scholarly journals Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Photodynamic Therapy of Metastatic Melanoma: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (22) ◽  
pp. 12549
Author(s):  
Nkune Williams Nkune ◽  
Heidi Abrahamse
Keyword(s):  
Photodynamic Therapy ◽  
Metastatic Melanoma ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Promising Strategy ◽  
Skin Malignancy ◽  
Therapeutic Outcomes ◽  
D Cell

Metastatic melanoma (MM) is a skin malignancy arising from melanocytes, the incidence of which has been rising in recent years. It poses therapeutic challenges due to its resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs and radiation therapy. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an alternative non-invasive modality that requires a photosensitizer (PS), specific wavelength of light, and molecular oxygen. Several studies using conventional PSs have highlighted the need for improved PSs for PDT applications to achieve desired therapeutic outcomes. The incorporation of nanoparticles (NPs) and targeting moieties in PDT have appeared as a promising strategy to circumvent various drawbacks associated with non-specific toxicity, poor water solubility, and low bioavailability of the PSs at targeted tissues. Currently, most studies investigating new developments rely on two-dimensional (2-D) monocultures, which fail to accurately mimic tissue complexity. Therefore, three-dimensional (3-D) cell cultures are ideal models to resemble tumor tissue in terms of architectural and functional properties. This review examines various PS drugs, as well as passive and active targeted PS nanoparticle-mediated platforms for PDT treatment of MM on 2-D and 3-D models. The overall findings of this review concluded that very few PDT studies have been conducted within 3-D models using active PS nanoparticle-mediated platforms, and so require further investigation.

X-ray microtomography

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 998-999
Author(s):  
H.W. Deckman ◽  
B.F. Flannery ◽  
J.H. Dunsmuir ◽  
K.D' Amico
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Imaging Technique ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Tissue Structure ◽  
Individual Element ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Panoramic Imaging ◽  
Three Dimensional Images

We have developed a new X-ray microscope which produces complete three dimensional images of samples. The microscope operates by performing X-ray tomography with unprecedented resolution. Tomography is a non-invasive imaging technique that creates maps of the internal structure of samples from measurement of the attenuation of penetrating radiation. As conventionally practiced in medical Computed Tomography (CT), radiologists produce maps of bone and tissue structure in several planar sections that reveal features with 1mm resolution and 1% contrast. Microtomography extends the capability of CT in several ways. First, the resolution which approaches one micron, is one thousand times higher than that of the medical CT. Second, our approach acquires and analyses the data in a panoramic imaging format that directly produces three-dimensional maps in a series of contiguous stacked planes. Typical maps available today consist of three hundred planar sections each containing 512x512 pixels. Finally, and perhaps of most import scientifically, microtomography using a synchrotron X-ray source, allows us to generate maps of individual element.

Three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography – a further step in the non-invasive three-dimensional cardiac imaging

2012 ◽  
Vol 153 (40) ◽  
pp. 1570-1577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Attila Nemes ◽  
Anita Kalapos ◽  
Péter Domsik ◽  
Tamás Forster
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Imaging ◽  
Speckle Tracking ◽  
Speckle Tracking Echocardiography ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Myocardial Mechanics ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Imaging Methodology ◽  
Invasive Evaluation

Three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography is a new cardiac imaging methodology, which allows three-dimensional non-invasive evaluation of the myocardial mechanics. The aim of this review is to present this new tool emphasizing its diagnostic potentials and demonstrating its limitations, as well. Orv. Hetil., 2012, 153, 1570–1577.

Tire Modeling by Finite Elements

1992 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. O. Faria ◽  
J. T. Oden ◽  
B. Yavari ◽  
W. W. Tworzydlo ◽  
J. M. Bass ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Rolling Contact ◽  
Test Problems ◽  
State Behavior ◽  
Normal Contact ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Applied Torque ◽  
Dimensional Finite Element ◽  
Tire Modeling ◽  
Three Dimensional Finite Element

Abstract Recent advances in the development of a general three-dimensional finite element methodology for modeling large deformation steady state behavior of tire structures is presented. The new developments outlined here include the extension of the material modeling capabilities to include viscoelastic materials and a generalization of the formulation of the rolling contact problem to include special nonlinear constraints. These constraints include normal contact load, applied torque, and constant pressure-volume. Several new test problems and examples of tire analysis are presented.

Electrical Capacitance Volume Tomography (ECVT) for industrial and medical applications-An Overview

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 2897-2908
Author(s):  
Mohammed S.Aljohani
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Technique ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Electrical Capacitance ◽  
Image Reconstruction Techniques ◽  
Phase Dynamics ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Electrical Capacitance Volume Tomography ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Optimization And Performance

Tomography is a non-invasive, non-intrusive imaging technique allowing the visualization of phase dynamics in industrial and biological processes. This article reviews progress in Electrical Capacitance Volume Tomography (ECVT). ECVT is a direct 3D visualizing technique, unlike three-dimensional imaging, which is based on stacking 2D images to obtain an interpolated 3D image. ECVT has recently matured for real time, non-invasive 3-D monitoring of processes involving materials with strong contrast in dielectric permittivity. In this article, ECVT sensor design, optimization and performance of various sensors seen in literature are summarized. Qualitative Analysis of ECVT image reconstruction techniques has also been presented.

scholarly journals Non-invasive three-dimensional thickness analysis of oral epithelium based on optical coherence tomography—development and diagnostic performance

Heliyon ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. e06645
Author(s):  
Charlotte Theresa Trebing ◽  
Sinan Sen ◽  
Stefan Rues ◽  
Christopher Herpel ◽  
Maria Schöllhorn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Coherence Tomography ◽  
Diagnostic Performance ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Oral Epithelium ◽  
Optical Coherence ◽  
Non Invasive

Design of Novel Photosensitizers and Controlled Singlet Oxygen Generation for Photodynamic Therapy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esra Tanrıverdi Eçik ◽  
Onur BULUT ◽  
Hasan Hüseyin Kazan ◽  
Elif Şenkuytu ◽  
Bunyemin Cosut
Keyword(s):  
Photodynamic Therapy ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Singlet Oxygen ◽  
Side Effect ◽  
Side Effect Profile ◽  
High Ability ◽  
Lower Side ◽  
Oxygen Generation ◽  
Singlet Oxygen Generation ◽  
Promising Strategy

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising strategy in cancer treatment with its relatively lower side effect profile. Undoubtedly, the key component of PDT is the photosensitizers with a high ability...

scholarly journals Application of Dendrimers for Treating Parasitic Diseases

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 343
Author(s):  
Veronica Folliero ◽  
Carla Zannella ◽  
Annalisa Chianese ◽  
Debora Stelitano ◽  
Annalisa Ambrosino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
High Ratio ◽  
Molecular Volume ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Parasitic Diseases ◽  
Wide Range

Despite advances in medical knowledge, parasitic diseases remain a significant global health burden and their pharmacological treatment is often hampered by drug toxicity. Therefore, drug delivery systems may provide useful advantages when used in combination with conventional therapeutic compounds. Dendrimers are three-dimensional polymeric structures, characterized by a central core, branches and terminal functional groups. These nanostructures are known for their defined structure, great water solubility, biocompatibility and high encapsulation ability against a wide range of molecules. Furthermore, the high ratio between terminal groups and molecular volume render them a hopeful vector for drug delivery. These nanostructures offer several advantages compared to conventional drugs for the treatment of parasitic infection. Dendrimers deliver drugs to target sites with reduced dosage, solving side effects that occur with accepted marketed drugs. In recent years, extensive progress has been made towards the use of dendrimers for therapeutic, prophylactic and diagnostic purposes for the management of parasitic infections. The present review highlights the potential of several dendrimers in the management of parasitic diseases.

Correlation between tympanometry volume and three-dimensional computed tomography mastoid volumetry in tympanoplasty candidates

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
L Epprecht ◽  
L Qingsong ◽  
N Stenz ◽  
S Hashimi ◽  
T Linder
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Tympanic Membrane ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Radiation Injury ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Tympanic Membrane Perforations ◽  
Computed Tomography Scans ◽  
Air Cells ◽  
Mastoid Air Cells

Abstract Objective Ventilation of the middle ear and mastoid air cells is believed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic ear disease. Traditionally, ventilation is assessed by computed tomography. However, this exposes patients to cumulative radiation injury. In cases with a perforation in the tympanic membrane, tympanometry potentially presents a non-invasive alternative to measure the ventilated middle-ear and mastoid air cell volume. This study hypothesised that total tympanometry volume correlates with ventilated middle-ear and mastoid air cell volume. Method Total tympanometry volume was compared with ventilated middle-ear and mastoid air cell volume on computed tomography scans in 20 tympanic membrane perforations. Results There was a high correlation between tympanometry and computed tomography volumes (r = 0.78; p < 0.001). A tympanometry volume more than 2 ml predicted good ventilation on computed tomography. Conclusion These results may help reduce the need for pre-operative computed tomography in uncomplicated cases with tympanic membrane perforations.

scholarly journals Advanced Micro-Actuator/Robot Fabrication Using Ultrafast Laser Direct Writing and Its Remote Control

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (23) ◽  
pp. 8563
Author(s):  
Sangmo Koo
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Processing Technique ◽  
Direct Writing ◽  
Laser Direct Writing ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Acoustic Control ◽  
Fs Laser ◽  
Invasive Control

Two-photon polymerization (TPP) based on the femtosecond laser (fs laser) direct writing technique in the realization of high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) shapes is spotlighted as a unique and promising processing technique. It is also interesting that TPP can be applied to various applications in not only optics, chemistry, physics, biomedical engineering, and microfluidics but also micro-robotics systems. Effort has been made to design innovative microscale actuators, and research on how to remotely manipulate actuators is also constantly being conducted. Various manipulation methods have been devised including the magnetic, optical, and acoustic control of microscale actuators, demonstrating the great potential for non-contact and non-invasive control. However, research related to the precise control of microscale actuators is still in the early stages, and in-depth research is needed for the efficient control and diversification of a range of applications. In the future, the combination of the fs laser-based fabrication technique for the precise fabrication of microscale actuators/robots and their manipulation can be established as a next-generation processing method by presenting the possibility of applications to various areas.

Packing Optimization by Enhanced Rubber Band Analogy

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Dong ◽  
Georges M. Fadel ◽  
Vincent Y. Blouin
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Rubber Band ◽  
Volume Relaxation ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Packing Problems ◽  
Rubber Balloon ◽  
Elastic Forces ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Packing Optimization

In this paper, some new developments to the packing optimization method based on the rubber band analogy are presented. This method solves packing problems by simulating the physical movements of a set of objects wrapped by a rubber band in the case of two-dimensional problems or by a rubber balloon in the case of three-dimensional problems. The objects are subjected to elastic forces applied by the rubber band to their vertices as well as reaction forces when contacts between objects occur. Based on these forces, objects translate or rotate until maximum compactness is reached. To improve the compactness further, the method is enhanced by adding two new operators: volume relaxation and temporary retraction. These two operators allow temporary volume (elastic energy) increase to get potentially better packing results. The method is implemented and applied for three-dimensional arbitrary shape objects.

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