dimensional printed polycaprolactone (PCL)/alginate/cell hybrid constructs have low, but different, refractive indices and thicknesses. This paper presents a study on the optimization and utilization of inline-PCI-CT for visualizing the components of three-dimensional printed PCL/alginate/cell hybrid constructs for cartilage tissue engineering. First, histological analysis using Alcian blue staining and immunofluorescent staining assessed the secretion of sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAGs) and collagen type II (Col2) in the cell-laden hybrid constructs over time. Second, optimization of inline PCI-CT was performed by investigating three sample-to-detector distances (SDD): 0.25, 1 and 3 m. Then, the optimal SDD was utilized to visualize structural changes in the constructs over a 42-day culture period. The results showed that there was progressive secretion of cartilage-specific ECM by ATDC5 cells in the hybrid constructs over time. An SDD of 3 m provided edge-enhancement fringes that enabled simultaneous visualization of all components of hybrid constructs in aqueous solution. Structural changes that might reflect formation of ECM also were evident in SR-inline-PCI-CT images. Summarily, SR-inline-PCI-CT images captured at the optimized SDD enables visualization of the different components in hybrid cartilage constructs over a 42-day culture period.

scholarly journals NONLINEAR SPECTRAL IMAGING OF ELASTIC CARTILAGE IN RABBIT EARS

2013 ◽  
Vol 06 (03) ◽  
pp. 1350024 ◽  
Author(s):  
JING CHEN ◽  
CHUNGEN GUO ◽  
HONGSHENG LI ◽  
XIAOQIN ZHU ◽  
SHUYUAN XIONG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nonlinear Optical ◽  
Second Harmonic ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Emission Spectra ◽  
Cartilage Tissue ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Attractive Potential ◽  
Elastic Fibers ◽  
Cell Nuclei ◽  
Elastic Cartilage

Elastic cartilage in the rabbit external ear is an important animal model with attractive potential value for researching the physiological and pathological states of cartilages especially during wound healing. In this work, nonlinear optical microscopy based on two-photon excited fluorescence and second harmonic generation were employed for imaging and quantifying the intact elastic cartilage. The morphology and distribution of main components in elastic cartilage including cartilage cells, collagen and elastic fibers were clearly observed from the high-resolution two-dimensional nonlinear optical images. The areas of cell nuclei, a parameter related to the pathological changes of normal or abnormal elastic cartilage, can be easily quantified. Moreover, the three-dimensional structure of chondrocytes and matrix were displayed by constructing three-dimensional image of cartilage tissue. At last, the emission spectra from cartilage were obtained and analyzed. We found that the different ratio of collagen over elastic fibers can be used to locate the observed position in the elastic cartilage. The redox ratio based on the ratio of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) over flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) fluorescence can also be calculated to analyze the metabolic state of chondrocytes in different regions. Our results demonstrated that this technique has the potential to provide more accurate and comprehensive information for the physiological states of elastic cartilage.

Opponent Center-Surround Contrast: Colour to Grey Conversion

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-108
Author(s):  
Ali Alsam
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Algorithms ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The State ◽  
Colour Space ◽  
Vision Science ◽  
State Of Art ◽  
Over Time

Vision is the science that informs us about the biological and evolutionary algorithms that our eyes, opticnerves and brains have chosen over time to see. This article is an attempt to solve the problem of colour to grey conversion, by borrowing ideas from vision science. We introduce an algorithm that measures contrast along the opponent colour directions and use the results to combine a three dimensional colour space into a grey. The results indicate that the proposed algorithm competes with the state of art algorithms.

To the theory analysis of tightness of tank of pressure testing

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 129-142
Author(s):  
Vladislav Sh. Shagapov ◽  
Ismagilyan G. Khusainov ◽  
Emiliya V. Galiakbarova ◽  
Zulfya R. Khakimova
Keyword(s):  
Relaxation Time ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Technical Condition ◽  
Excess Pressure ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Theory Analysis ◽  
Pressure Testing ◽  
Tank Pressure ◽  
Over Time

This article studies the process of relaxation of the pressure in a tank with the damaged area of the wall after pressure-testing. The authors use different methods for the diagnosis of the technical condition of objects of petroleum products storage. Pressure testing is one of nondestructive methods. The rate of pressure decrease is characteristic of the system tightness. This article studies the cases of ground and underground location of the tank. Pressure testing involves excess pressure inside of a tank and observing its decrease. Over time, one can assess the integrity of the system. This has required creating mathematical models to account the filtration of the liquid depending on the location of the tank. The results include the analytical solution of the task and the formulas for describing the dependence of the relaxation time of pressure in the tank from the liquid and soil parameters, geometry of the tank, and the damaged portion of the wall. The two- and three-dimensional cases of liquids filtration for the case of underground location of the tank were considered. The results of some numerical calculations of the dependence of reduction time and the time of half-life pressure from the area of the damaged portion of the wall were shown. The obtained solutions allow assessing the extent of the damaged area by the pressure testing with known values of tank, liquid, and soil.

scholarly journals Learning by Doing: The Use of Distance, Corners and Length in Rewarded Geometric Tasks by Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2001
Author(s):  
Greta Baratti ◽  
Angelo Rizzo ◽  
Maria Elena Miletto Petrazzini ◽  
Valeria Anna Sovrano
Keyword(s):  
Danio Rerio ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Reference Memory ◽  
Spatial Abilities ◽  
Learning By Doing ◽  
Surface Distance ◽  
Extended Surfaces ◽  
Unequal Length ◽  
Over Time

Zebrafish spontaneously use distance and directional relationships among three-dimensional extended surfaces to reorient within a rectangular arena. However, they fail to take advantage of either an array of freestanding corners or an array of unequal-length surfaces to search for a no-longer-present goal under a spontaneous cued memory procedure, being unable to use the information supplied by corners and length without some kind of rewarded training. The present study aimed to tease apart the geometric components characterizing a rectangular enclosure under a procedure recruiting the reference memory, thus training zebrafish in fragmented layouts that provided differences in surface distance, corners, and length. Results showed that fish, besides the distance, easily learned to use both corners and length if subjected to a rewarded exit task over time, suggesting that they can represent all the geometrically informative parts of a rectangular arena when consistently exposed to them. Altogether, these findings highlight crucially important issues apropos the employment of different behavioral protocols (spontaneous choice versus training over time) to assess spatial abilities of zebrafish, further paving the way to deepen the role of visual and nonvisual encodings of isolated geometric components in relation to macrostructural boundaries.

scholarly journals Reversal of senescence-associated beta-galactosidase expression during in vitro three-dimensional tissue-engineering of human chondrocytes in a polymer scaffold

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shojiro Katoh ◽  
Atsuki Fujimaru ◽  
Masaru Iwasaki ◽  
Hiroshi Yoshioka ◽  
Rajappa Senthilkumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Replicative Senescence ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Human Chondrocytes ◽  
Cartilage Tissue ◽  
Optimal Method ◽  
Beta Galactosidase

AbstractRegenerative medicine applications require cells that are not inflicted with senescence after in vitro culture for an optimal in vivo outcome. Methods to overcome replicative senescence include genomic modifications which have their own disadvantages. We have evaluated a three-dimensional (3D) thermo-reversible gelation polymer (TGP) matrix environment for its capabilities to reverse cellular senescence. The expression of senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-βgal) by human chondrocytes from osteoarthritis-affected cartilage tissue, grown in a conventional two-dimensional (2D) monolayer culture versus in 3D-TGP were compared. In 2D, the cells de-differentiated into fibroblasts, expressed higher SA-βgal and started degenerating at 25 days. SA-βgal levels decreased when the chondrocytes were transferred from the 2D to the 3D-TGP culture, with cells exhibiting a tissue-like growth until 42–45 days. Other senescence associated markers such as p16INK4a and p21 were also expressed only in 2D cultured cells but not in 3D-TGP tissue engineered cartilage. This is a first-of-its-kind report of a chemically synthesized and reproducible in vitro environment yielding an advantageous reversal of aging of human chondrocytes without any genomic modifications. The method is worth consideration as an optimal method for growing cells for regenerative medicine applications.

scholarly journals Anisotropic and age-dependent elastic material behavior of the human costal cartilage

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Weber ◽  
Markus Alexander Rothschild ◽  
Anja Niehoff
Keyword(s):  
Costal Cartilage ◽  
Indentation Test ◽  
Biomechanical Properties ◽  
Material Behavior ◽  
Cartilage Tissue ◽  
Elastic Behavior ◽  
Unconfined Compression ◽  
Unconfined Compression Test ◽  
Young’S Moduli ◽  
Age Related

AbstractCompared to articular cartilage, the biomechanical properties of costal cartilage have not yet been extensively explored. The research presented addresses this problem by studying for the first time the anisotropic elastic behavior of human costal cartilage. Samples were taken from 12 male and female cadavers and unconfined compression and indentation tests were performed in mediolateral and dorsoventral direction to determine Young’s Moduli EC for compression and Ei5%, Ei10% and Eimax at 5%, 10% and maximum strain for indentation. Furthermore, the crack direction of the unconfined compression samples was determined and histological samples of the cartilage tissue were examined with the picrosirius-polarization staining method. The tests revealed mean Young’s Moduli of EC = 32.9 ± 17.9 MPa (N = 10), Ei5% = 11.1 ± 5.6 MPa (N = 12), Ei10% = 13.3 ± 6.3 MPa (N = 12) and Eimax = 14.6 ± 6.6 MPa (N = 12). We found that the Young’s Moduli in the indentation test are clearly anisotropic with significant higher results in the mediolateral direction (all P = 0.002). In addition, a dependence of the crack direction of the compressed specimens on the load orientation was observed. Those findings were supported by the orientation of the structure of the collagen fibers determined in the histological examination. Also, a significant age-related elastic behavior of human costal cartilage could be shown with the unconfined compression test (P = 0.009) and the indentation test (P = 0.004), but no sex effect could be detected. Those results are helpful in the field of autologous grafts for rhinoplastic surgery and for the refinement of material parameters in Finite Element models e.g., for accident analyses with traumatic impact on the thorax.

scholarly journals The fossil record of whip spiders: the past of Amblypygi

PalZ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolin Haug ◽  
Joachim T. Haug
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
3D Imaging ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dorsal Shield ◽  
Stereo Images ◽  
Geological Time ◽  
High Quality ◽  
The Past ◽  
Over Time

AbstractWhip spiders (Amblypygi), as their name suggests, resemble spiders (Araneae) in some aspects, but differ from them by their heart-shaped (prosomal) dorsal shield, their prominent grasping pedipalps, and their subsequent elongate pair of feeler appendages. The oldest possible occurrences of whip spiders, represented by cuticle fragments, date back to the Devonian (c. 385 mya), but (almost) complete fossils are known from the Carboniferous (c. 300 mya) onwards. The fossils include specimens preserved on slabs or in nodules (Carboniferous, Cretaceous) as well as specimens preserved in amber (Cretaceous, Eocene, Miocene). We review here all fossil whip spider specimens, figure most of them as interpretative drawings or with high-quality photographs including 3D imaging (stereo images) to make the three-dimensional relief of the specimens visible. Furthermore, we amend the list by two new specimens (resulting in 37 in total). The fossil specimens as well as modern whip spiders were measured to analyse possible changes in morphology over time. In general, the shield appears to have become relatively broader and the pedipalps and walking appendages have become more elongate over geological time. The morphological details are discussed in an evolutionary framework and in comparison with results from earlier studies.

A New Technology for Three-Dimensional Cell Culture: The Hydrodynamic Focusing Bioreactor

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yow-Min D. Tsao ◽  
Steve R. Gonda
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Culture Vessel ◽  
Air Bubbles ◽  
Hydrodynamic Focusing ◽  
Shaped Cell ◽  
Fluid Environment ◽  
Dimensional Cell ◽  
Low Shear

Abstract The Hydrodynamic Focusing Bioreactor (HDFB) developed by NASA at the Johnson Space Center provides a unique hydrofocusing capability that simultaneously enables a low-shear culture environment and a unique hydrofocusing-based “herding” of suspended cells, cell aggregates, and air bubbles. The HDFB is a rotating dome-shaped cell culture vessel with a centrally located sampling port and an internal rotating viscous spinner attached to a rotating base. The vessel and viscous spinner can rotate at different speeds and in either the same or different directions. Adjusting the differential rotation rate between the vessel and spinner results in a controllable hydrodynamic focusing force. The resultant hydrodynamic force suspends the cells in a low-shear fluid environment that supports the formation of delicate three-dimensional tissue assemblies. Both suspension and anchorage-dependent cells have been successfully cultured.

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