scholarly journals State of Drosophila melanogaster Ovaries after a Full Cycle of Gametogenesis under Microgravity Modeling: Cellular Respiration and the Content of Cytoskeletal Proteins

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (17) ◽  
pp. 9234
Author(s):  
Maria A. Usik ◽  
Maria A. Golubkova ◽  
Irina V. Ogneva
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Functional State ◽  
Simulated Microgravity ◽  
Relative Content ◽  
Cytoskeletal Proteins ◽  
Cellular Respiration ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Mature Adults ◽  
Mrna Content ◽  
Microgravity Conditions

The effect of weightlessness on gametogenesis and the functional state of female germ cells are still poorly understood. We studied the ovaries of Drosophila melanogaster, the full development cycle of which (from zygote to sexually mature adults) passed under simulated microgravity by a random positioning machine. The rate of cellular respiration was studied by polarography as a parameter reflecting the functional state of mitochondria. The content of cytoskeletal proteins and histones was determined using Western blotting. The relative content of mRNA was determined using qRT-PCR. The results obtained indicated an increase in the rate of cellular respiration under simulated microgravity conditions during the full cycle of gametogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster due to complex I of the respiratory chain. In addition, an increase in the contents of actin cytoskeleton components was observed against the background of an increase in the mRNA content of the cytoskeleton’s encoding genes. Moreover, we observed an increase in the relative content of histone H3 acetylated at Lys9 and Lys27, which may explain the increase in the expression of cytoskeletal genes. In conclusion, the formation of an adaptive pattern of functioning of the Drosophila melanogaster ovaries that developed under simulated microgravity includes structural and functional changes and epigenetic regulation.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial Respiration in Drosophila Ovaries after a Full Cycle of Oogenesis under Simulated Microgravity

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 176-186
Author(s):  
Irina V. Ogneva ◽  
Maria A. Usik
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Respiratory Chain ◽  
Simulated Microgravity ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Cytoskeletal Proteins ◽  
Cellular Respiration ◽  
Zero Gravity ◽  
Female Reproductive System ◽  
Essential Phospholipids

Studies of the function of the female reproductive system in zero gravity are urgent for the future exploration of deep space. Female reproductive cells, oocytes, are rich in mitochondria, which allow oocytes to produce embryos. The rate of cellular respiration was determined to assess the functional state of the mitochondrial apparatus in Drosophila melanogaster ovaries in which the full cycle of oogenesis took place under simulated microgravity. Since cellular respiration depends on the state of the cytoskeleton, the contents of the main cytoskeletal proteins were determined by Western blotting. To modulate the structure of the cytoskeleton, essential phospholipids were administered per os at a dosage of 500 mg/kg in medium. The results of this study show that after a full cycle of oogenesis under simulated microgravity, the rate of cellular respiration in the fruit fly ovaries increases, apparently due to complex II of the respiratory chain. At the same time, we did not find any changes in the area of oocytes or in the content of proteins in the respiratory chain. However, changes were found in the relative contents of proteins of the actin cytoskeleton. There were no changes of essential phospholipids and no increase in the rate of cellular respiration of the ovaries after exposure to simulated microgravity. However, in the control, the administration of essential phospholipids led to a decrease in the efficiency of oxygen consumption in the flies’ ovaries due to complexes IV–V.

scholarly journals Drosophila melanogaster Sperm under Simulated Microgravity and a Hypomagnetic Field: Motility and Cell Respiration

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (17) ◽  
pp. 5985
Author(s):  
Irina V. Ogneva ◽  
Maria A. Usik ◽  
Maria V. Burtseva ◽  
Nikolay S. Biryukov ◽  
Yuliya S. Zhdankina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Complex I ◽  
Simulated Microgravity ◽  
Video Recording ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Cellular Respiration ◽  
Cell Respiration ◽  
Hypomagnetic Field ◽  
Essential Phospholipids

The role of the Earth’s gravitational and magnetic fields in the evolution and maintenance of normal processes of various animal species remains unclear. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of simulated microgravity and hypomagnetic conditions for 1, 3, and 6 h on the sperm motility of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. In addition to the usual diet, the groups were administered oral essential phospholipids at a dosage of 500 mg/kg in medium. The speed of the sperm tails was determined by video recording and analysis of the obtained video files, protein content by western blotting, and cell respiration by polarography. The results indicated an increase in the speed of movement of the sperm tails after 6 h in simulated microgravity. The levels of proteins that form the axoneme of the sperm tail did not change, but cellular respiration was altered. A similar effect occurred with the administration of essential phospholipids. These results may be due to a change in the level of phosphorylation of motor proteins. Exposure to hypomagnetic conditions led to a decrease in motility after 6 h against a background of a decrease in the rate of cellular respiration due to complex I of the respiratory chain. This effect was not observed in the flies that received essential phospholipids. However, after 1 h under hypomagnetic conditions, the rate of cellular respiration also increased due to complex I, including that in the sperm of flies receiving essential phospholipids.

scholarly journals Proteome and functional decline as platelets age in the circulation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harriet E Allan ◽  
Melissa A Hayman ◽  
Simone Marcone ◽  
Melissa V Chan ◽  
Matthew L Edin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Decline ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Cytoskeletal Proteins ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Calcium Dynamics ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Mrna Content ◽  
Granule Secretion ◽  
And Function

Anucleate platelets circulate in the blood of healthy individuals for approximately 7-10 days during which time their protein composition may change. We hypothesized such changes would be linked to altered structure and function. Here, we separated platelets of different ages based on mRNA content and characterised them using proteomics, immunofluorescence and functional assays. Total protein content was 45±5% (n=4) lower in old platelets compared to young platelets. Predictive proteomic pathway analysis identified associations with 28 biological processes, notably increased haemostasis in young platelets and apoptosis in old platelets. Further studies confirmed platelet ageing was linked to a reduction decrease in cytoskeletal proteins, a reduction in mitochondria number, and lower calcium dynamics and granule secretion. This work delineates physical and functional changes in platelets as they age and serves as a base to examine differences associated with altered mean age of platelet populations in conditions such as immune thrombocytopenia and diabetes.

Dynamical Peculiarities of Concatenational Changes in Functional Cardiovascular Parameters

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (82) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eurelija Venskaitytė ◽  
Jonas Poderys ◽  
Tadas Česnaitis
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
Functional State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
High Intensity Training ◽  
Series Analysis ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
St Segment ◽  
Standard Lead

Research  background  and  hypothesis.  Traditional  time  series  analysis  techniques,  which  are  also  used  for the analysis of cardiovascular signals, do not reveal the relationship between the  changes in the indices recorded associated with the multiscale and chaotic structure of the tested object, which allows establishing short-and long-term structural and functional changes.Research aim was to reveal the dynamical peculiarities of interactions of cardiovascular system indices while evaluating the functional state of track-and-field athletes and Greco-Roman wrestlers.Research methods. Twenty two subjects participated in the study, their average age of 23.5 ± 1.7 years. During the study standard 12 lead electrocardiograms (ECG) were recorded. The following ECG parameters were used in the study: duration of RR interval taken from the II standard lead, duration of QRS complex, duration of JT interval and amplitude of ST segment taken from the V standard lead.Research  results.  Significant  differences  were  found  between  inter-parametric  connections  of  ST  segment amplitude and JT interval duration at the pre and post-training testing. Observed changes at different hierarchical levels of the body systems revealed inadequate cardiac metabolic processes, leading to changes in the metabolic rate of the myocardium and reflected in the dynamics of all investigated interactions.Discussion and conclusions. It has been found that peculiarities of the interactions of ECG indices interactions show the exposure of the  functional changes in the body at the onset of the workload. The alterations of the functional state of the body and the signs of fatigue, after athletes performed two high intensity training sessions per day, can be assessed using the approach of the evaluation of interactions between functional variables. Therefore the evaluation of the interactions of physiological signals by using time series analysis methods is suitable for the observation of these processes and the functional state of the body.Keywords: electrocardiogram, time series, functional state.

scholarly journals Instrumental and laboratory parameters of myocardial function in adult patients with autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 2, 3

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 16-23
Author(s):  
Natalya V. Molashenko ◽  
Ekaterina A. Troshina ◽  
Diana M. Babaeva ◽  
Natalia M. Malysheva ◽  
Larisa V. Nikankina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional State ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Heart Muscle ◽  
Troponin I ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome Type

BACKGRAUND: Аutoimmune polyglandular syndrome (APS) it is characterized by damage to two or more endocrine glands, which eventually results in the hormonal failure. Some clinical studies describe the development of myocardial lesion in the setting of combined autoimmune endocrine pathology. In Russia the myocardial condition in adult patients with APS types 2 and 3 was examined for the first time.AIM: To evaluate the structure and functional state of the myocardium according to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), to analyze changes in the spectrum of specific antiheart autoantibodies and markers of heart lesion in patients with APS types 2 and 3.MATERIALS AND METHODS: 50 patients with APS types 2, 3 were studied. 45 of them were performed with delayed contrast heart MRI. All 50 patients were tested for IgG antibodies to heart muscle antigens by indirect enzymatic immunoassay (EIA), for troponin I and natriuretic peptide by chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA), for creatine phosphokinase (CPK) by NAC (N – acetyl-L-cysteine), and for C-reactive protein (CRP) by immunoturbidimetry.RESULTS: According to the results of heart MRI (n=45), 91% showed signs of functional changes in the left ventricular (LV) myocardium without any signs of myocarditis. 38 of 45 examined patients had deviation of 2 or more indicants of the LV functional state, MEF 68.9±6.6%, IUMm — 86 [75; 99] g, IUSV — 60.9 [50; 66] ml, IUEDVi — 52 [44; 59] ml/m2 , IUESVi — 17 [15.3; 18] ml/m2 , IUESV — 26 [23; 31] ml, IUEDV — 85 [70; 92] ml. 1 patient (2%) had positive result according to the determination of antibodies (AB) to heart muscle antigens (AG). Troponin 1 indicants did not exceed the reference values. The level of CPK exceeded the reference values in 3 patients (6%), an increase of CRP, NT-proBNP was observed in 7 patients (14%), and a combined increase was observed in 1 case.CONCLUSIONS: We obtained MRI data indicating functional changes in the myocardium in patients with APS types 2 and 3. The autoimmune cause of these changes according to the results of determining of antiheart antibodies was not confirmed in most of the examined patients, the indicants of «damage» to the myocardium (troponin 1 and NT-proBNP) did not deviate from the reference range.

scholarly journals Scalable Microgravity Simulator Used for Long-Term Musculoskeletal Cells and Tissue Engineering

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (23) ◽  
pp. 8908
Author(s):  
Alessandra Cazzaniga ◽  
Fabian Ille ◽  
Simon Wuest ◽  
Carsten Haack ◽  
Adrian Koller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Simulated Microgravity ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
C2c12 Cells ◽  
Equal Treatment ◽  
New Device ◽  
Microgravity Conditions ◽  
Validation Tests

We introduce a new benchtop microgravity simulator (MGS) that is scalable and easy to use. Its working principle is similar to that of random positioning machines (RPM), commonly used in research laboratories and regarded as one of the gold standards for simulating microgravity. The improvement of the MGS concerns mainly the algorithms controlling the movements of the samples and the design that, for the first time, guarantees equal treatment of all the culture flasks undergoing simulated microgravity. Qualification and validation tests of the new device were conducted with human bone marrow stem cells (bMSC) and mouse skeletal muscle myoblasts (C2C12). bMSC were cultured for 4 days on the MGS and the RPM in parallel. In the presence of osteogenic medium, an overexpression of osteogenic markers was detected in the samples from both devices. Similarly, C2C12 cells were maintained for 4 days on the MGS and the rotating wall vessel (RWV) device, another widely used microgravity simulator. Significant downregulation of myogenesis markers was observed in gravitationally unloaded cells. Therefore, similar results can be obtained regardless of the used simulated microgravity devices, namely MGS, RPM, or RWV. The newly developed MGS device thus offers easy and reliable long-term cell culture possibilities under simulated microgravity conditions. Currently, upgrades are in progress to allow real-time monitoring of the culture media and liquids exchange while running. This is of particular interest for long-term cultivation, needed for tissue engineering applications. Tissue grown under real or simulated microgravity has specific features, such as growth in three-dimensions (3D). Growth in weightlessness conditions fosters mechanical, structural, and chemical interactions between cells and the extracellular matrix in any direction.

scholarly journals Physiological Responses of Jurkat Lymphocytes to Simulated Microgravity Conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 1892 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caterina Morabito ◽  
Paola Lanuti ◽  
Giusy A. Caprara ◽  
Marco Marchisio ◽  
Mariano Bizzarri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Simulated Microgravity ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
The Body ◽  
Jurkat Cells ◽  
Cell Phenotype ◽  
Environmental Condition ◽  
Mitochondria Membrane Potential ◽  
Microgravity Conditions ◽  
External Forces

The presence of microgravity conditions deeply affects the human body functions at the systemic, organ and cellular levels. This study aimed to investigate the effects induced by simulated-microgravity on non-stimulated Jurkat lymphocytes, an immune cell phenotype considered as a biosensor of the body responses, in order to depict at the cellular level the effects of such a peculiar condition. Jurkat cells were grown at 1 g or on random positioning machine simulating microgravity. On these cells we performed: morphological, cell cycle and proliferation analyses using cytofluorimetric and staining protocols—intracellular Ca2+, reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondria membrane potential and O2− measurements using fluorescent probes—aconitase and mitochondria activity, glucose and lactate content using colorimetric assays. After the first exposure days, the cells showed a more homogeneous roundish shape, an increased proliferation rate, metabolic and detoxifying activity resulted in decreased intracellular Ca2+ and ROS. In the late exposure time, the cells adapted to the new environmental condition. Our non-activated proliferating Jurkat cells, even if responsive to altered external forces, adapted to the new environmental condition showing a healthy status. In order to define the cellular mechanism(s) triggered by microgravity, developing standardized experimental approaches and controlled cell culture and simulator conditions is strongly recommended.

scholarly journals Calpain activation mediates microgravity-induced myocardial abnormalities in mice via p38 and ERK1/2 MAPK pathways

2020 ◽  
Vol 295 (49) ◽  
pp. 16840-16851
Author(s):  
Liwen Liang ◽  
Huili Li ◽  
Ting Cao ◽  
Lina Qu ◽  
Lulu Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nadph Oxidase ◽  
Simulated Microgravity ◽  
Heart Weight ◽  
Calpain Inhibitor ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Tail Suspension ◽  
Calpain Activation ◽  
Microgravity Conditions ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Nadph Oxidase Activation

The human cardiovascular system has adapted to function optimally in Earth's 1G gravity, and microgravity conditions cause myocardial abnormalities, including atrophy and dysfunction. However, the underlying mechanisms linking microgravity and cardiac anomalies are incompletely understood. In this study, we investigated whether and how calpain activation promotes myocardial abnormalities under simulated microgravity conditions. Simulated microgravity was induced by tail suspension in mice with cardiomyocyte-specific deletion of Capns1, which disrupts activity and stability of calpain-1 and calpain-2, and their WT littermates. Tail suspension time-dependently reduced cardiomyocyte size, heart weight, and myocardial function in WT mice, and these changes were accompanied by calpain activation, NADPH oxidase activation, and oxidative stress in heart tissues. The effects of tail suspension were attenuated by deletion of Capns1. Notably, the protective effects of Capns1 deletion were associated with the prevention of phosphorylation of Ser-345 on p47phox and attenuation of ERK1/2 and p38 activation in hearts of tail-suspended mice. Using a rotary cell culture system, we simulated microgravity in cultured neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes and observed decreased total protein/DNA ratio and induced calpain activation, phosphorylation of Ser-345 on p47phox, and activation of ERK1/2 and p38, all of which were prevented by calpain inhibitor-III. Furthermore, inhibition of ERK1/2 or p38 attenuated phosphorylation of Ser-345 on p47phox in cardiomyocytes under simulated microgravity. This study demonstrates for the first time that calpain promotes NADPH oxidase activation and myocardial abnormalities under microgravity by facilitating p47phox phosphorylation via ERK1/2 and p38 pathways. Thus, calpain inhibition may be an effective therapeutic approach to reduce microgravity-induced myocardial abnormalities.

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