scholarly journals Skin Epidermis and Barrier Function

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 3035
Author(s):  
Kyung-Min Lim
Keyword(s):  
Barrier Function ◽  
External Environment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Epithelial Tissue ◽  
Skin Epidermis

The skin epidermis is the outermost epithelial tissue that protects the body from the external environment [...]

Simplicity from Complexity – MicroRNAs and the Maintenance of Skin Homeostasis

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (02) ◽  
pp. 111-121
Author(s):  
Shan Quah ◽  
Prabha Sampath
Keyword(s):  
Cell Fate ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Transcriptional Repression ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
External Environment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Messenger Rnas ◽  
Skin Damage ◽  
Multiple Series ◽  
Skin Function

Skin homeostasis is indispensable for terrestrial life. The skin, sitting at the interface between the dry external environment and the aqueous interior, acts as a barrier to delimit each from the other. Maintaining this barrier function is critical – if it is compromised, pathogen ingress and water loss may have potentially severe consequences. Skin function is supported by an intricate regulatory network incorporating both protein-coding genes as well as non-coding RNA transcripts. This review will focus on microRNAs, a subset of non-coding RNAs which target specific messenger RNAs for post-transcriptional repression. MicroRNAs regulate every aspect of skin biology, from initial cell fate determination during embryogenesis, to steady state keratinocyte maturation and barrier renewal, as well as coordination of the healing process in response to skin damage. An increased appreciation for the role of microRNAs in skin pathologies not only sheds light on the importance of these small RNAs in healthy skin function, but also provides an expanding repertoire of potential therapeutic targets through which these conditions may be addressed. Mammalian skin appears simple. Its core function is to shield the body from the external environment. Water must be retained to sustain life, whilst harmful pathogens and other environmental insults must be kept out. This simplicity in function belies the array of intricate processes necessary to maintain the skin’s barrier function – multiple series of highly-ordered molecular and cellular events control constant epidermal rejuvenation, as well as rapid repair of any epithelial damage sustained. For internal homeostasis to be maintained, epithelial integrity is essential, and contingent upon precise spatiotemporal control of protein expression in the skin.

Questions on the role of biofilms for the adaptation of microorganisms to unfavorable environmental factors by the example of P. aeruginosa

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-383
Author(s):  
Vasily N. Afonyushkin ◽  
N. A. Donchenko ◽  
Ju. N. Kozlova ◽  
N. A. Davidova ◽  
V. Yu. Koptev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Pathogenic Potential ◽  
The Face

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a widely represented species of bacteria possessing of a pathogenic potential. This infectious agent is causing wound infections, fibrotic cystitis, fibrosing pneumonia, bacterial sepsis, etc. The microorganism is highly resistant to antiseptics, disinfectants, immune system responses of the body. The responses of a quorum sense of this kind of bacteria ensure the inclusion of many pathogenicity factors. The analysis of the scientific literature made it possible to formulate four questions concerning the role of biofilms for the adaptation of P. aeruginosa to adverse environmental factors: Is another person appears to be predominantly of a source an etiological agent or the source of P. aeruginosa infection in the environment? Does the formation of biofilms influence on the antibiotic resistance? How the antagonistic activity of microorganisms is realized in biofilm form? What is the main function of biofilms in the functioning of bacteria? A hypothesis has been put forward the effect of biofilms on the increase of antibiotic resistance of bacteria and, in particular, P. aeruginosa to be secondary in charcter. It is more likely a biofilmboth to fulfill the function of storing nutrients and provide topical competition in the face of food scarcity. In connection with the incompatibility of the molecular radii of most antibiotics and pores in biofilm, biofilm is doubtful to be capable of performing a barrier function for protecting against antibiotics. However, with respect to antibodies and immunocompetent cells, the barrier function is beyond doubt. The biofilm is more likely to fulfill the function of storing nutrients and providing topical competition in conditions of scarcity of food resources.

Circadian tuning of motivation. A little organ of yesterday?

1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Daan
Keyword(s):  
Internal State ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Animal Behaviour ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biological Clocks ◽  
Motivational Systems ◽  
Regulatory Principle ◽  
The Face ◽  
Temporal Organisation ◽  
The Ideal

The analysis of motivational systems underlying temporal organisation in animal behaviour has relied primarily on two conceptual functional frameworks: Homeostasis and biological clocks. Homeostasis is one of the most general and influential concepts in physiology. Walter Cannon introduced homeostasis as a universal regulatory principle which animals employ to maintain constancy of their ‘internal milieu’ in the face of challenges and perturbations from the external environment. Cannon spoke of “The Wisdom of the Body”, the collective of responses designed to defend the ideal internal state against those perturbations.

scholarly journals Chemerin Regulates Epithelial Barrier Function of Mammary Glands in Dairy Cows

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3194
Author(s):  
Yutaka Suzuki ◽  
Sachi Chiba ◽  
Koki Nishihara ◽  
Keiichi Nakajima ◽  
Akihiko Hagino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Mammary Epithelial Cells ◽  
Mammary Epithelial ◽  
Epithelial Barrier ◽  
Epithelial Tissue ◽  
Epithelial Barrier Function

Epithelial barrier function in the mammary gland acts as a forefront of the defense mechanism against mastitis, which is widespread and a major disorder in dairy production. Chemerin is a chemoattractant protein with potent antimicrobial ability, but its role in the mammary gland remains unelucidated. The aim of this study was to determine the function of chemerin in mammary epithelial tissue of dairy cows in lactation or dry-off periods. Mammary epithelial cells produced chemerin protein, and secreted chemerin was detected in milk samples. Chemerin treatment promoted the proliferation of cultured bovine mammary epithelial cells and protected the integrity of the epithelial cell layer from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced damage. Meanwhile, chemerin levels were higher in mammary tissue with mastitis. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) strongly upregulated the expression of the chemerin-coding gene (RARRES2) in mammary epithelial cells. Therefore, chemerin was suggested to support mammary epithelial cell growth and epithelial barrier function and to be regulated by inflammatory stimuli. Our results may indicate chemerin as a novel therapeutic target for diseases in the bovine mammary gland.

scholarly journals Regional Signal Recognition of Body Sounds

2021 ◽  
pp. 157-160
Author(s):  
Osman Balli ◽  
Yakup Kutlu
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Control System ◽  
Neural Network Model ◽  
External Environment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Educational Success ◽  
Digital Analysis ◽  
Signal Recognition ◽  
Audio Signals ◽  
Different Parts

One of the most important signals in the field of biomedicine is audio signals. Sound signals obtained from the body give us information about the general condition of the body. However, the detection of different sounds when recording audio signals belonging to the body or listening to them by doctors makes it difficult to diagnose the disease from these signals. In addition to isolating these sounds from the external environment, it is also necessary to separate their sounds from different parts of the body during the analysis. Separation of heart, lung and abdominal sounds will facilitate digital analysis, in particular. In this study, a dataset was created from the lungs, heart and abdominal sounds. MFCC (Mel Frekans Cepstrum Coefficient) coefficient data were obtained. The obtained coefficients were trained in the CNN (Convolution Neural Network) model. The purpose of this study is to classify audio signals. With this classification, a control system can be created. In this way, erroneous recordings that may occur when recording physicians' body voices will be prevented. When looking at the results, the educational success is about 98% and the test success is about 85%.

scholarly journals Adaptation of mammalian protein metabolism to amino acid supply

1969 ◽  
Vol 28 (02) ◽  
pp. 215-225
Author(s):  
Hamish N. Munro
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
External Environment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Physiological Adaptations ◽  
Essential Nutrient ◽  
Mammalian Protein

The metabolism of the animal is equipped to adapt to changes in both the internal and the external environment. Among internal factors are activity versus rest and sleep, and the menstrual cycle in the case of the female. Metabolism must also respond to variations in the external environment, such as heat and cold, and notably the availability of food. Metabolic adaptation to nutrient supply is of two kinds. First, there are transient physiological adaptations to the intermittent intake of nutritionally adequate meals. These short-lived adaptations account for a large part of the diurnal variations that have been observed in the protein metabolism of mammals (Wurtman, 1969). Secondly, long-term adaptive reactions occur when there is a decrease in availability of an essential nutrient in the diet. Under such circumstances, tissue constituents are lost to varying degrees from different parts of the body. It is proposed to discuss here mainly short-term physiological adaptations to variations in amino acid supply and their relevance to the needs of the body for dietary protein. Adaptive changes resulting from long-term protein deficiency are considered in the paper by Waterlow & Stephen (1969).

In the Wind Tunnel Simulation Defroster Control Study

2013 ◽  
Vol 380-384 ◽  
pp. 191-194
Author(s):  
Qin Yu Yang ◽  
Jin Bo Yao ◽  
Yue Ming Yang ◽  
Xue Wei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Aerodynamic Performance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Flight Safety ◽  
Aircraft Icing ◽  
Real Situation ◽  
Wind Tunnel Simulation ◽  
Performance Deterioration ◽  
Control Study

Aircraft in flight, such as supercooled water droplets encountered icing conditions suitable for the external environment, the relevant parts of the body will freeze, making the aircraft's aerodynamic performance deterioration, severe endanger flight safety, in addition, the aircraft parked in the open winter months , there will be icing, you need to clean up before takeoff. We should grasp the mechanism of aircraft icing, environmental factors and easy to freeze parts of the body. This paper presents a simulation using the wind tunnel icing device icing wind tunnel simulations can reproduce the real situation of aircraft icing, for guiding practice and got good results.

The Embodied Theory of Stress: A Constructionist Perspective on the Experience of Stress

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 398-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alisha L. Francis
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Stress ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
External Environment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Previous Experience ◽  
The Unconscious ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Automatic Integration ◽  
Experience Of Stress

An emphasis on the physiological activity related to psychological stress is hardly novel. Considering stress from the perspective of embodiment, however, places that physiological activity in a new light. Research and theory from that perspective emphasizes the reciprocal nature between psychological and physiological processes. This article incorporates findings regarding peripheral, body-based embodiment with existing theories to introduce a more integrated understanding of the experience of psychological stress. A discussion of central embodiment and modality-based simulations leads to the conclusion that the psychological construction paradigm may be more applicable than are previous stimulus–organism–response approaches. The embodied theory of stress (ETS) reflects the constructionist paradigm. The theory hypothesizes that situations are categorized as stressful, and consciously labeled as such, based on the unconscious, automatic integration of data from the body, the external environment, and previous experience. The ETS also asserts that experiences categorized as stressful are accompanied by unique patterns of physiological activity.

scholarly journals The Junctional Epithelium Is Maintained by a Stem Cell Population

2020 ◽  
pp. 002203452096012
Author(s):  
X. Yuan ◽  
J. Chen ◽  
J.A. Grauer ◽  
Q. Xu ◽  
L.A. Van Brunt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Bone Resorption ◽  
Cell Population ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
The Body ◽  
Stem Cell Population ◽  
Oral Epithelium ◽  
Junctional Epithelium ◽  
Slow Cycling

The most fundamental function of an epithelial tissue is to act as a barrier, regulating interactions between the external environment and the body. This barrier function typically requires a contiguous cell layer but since teeth penetrate the oral epithelium, a modified barrier has evolved, called the junctional epithelium (JE). In health, the JE attaches to the tooth, sealing the inside of the body against oral micro-organisms. Breakdown of the JE barrier results in periodontal ligament (PDL) disintegration, alveolar bone resorption, and ultimately tooth loss. Using lineage tracing and DNA pulse-chase analyses, we identified an anatomical location in the JE that supported both fast- and slow-cycling Wnt-responsive stem cells that contributed to self-renewal of the tissue. Stem cells produced daughter cells with an extraordinarily high rate of turnover that maintained JE integrity for 1.4 y in mice. Blocking cell proliferation via a chemotherapeutic agent 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) eliminated fast-cycling stem cells, which caused JE degeneration, PDL destruction, and bone resorption. Upon removal of 5-Fu, slow-cycling stem cells regenerated both the structure and barrier function of the JE. Taken together, our studies identified a stem cell population in the JE and have potential clinical implications for prevention and treatment of periodontitis.

scholarly journals Neurons and Glia in the Enteric Nervous System and Epithelial Barrier Function

Physiology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Vergnolle ◽  
Carla Cirillo
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
The Body ◽  
Epithelial Barrier ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Epithelial Barrier Function ◽  
Exchange Surface

The intestinal epithelial barrier is the largest exchange surface between the body and the external environment. Its functions are regulated by luminal, and also internal, components including the enteric nervous system. This review summarizes current knowledge about the role of the digestive “neuronal-glial-epithelial unit” on epithelial barrier function.

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