scholarly journals Developmental and Neurotoxicity of Acrylamide to Zebrafish

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 3518
Author(s):  
Jong-Su Park ◽  
Palas Samanta ◽  
Sangwoo Lee ◽  
Jieon Lee ◽  
Jae-Woo Cho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Toxicity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Zebrafish Embryos ◽  
Efficient Manner ◽  
Neuronal Toxicity ◽  
Behavioral Toxicity ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Acrylamide is a commonly used industrial chemical that is known to be neurotoxic to mammals. However, its developmental toxicity is rarely assessed in mammalian models because of the cost and complexity involved. We used zebrafish to assess the neurotoxicity, developmental and behavioral toxicity of acrylamide. At 6 h post fertilization, zebrafish embryos were exposed to four concentrations of acrylamide (10, 30, 100, or 300 mg/L) in a medium for 114 h. Acrylamide caused developmental toxicity characterized by yolk retention, scoliosis, swim bladder deficiency, and curvature of the body. Acrylamide also impaired locomotor activity, which was measured as swimming speed and distance traveled. In addition, treatment with 100 mg/L acrylamide shortened the width of the brain and spinal cord, indicating neuronal toxicity. In summary, acrylamide induces developmental toxicity and neurotoxicity in zebrafish. This can be used to study acrylamide neurotoxicity in a rapid and cost-efficient manner.

ON THE INJURIOUS EFFECT OF THE BABY CARRIAGE ON THE PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE YOUNG (1880)

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 857-857
Author(s):  
T. E. C.
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Physical Development ◽  
Medical Society ◽  
County Medical Society ◽  
Injurious Effect ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

On November 10, 1880, Dr. Henry H. Smith of Philadelphia read a paper before the Philadelphia County Medical Society in which he condemned the use of the baby carriage as follows: The advocates of the use of baby-carriages contend that they are beneficial by keeping an infant longer in the fresh air than can be done when it is carried by a nurse, who soon becomes fatigued. This is certainly not true in many instances, as a woman who is not strong enough to carry an infant, even if it weighs twenty-five pounds, is physically unfitted for her duty as a nurse. Such an objection is very apt to be raised by the nurses themselves, and should be regarded with suspicion by the mother. Often it is evidence of laziness or a fondness for flirtation or talking, as may be noted at any time in our parks or squares, and especially in Rittenhouse Square, where many nurses of wealthy children can be daily seen amusing themselves by the hour, totally regardless of the infant, who may be likewise seen with its head hanging out over the side of the carriage, so as to compress the veins of the neck and induce a certain degree of congestion of the brain, if it is not found in some equally-improper and injurious attitude likely to result in curvature or caries of the spine, the origin or exciting cause of which it is subsequently difficult to recognize. Another evil liable to ensue from the constant use of the baby-carriage is the jarring and concussion of the delicate brain and spinal cord of the infant, created by bouncing the carriage over gutters or up and down the curbstones of our sidewalks.... The baby-carriage mania has now reached that point in Philadelphia that an infant and a coach appear to be inseparable, and, though the cost of a baby-carriage is quite an item in the expenses of the nursery, "few there are so poor as not to do it reverence." Of course, it is admitted that there may be instances where the use of a baby-carriage occasionally by a child able to walk a little, or where the carriage permits a poor, tired mother to obtain for herself a little relaxation whilst keeping her baby in its carriage in the Park, or in the case of feeble children or those recuperating from an attack of illness, is advantageous: but, as a general rule, the anatomical and physiological facts just alluded to may be deemed as sufficient to induce physicians to give attention to the abuse of a custom that is by no means the result of necessity in the case of infants or those under twelve months of age.

scholarly journals Global Prospects of the Cost-Efficiency of Broiler Welfare in Middle-Segment Production Systems

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luuk S.M. Vissers ◽  
Ingrid C. de Jong ◽  
Peter L.M. van Horne ◽  
Helmut W. Saatkamp
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Middle Segment ◽  
Efficient Manner ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
The Cost

In the 2000s, the idea of a so-called middle-segment arose in North-West Europe to address the criticism on intensive broiler production systems. Middle-segment systems being indoor housing of slower-growing broiler strains at a stocking density ≤38 kg/m2. Previous literature showed that Dutch middle-segment systems entail a relatively large gain in animal welfare at a relatively low increase in costs, i.e., have a high cost-efficiency. The question is to what extent these findings are applicable to other countries. Therefore, the aim of this study is to gain insight in the global prospects of middle-segment systems by exploring the cost-efficiency of these systems in other parts of the world. A set of representative countries, containing the Netherlands, United States and Brazil were selected. Cost-efficiency was defined as the ratio of the change in the level of animal welfare and the change in production costs. The level of animal welfare was measured by the Welfare Quality (WQ) index score. Data was collected from literature and consulting experts. Results show that in the Netherlands, United States and Brazil a change from conventional towards a middle-segment system improves animal welfare in a cost-efficient manner (the Netherlands 9.1, United States 24.2 and Brazil 12.1). Overall, it can be concluded that in general middle-segment production systems provide a considerable increase in animal welfare at a relatively small increase in production costs and therefore offer good prospects for a cost-efficient improvement of broiler welfare.

Abstract 14173: Emailing is an Economical Way to Recruit Participants

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsten Raby ◽  
Karen Blinson ◽  
David M Herrington ◽  
David X Zhao ◽  
Gary Rosenthal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Efficient Manner ◽  
Email Address ◽  
Access Code ◽  
Letter Group ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
New Diagnosis ◽  
The Cost

Introduction: To produce results from clinical trials that are statistically significant, researchers must enroll enough participants; however, it is difficult to recruit sufficient participants. The ADAPTABLE trial is a pragmatic randomized controlled trial designed to compare two aspirin doses in patients with cardiovascular disease. Methods: We used eligibility criteria set forth by the ADAPTABLE study protocol. We then put patients into two groups. Patients with email addresses were group one, and sent an email weekly. Patients without an email address were in group two, and a letter was mailed to their home address. Eligible patients who had a clinic appointment scheduled were also recruited approached in clinic. Most of these patients had already been stratified into the email or letter group, but there was the possibility that they had a new diagnosis and had not been contacted. All were given a link to the ADAPTABLE trial portal with an access code to enroll. An explanatory video about the study and electronic informed consent were on the trial website. Results: As shown in Table 1, four hundred and nine patients enrolled in our trial over a 10-month period. Three hundred and ninety-seven (97.06%) patients enrolled in the study via email. Letters were sent to 7,226 patients and four (0.98%) enrolled in the study. Eight (1.96%) of the patients who were approached in person enrolled in the study. The cost of email campaign was $1.44/patient and the cost per enrollment was the least expensive, at $95.71. In person enrollment cost $23.34/patient and the total cost per enrollment was $417.12. The letter recruitment cost $0.30/patient, however, the cost per enrollment was the highest, at $542.26. Conclusion: Email is an effective and economical way to recruit patients for clinical trials. Email allows researchers to contact more patients about proposed studies promptly and facilitates pragmatic research trials that achieve results in a timely and cost-efficient manner.

scholarly journals A critical and experimental inquiry into the relations subsisting between nerve and muscle

1837 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 64-65
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Muscular Contraction ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hydrocyanic Acid ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Muscular Fibre ◽  
Contractile Property ◽  
Direct Solution ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

It has long been a subject of controversy among physiologists whether muscular contraction is the immediate consequence of the action of a stimulus on the muscular fibre, or whether it is necessarily dependent on a change taking place in the nerve distributed to the muscle, and excited by the stimulus. This question, the author observes, is one which, from its very nature, is incapable of a direct solution, because the intimate connection of nervous fibres with every part of the muscles renders it impossible to distinguish on which of these classes of textures the impression of the stimulus is primarily made. The continuance of the motions of the heart after the destruction of the brain and spinal cord, and even after the entire removal of the heart from the body, has been adduced as an argument of the independence of the contractile property of the muscular fibre: but this argument the author considers as inconclusive, because the nervous fibres remaining in the heart, and expanded on the interior of its cavities, may still be capable of performing their usual functions, and act as the medium of excitation to the muscular fibres: an hypothesis strongly supported by the analogy of the voluntary muscles, which, though usually excited to action by changes taking place in the central portions of the nervous system, may yet, when removed from this influence, be made to contract by irritations applied to the trunks of the nerves that supply them. As narcotic poisons act exclusively upon the nervous system, the author conceived that they might afford the means of eliminating the action of the nerves, and thus enable us to discover what share they contribute towards muscular contraction. On applying the empyreumatic oil of tobacco, or the hydrocyanic acid, to the sciatic nerves of a rabbit, he found that the functions of that part of the nerve which was in contact with the poison was destroyed, and that irritations applied to that part no longer excited contractions in the muscles. But when the portion which had been so affected was cut off, and the galvanic wire applied to that extremity of the nerves which remained attached to the muscle, contractions were produced. Similar results were obtained when the poison was applied directly to the brain. When, on the other hand, the poison was applied to mucous surfaces so as rapidly to extinguish life, the muscles throughout the whole body were paralysed and lost all capability of being excited to contraction.

scholarly journals Guillain-Barré Syndrome: A Rare Case Report

2021 ◽  
pp. 263-267
Author(s):  
Roshani Dhanvijay ◽  
Ruchira Ankar
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Body ◽  
Guillain Barre Syndrome ◽  
Bladder Control ◽  
Guillain Barré Syndrome ◽  
Guillain Barré ◽  
Hands And Feet ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Introduction: Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rare neurodegenerative condition in which the immune system of the body mistakenly damages a portion of the peripheral nerve system. The initial signs are general weakness and numbness in the limbs. Initial symptoms occur within a few days or weeks of infection. These symptoms can spread fast, ultimately paralyzing the entire body. The peripheral system consists of the brain and spinal cord.  The nerve network is found outside of the brain and spinal cord. GBS can range from a minor case with short weakness to a completely fatal paralysis that renders the individual unable to breathe on their own. Fortunately, even the most severe instances of GBS may be recovered from. Some people will remain feeble even after they have recovered. The majority of patients reach the peak of their weakness within the first two weeks of symptoms appearing; by the third week, 90 percent of those affected are at their weakest. Symptoms of muscle weakness include difficulty with muscles of the eyes and vision, swallowing difficulties, difficulty in speaking, or chewing, pricking or pins and needles sensations in the hands and feet, pain that can be severe, especially at night, coordination problems, and unsteadiness, abnormal heartbeat/rate or blood pressure, problems with digestion and/or bladder control, and problems with digestion and/or bladder control. Background: Guillain-Barré syndrome can affect anyone. It can attack at any age (though it is more common in adults and the elderly), and both sexes are equally susceptible to the condition. GBS is predicted to afflict one in every 100,000 people each year. GBS affects between 3,000 and 6,000 persons in the United States each year. Case Presentation: A 53 years old male patient came to the hospital with the chief complaint of weakness in all four limbs for 6 days. A patient was apparently alright 6 days back later he was experience weakness in the left side of the body following covid vaccination on 4th June, weakness was gradually progressive in nature and progress to the right side of the body after 2 days. Later on, 8th of June patient got admitted to GMC yavatmal where the routine investigation was done including a CT scan brain which normal and doctors ask for an MRI brain for which the patient and his relative had taken a DAMA discharge and brought the patient to AVBR Hospital. All investigation has been done after that the physician diagnosed the patient having Guillain barre syndrome. The patient weakness has been worse and the treatment start according to the disease condition. Medical treatment including physical therapy also been started to reducing physical weakness and the patient condition is improved day by day. Intervention: The intervention was given to the patient such as injection ceftriaxone 1 gm BD, Inj pan 40 mg OD, Inj Emset 4 mg  TDS, Inj optinurone 1 Amp in 100 ml normal saline.

Deterrence and Criminal Attempts

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 615-623
Author(s):  
David Schmidtz
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Deterrence Theory ◽  
Efficient Manner ◽  
James Buchanan ◽  
Proper Role ◽  
Cost Of Crime ◽  
Costs Of Crime ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
The Cost

It is widely held that the proper role of criminal punishment is to ensure in a cost-efficient manner that criminal laws will be obeyed. As James Buchanan puts it,the reason we have courts is not that we want people to be convicted of crimes but that we want people not to commit them. The whole procedure of the law is one, essentially, of threatening people with unpleasant consequences if they do things which are regarded as objectionable.According to the deterrence theory of punishment, which I will here accept without argument in order to tease out some of its implications, legislators must be aware of opportunities to maximize the threat value of criminal prohibitions. By maximizing deterrence, we minimize the cost of crime. On the other hand, creating these threats, and carrying them out, is also costly. So we also wish to minimize the cost of avoiding crime. An efficient deterrent, therefore, will be one which minimizes the sum of the costs of crime and crime avoidance, where ‘cost’ is to be broadly construed.

Pelvic schwannoma

GYNECOLOGY ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 84-86
Author(s):  
Sergei P. Sinchikhin ◽  
Sarkis G. Magakyan ◽  
Oganes G. Magakyan
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Nerve ◽  
World Literature ◽  
Morphological Study ◽  
Clinical Observation ◽  
Nerve Trunk ◽  
Practical Case ◽  
Surgical Volume ◽  
The World ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Relevance.A neoplasm originated from the myelonic sheath of the nerve trunk is called neurinoma or neurilemmoma, neurinoma, schwannoglioma, schwannoma. This tumor can cause compression and dysfunction of adjacent tissues and organs. The most common are the auditory nerve neurinomas (1 case per 100 000 population per year), the brain and spinal cord neurinomas are rare. In the world literature, there is no information on the occurrences of this tumor in the pelvic region. Description.Presented below is a clinical observation of a 30-year-old patient who was scheduled for myomectomy. During laparoscopy, an unusual tumor of the small pelvis was found and radically removed. A morphological study allowed to identify the remote neoplasm as a neuroma. Conclusion.The presented practical case shows that any tumor can hide under a clinical mask of another disease. The qualification of the doctor performing laparoscopic myomectomy should be sufficient to carry out, if necessary, another surgical volume.

EXPERIMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE NANOPARTICLES TOXICITY OF NICKEL OXIDE IN TWO SIZES IN THE SUBCHRONIC EXPERIMENT

2018 ◽  
pp. 30-35
Author(s):  
M.P. Sutunkova ◽  
B.A. Katsnelson ◽  
L.I. Privalova ◽  
S.N. Solovjeva ◽  
V.B. Gurvich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nickel Oxide ◽  
Nervous Activity ◽  
Equal Mass ◽  
The Body ◽  
Subchronic Toxicity ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Nanoparticles Toxicity

We conducted a comparative assessment of the nickel oxide nanoparticles toxicity (NiO) of two sizes (11 and 25 nm) according to a number of indicators of the body state after repeated intraperitoneal injections of these particles suspensions. At equal mass doses, NiO nanoparticles have been found to cause various manifestations of systemic subchronic toxicity with a particularly pronounced effect on liver, kidney function, the body’s antioxidant system, lipid metabolism, white and red blood, redox metabolism, spleen damage, and some disorders of nervous activity allegedly related to the possibility of nickel penetration into the brain from the blood. The relationship between the diameter and toxicity of particles is ambiguous, which may be due to differences in toxicokinetics, which is controlled by both physiological mechanisms and direct penetration of nanoparticles through biological barriers and, finally, unequal solubility.

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