scholarly journals Chromatin Manipulation and Editing: Challenges, New Technologies and Their Use in Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 512
Author(s):  
Kateryna Fal ◽  
Denisa Tomkova ◽  
Gilles Vachon ◽  
Marie-Edith Chabouté ◽  
Alexandre Berr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Fate ◽  
Dna Sequence ◽  
Zinc Finger ◽  
Chromatin Structure ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Dna Interaction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Epigenetic Marks ◽  
Molecular Events

An ongoing challenge in functional epigenomics is to develop tools for precise manipulation of epigenetic marks. These tools would allow moving from correlation-based to causal-based findings, a necessary step to reach conclusions on mechanistic principles. In this review, we describe and discuss the advantages and limits of tools and technologies developed to impact epigenetic marks, and which could be employed to study their direct effect on nuclear and chromatin structure, on transcription, and their further genuine role in plant cell fate and development. On one hand, epigenome-wide approaches include drug inhibitors for chromatin modifiers or readers, nanobodies against histone marks or lines expressing modified histones or mutant chromatin effectors. On the other hand, locus-specific approaches consist in targeting precise regions on the chromatin, with engineered proteins able to modify epigenetic marks. Early systems use effectors in fusion with protein domains that recognize a specific DNA sequence (Zinc Finger or TALEs), while the more recent dCas9 approach operates through RNA-DNA interaction, thereby providing more flexibility and modularity for tool designs. Current developments of “second generation”, chimeric dCas9 systems, aiming at better targeting efficiency and modifier capacity have recently been tested in plants and provided promising results. Finally, recent proof-of-concept studies forecast even finer tools, such as inducible/switchable systems, that will allow temporal analyses of the molecular events that follow a change in a specific chromatin mark.

Ecological Innovations in the Automotive Sector. Part I: Construction Innovations

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 30-35
Author(s):  
Marta Wójcik
Keyword(s):  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
The Other ◽  
Automotive Sector ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Car Industry ◽  
Human Transport ◽  
Sector Part

The automotive sector is one of the fastest growing sectors of economy. The increasing amount of cars both in Polish and world roads results in the immeasurable benefits associated with the goods and human transport. On the other hand, this phenomenon caused the contamination of the environment. During the fuel combustion in petrol or diesel engines, the harmful gases, for example CO2, NOx and SOx are emitted. Apart from the negative impact on the environment, the emission of the aforementioned gases results in the deterioration of human conditions, as well as, the development of civilization diseases. In order to minimalize the harmful influence of an automotive industry on the environment, new technologies which can reduce the consumption of fuel or limit the fumes emission are developed. The first part of paper presents new solutions in an automotive sector which influence on the decline of the negative impact of automobiles on the environment. Additionally, proposed solutions affect the development of a car industry, taking into consideration environmental aspects.

scholarly journals Geocomputing, New Technologies and Historical Analysis: Tools for a Changing Planet

Proceedings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Sebastiano Trevisani
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Research Topic ◽  
The Other ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Relationship

Modern Earth Scientists need also to interact with other disciplines, apparently far from the Earth Sciences and Engineering. Disciplines related to history and philosophy of science are emblematic from this perspective. From one side, the quantitative analysis of information extracted from historical records (documents, maps, paintings, etc.) represents an exciting research topic, requiring a truly holistic approach. On the other side, epistemological and philosophy of science considerations on the relationship between geoscience and society in history are of fundamental importance for understanding past, present and future geosphere-anthroposphere interlinked dynamics.

scholarly journals Laws and Emerging Technologies

Laws ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Esther Salmerón-Manzano
Keyword(s):  
Information Technologies ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
The Other ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Legal Challenges ◽  
The World ◽  
Huge Impact ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
The Way

New technologies and so-called communication and information technologies are transforming our society, the way in which we relate to each other, and the way we understand the world. By a wider extension, they are also influencing the world of law. That is why technologies will have a huge impact on society in the coming years and will bring new challenges and legal challenges to the legal sector worldwide. On the other hand, the new communications era also brings many new legal issues such as those derived from e-commerce and payment services, intellectual property, or the problems derived from the use of new technologies by young people. This will undoubtedly affect the development, evolution, and understanding of law. This Special Issue has become this window into the new challenges of law in relation to new technologies.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Interaction of the Adenovirus L1 52/55-Kilodalton and IVa2 Proteins with the Packaging Sequence In Vivo and In Vitro

2005 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 2366-2374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pilar Perez-Romero ◽  
Ryan E. Tyler ◽  
Johanna R. Abend ◽  
Monica Dus ◽  
Michael J. Imperiale
Keyword(s):  
Viral Protein ◽  
Direct Interaction ◽  
Dna Interaction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
In Vitro Interaction ◽  
Packaging Sequence

ABSTRACT We previously showed that the adenovirus IVa2 and L1 52/55-kDa proteins interact in infected cells and the IVa2 protein is part of two virus-specific complexes (x and y) formed in vitro with repeated elements of the packaging sequence called the A1-A2 repeats. Here we demonstrate that both the IVa2 and L1 52/55-kDa proteins bind in vivo to the packaging sequence and that each protein-DNA interaction is independent of the other. There is a strong and direct interaction of the IVa2 protein with DNA in vitro. This interaction is observed when probes containing the A1-A2 or A4-A5 repeats are used, but it is not found by using an A5-A6 probe. Furthermore, we show that complex x is likely a heterodimer of IVa2 and an unknown viral protein, while complex y is a monomer or multimer of IVa2. No in vitro interaction of purified L1 52/55-kDa protein with the packaging sequence was found, suggesting that the L1 52/55-kDa protein-DNA interaction may be mediated by an intermediate protein. Results support roles for both the L1 52/55-kDa and IVa2 proteins in DNA encapsidation.

scholarly journals Structural defects of a Pax8 mutant that give rise to congenital hypothyroidism

1999 ◽  
Vol 341 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianluca TELL ◽  
Lucia PELLIZZARI ◽  
Gennaro ESPOSITO ◽  
Carlo PUCILLO ◽  
Paolo Emidio MACCHIA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequence ◽  
Congenital Hypothyroidism ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Dna Interaction ◽  
Structural Defects ◽  
Molecular Defect ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Induced Fit ◽  
Helical Content

Pax proteins are transcriptional regulators that play important roles during embryogenesis. These proteins recognize specific DNA sequences via a conserved element: the paired domain (Prd domain). The low level of organized secondary structure, in the free state, is a general feature of Prd domains; however, these proteins undergo a dramatic gain in α-helical content upon interaction with DNA (‘induced fit’). Pax8 is expressed in the developing thyroid, kidney and several areas of the central nervous system. In humans, mutations of the Pax8 gene, which are mapped to the coding region of the Prd domain, give rise to congenital hypothyroidism. Here, we have investigated the molecular defects caused by a mutation in which leucine at position 62 is substituted for an arginine. Leu62 is conserved among Prd domains, and contributes towards the packing together of helices 1 and 3. The binding affinity of the Leu62Arg mutant for a specific DNA sequence (the C sequence of thyroglobulin promoter) is decreased 60-fold with respect to the wild-type Pax8 Prd domain. However, the affinities with which the wild-type and the mutant proteins bind to a non-specific DNA sequence are very similar. CD spectra demonstrate that, in the absence of DNA, both wild-type Pax8 and the Leu62Arg mutant possess a low α-helical content; however, in the Leu62Arg mutant, the gain in α-helical content upon interaction with DNA is greatly reduced with respect to the wild-type protein. Thus the molecular defect of the Leu62Arg mutant causes a reduced capability for induced fit upon DNA interaction.

ming is expressed in neuroblast sublineages and regulates gene expression in the Drosophila central nervous system

Development ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 116 (4) ◽  
pp. 943-952 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Cui ◽  
C.Q. Doe
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Zinc Finger ◽  
Zinc Finger Protein ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Cell Lineages ◽  
Finger Protein ◽  
Cell Diversity

Cell diversity in the Drosophila central nervous system (CNS) is primarily generated by the invariant lineage of neural precursors called neuroblasts. We used an enhancer trap screen to identify the ming gene, which is transiently expressed in a subset of neuroblasts at reproducible points in their cell lineage (i.e. in neuroblast ‘sublineages’), suggesting that neuroblast identity can be altered during its cell lineage. ming encodes a predicted zinc finger protein and loss of ming function results in precise alterations in CNS gene expression, defects in axonogenesis and embryonic lethality. We propose that ming controls cell fate within neuroblast cell lineages.

A GATA family transcription factor is expressed along the embryonic dorsoventral axis in Drosophila melanogaster

Development ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 119 (4) ◽  
pp. 1055-1065 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Winick ◽  
T. Abel ◽  
M.W. Leonard ◽  
A.M. Michelson ◽  
I. Chardon-Loriaux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Binding ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Zinc Finger ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Vertebrate Development ◽  
Drosophila Development ◽  
Gata Factors ◽  
Factors Analysis ◽  
Dorsal Portion ◽  
Dorsal Cell Fate

The GATA transcription factors are a family of C4 zinc finger-motif DNA-binding proteins that play defined roles in hematopoiesis as well as presumptive roles in other tissues where they are expressed (e.g., testis, neuronal and placental trophoblast cells) during vertebrate development. To investigate the possibility that GATA proteins may also be involved in Drosophila development, we have isolated and characterized a gene (dGATAa) encoding a factor that is quite similar to mammalian GATA factors. The dGATAa protein sequence contains the two zinc finger DNA-binding domain of the GATA class but bears no additional sequence similarity to any of the vertebrate GATA factors. Analysis of dGATAa gene transcription during Drosophila development revealed that its mRNA is expressed at high levels during early embryogenesis, with transcripts first appearing in the dorsal portion of the embryo just after cellularization. As development progresses, dGATAa mRNA is present at high levels in the dorsal epidermis, suggesting that dGATAa may be involved in determining dorsal cell fate. The pattern of expression in a variety of dorsoventral polarity mutants indicates that dGATAa lies downstream of the zygotic patterning genes decapentaplegic and zerknullt.

scholarly journals Transferrin-Conjugated SNALPs Encapsulating 2′-O-Methylated miR-34a for the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Immacolata Scognamiglio ◽  
Maria Teresa Di Martino ◽  
Virginia Campani ◽  
Antonella Virgilio ◽  
Aldo Galeone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Myeloma ◽  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Lipid Vesicles ◽  
Significant Inhibition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Transferrin Receptors ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Chemical Conjugation ◽  
Mean Size

Stable nucleic acid lipid vesicles (SNALPs) encapsulating miR-34a to treat multiple myeloma (MM) were developed. Wild type or completely 2′-O-methylated (OMet) MiR-34a was used in this study. Moreover, SNALPs were conjugated with transferrin (Tf) in order to target MM cells overexpressing transferrin receptors (TfRs). The type of miR-34a chemical backbone did not significantly affect the characteristics of SNALPs in terms of mean size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential, while the encapsulation of an OMet miR-34a resulted in a significant increase of miRNA encapsulation into the SNALPs. On the other hand, the chemical conjugation of SNALPs with Tf resulted in a significant decrease of the zeta potential, while size characteristics and miR-34a encapsulation into SNALPs were not significantly affected. In an experimental model of MM, all the animals treated with SNALPs encapsulating miR-34a showed a significant inhibition of the tumor growth. However, the use of SNALPs conjugated with Tf and encapsulating OMet miR-34a resulted in the highest increase of mice survival. These results may represent the proof of concept for the use of SNALPs encapsulating miR-34a for the treatment of MM.

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