scholarly journals Sensing stress responses in potato with whole-plant redox imaging

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matanel Hipsch ◽  
Nardy Lampl ◽  
Einat Zelinger ◽  
Orel Barda ◽  
Daniel Waiger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Green Fluorescence Protein ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Stress Sensitivity ◽  
High Light ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Coping With Stress ◽  
Whole Plant

Abstract Environmental stresses are among the major factors that limit crop productivity and plant growth. Various nondestructive approaches for monitoring plant stress states have been developed. However, early sensing of the initial biochemical events during stress responses remains a significant challenge. In this work, we established whole-plant redox imaging using potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants expressing a chloroplast-targeted redox-sensitive green fluorescence protein 2 (roGFP2), which reports the glutathione redox potential (EGSH). Ratiometric imaging analysis demonstrated the probe response to redox perturbations induced by H2O2, DTT, or a GSH biosynthesis inhibitor. We mapped alteration in the chloroplast EGSH under several stress conditions including, high-light, cold and drought. An extremely high increase in chloroplast EGSH was observed under the combination of high-light and low temperatures, conditions that specifically induce PSI photoinhibition. Intriguingly, we noted a higher reduced state in newly developed compared to mature leaves under steady-state and stress conditions, suggesting a graded stress sensitivity as part of the plant strategies for coping with stress. The presented observations suggest that whole-plant redox imaging can serve as a powerful tool for the basic understanding of plant stress responses and applied agricultural research, such as toward improving phenotyping capabilities in breeding programs and early detection of stress responses in the field.

scholarly journals Sensing stress responses in potato with whole-plant redox imaging

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matanel Hipsch ◽  
Nardy Lampl ◽  
Einat Zelinger ◽  
Orel Barda ◽  
Shilo Rosenwasser
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Stress Sensitivity ◽  
High Light ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Ros Scavenging ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Detection Of Stress

AbstractEnvironmental stresses are among the major factors that limit crop productivity and plant growth. Plant exposure to various abiotic stress, such as drought, cold temperatures, or high light, results in overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). To avoid oxidative damage, critical mechanisms for their detoxification have evolved, consisting of ROS-scavenging enzymes and small antioxidant molecules, such as glutathione (GSH) and ascorbate. Thus, monitoring redox changes with high spatial and temporal resolution is critical for understanding oxidative stress signaling and has the potential to enable early detection of stress responses in crop plants. In this work, potato plants (‘Solanum tuberosum’) expressing a chloroplast-targeted reduction-oxidation-sensitive green fluorescent protein2 (roGFP2) were generated to report the redox potential of the glutathione (EGSH) in the chloroplast stroma. By applying whole-plant fluorescence imaging, we mapped alteration in the chloroplast EGSH under several stress conditions including, high-light, cold and drought. Extremely high increase in chloroplast EGSH was observed under the combination of high-light and low temperatures, conditions that specifically induce PSI photoinhibition. Intriguingly, whole-plant ratiometric imaging analysis noted a higher reduced state in newly developed as compared to mature leaves, suggesting a graded stress sensitivity as part of the plant strategies for coping with stress conditions. The presented observations suggest that whole-plant redox imaging can serve as a powerful tool for the basic understanding of plant stress responses as well as for applied agricultural research, such as improving phenotyping capabilities in breeding programs and early detection of stress responses in the field.

scholarly journals Arabidopsis Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes UBC7, UBC13, and UBC14 Are Required in Plant Responses to Multiple Stress Conditions

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 723
Author(s):  
Hui Feng ◽  
Sheng Wang ◽  
Dengfeng Dong ◽  
Ruiyang Zhou ◽  
Hong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Stress Sensitivity ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Multiple Stress ◽  
Protein Ubiquitination ◽  
E2 Enzymes ◽  
Erad Pathway

Protein ubiquitination plays important roles in plants, including stress responses. The ubiquitin (Ub) E2 enzymes are required in the transfer of Ub to a substrate and are also important in determining the Ub-chain linkage specificity. However, for many of the 37 E2 genes in Arabidopsis thaliana, there is currently little or no understanding of their functions. In this study, we investigated three members of an E2 subfamily. The single, double, and triple mutants of UBC7, UBC13, and UBC14 did not show any phenotypic changes under normal conditions, but were more sensitive than the wild-type (WT) plants to multiple stress conditions, suggesting that the three genes are not critical for normal growth, but required in plant stress responses. The severity of the phenotypes increased from single to triple mutants, suggesting that the functions of the three genes are not completely redundant. The three E2s are closely related to the yeast Ubc7 and its homologs in animals and human, which are an important component of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. The stress sensitivity phenotypes of the mutants and shared evolutionary root with the Ubc7 homologs in yeast and metazoans suggest that UBC7, UBC13, and UBC14 may function in the plant ERAD pathway.

scholarly journals Combating stress: the interplay between hormone signaling and autophagy in plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 1723-1733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ching-Yi Liao ◽  
Diane C Bassham
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Hormone Signaling ◽  
Hormone Synthesis ◽  
Energy Sensor ◽  
Sensor Kinases ◽  
Plant Stress Responses ◽  
Cellular Components

Abstract Autophagy is a conserved recycling process in which cellular components are delivered to and degraded in the vacuole/lysosome for reuse. In plants, it assists in responding to dynamic environmental conditions and maintaining metabolite homeostasis under normal or stress conditions. Under stress, autophagy is activated to remove damaged components and to recycle nutrients for survival, and the energy sensor kinases target of rapamycin (TOR) and SNF-related kinase 1 (SnRK1) are key to this activation. Here, we discuss accumulating evidence that hormone signaling plays critical roles in regulating autophagy and plant stress responses, although the molecular mechanisms by which this occurs are often not clear. Several hormones have been shown to regulate TOR activity during stress, in turn controlling autophagy. Hormone signaling can also regulate autophagy gene expression, while, reciprocally, autophagy can regulate hormone synthesis and signaling pathways. We highlight how the interplay between major energy sensors, plant hormones, and autophagy under abiotic and biotic stress conditions can assist in plant stress tolerance.

scholarly journals Function of Chloroplasts in Plant Stress Responses

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (24) ◽  
pp. 13464
Author(s):  
Yun Song ◽  
Li Feng ◽  
Mohammed Abdul Muhsen Alyafei ◽  
Abdul Jaleel ◽  
Maozhi Ren
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Environmental Stresses ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Oxygenic Photosynthesis ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Biotic Stresses

The chloroplast has a central position in oxygenic photosynthesis and primary metabolism. In addition to these functions, the chloroplast has recently emerged as a pivotal regulator of plant responses to abiotic and biotic stress conditions. Chloroplasts have their own independent genomes and gene-expression machinery and synthesize phytohormones and a diverse range of secondary metabolites, a significant portion of which contribute the plant response to adverse conditions. Furthermore, chloroplasts communicate with the nucleus through retrograde signaling, for instance, reactive oxygen signaling. All of the above facilitate the chloroplast’s exquisite flexibility in responding to environmental stresses. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the involvement of chloroplasts in plant regulatory responses to various abiotic and biotic stresses including heat, chilling, salinity, drought, high light environmental stress conditions, and pathogen invasions. This review will enrich the better understanding of interactions between chloroplast and environmental stresses, and will lay the foundation for genetically enhancing plant-stress acclimatization.

scholarly journals Transcriptional Factors Regulate Plant Stress Responses Through Mediating Secondary Metabolism

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tehseen Ahmad Meraj ◽  
Jingye Fu ◽  
Muhammad Ali Raza ◽  
Chenying Zhu ◽  
Qinqin Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolism ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Stress Sensitivity ◽  
Transcriptional Factors ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Defense Gene Expression ◽  
Signaling Crosstalk

Plants are adapted to sense numerous stress stimuli and mount efficient defense responses by directing intricate signaling pathways. They respond to undesirable circumstances to produce stress-inducible phytochemicals that play indispensable roles in plant immunity. Extensive studies have been made to elucidate the underpinnings of defensive molecular mechanisms in various plant species. Transcriptional factors (TFs) are involved in plant defense regulations through acting as mediators by perceiving stress signals and directing downstream defense gene expression. The cross interactions of TFs and stress signaling crosstalk are decisive in determining accumulation of defense metabolites. Here, we collected the major TFs that are efficient in stress responses through regulating secondary metabolism for the direct cessation of stress factors. We focused on six major TF families including AP2/ERF, WRKY, bHLH, bZIP, MYB, and NAC. This review is the compilation of studies where researches were conducted to explore the roles of TFs in stress responses and the contribution of secondary metabolites in combating stress influences. Modulation of these TFs at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels can facilitate molecular breeding and genetic improvement of crop plants regarding stress sensitivity and response through production of defensive compounds.

scholarly journals Pyrophosphate modulates plant stress responses via SUMOylation

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Görkem Patir-Nebioglu ◽  
Zaida Andrés ◽  
Melanie Krebs ◽  
Fabian Fink ◽  
Katarzyna Drzewicka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Mechanistic Explanation ◽  
Stress Sensitivity ◽  
Electrochemical Gradient ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Plant Stress Responses ◽  
Low Levels

Pyrophosphate (PPi), a byproduct of macromolecule biosynthesis is maintained at low levels by soluble inorganic pyrophosphatases (sPPase) found in all eukaryotes. In plants, H+-pumping pyrophosphatases (H+-PPase) convert the substantial energy present in PPi into an electrochemical gradient. We show here, that both cold- and heat stress sensitivity of fugu5 mutants lacking the major H+-PPase isoform AVP1 is correlated with reduced SUMOylation. In addition, we show that increased PPi concentrations interfere with SUMOylation in yeast and we provide evidence that SUMO activating E1-enzymes are inhibited by micromolar concentrations of PPi in a non-competitive manner. Taken together, our results do not only provide a mechanistic explanation for the beneficial effects of AVP1 overexpression in plants but they also highlight PPi as an important integrator of metabolism and stress tolerance.

scholarly journals Omics and plant responses to Botrytis cinerea

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Synan AbuQamar ◽  
Khaled Moustafa ◽  
Lam-Son Tran
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Plant Interactions

Botrytis cinerea is a dangerous plant pathogenic fungus with wide host ranges. This aggressive pathogen uses multiple weapons to invade and cause serious damages on its host plants. The continuing efforts of how to solve the “puzzle” of the multigenic nature of B. cinerea’s pathogenesis and plant defense mechanisms against the disease caused by this mold, the integration of omic approaches, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics, along with functional analysis could be a potential solution. Omic studies will provide a foundation for development of genetic manipulation and breeding programs that will eventually lead to crop improvement and protection. In this mini-review, we will highlight the current progresses in research in plant stress responses to B. cinerea using high-throughput omic technologies. We also discuss the opportunities that omic technologies can provide to research on B. cinerea-plant interactions as an example showing the impacts of omics on agricultural research.

scholarly journals Role of Chromatin Architecture in Plant Stress Responses: An Update

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sneha Lata Bhadouriya ◽  
Sandhya Mehrotra ◽  
Mahesh K. Basantani ◽  
Gary J. Loake ◽  
Rajesh Mehrotra
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Functional Connection ◽  
Stress Memory ◽  
Chromatin Architecture

Sessile plants possess an assembly of signaling pathways that perceive and transmit environmental signals, ultimately resulting in transcriptional reprogramming. Histone is a key feature of chromatin structure. Numerous histone-modifying proteins act under different environmental stress conditions to help modulate gene expression. DNA methylation and histone modification are crucial for genome reprogramming for tissue-specific gene expression and global gene silencing. Different classes of chromatin remodelers including SWI/SNF, ISWI, INO80, and CHD are reported to act upon chromatin in different organisms, under diverse stresses, to convert chromatin from a transcriptionally inactive to a transcriptionally active state. The architecture of chromatin at a given promoter is crucial for determining the transcriptional readout. Further, the connection between somatic memory and chromatin modifications may suggest a mechanistic basis for a stress memory. Studies have suggested that there is a functional connection between changes in nuclear organization and stress conditions. In this review, we discuss the role of chromatin architecture in different stress responses and the current evidence on somatic, intergenerational, and transgenerational stress memory.

Diverse roles for chloroplast stromal and thylakoid-bound ascorbate peroxidases in plant stress responses

2008 ◽  
Vol 412 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saijaliisa Kangasjärvi ◽  
Anna Lepistö ◽  
Kati Hännikäinen ◽  
Mirva Piippo ◽  
Eeva-Maria Luomala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Double Mutant ◽  
Light Stress ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Sudden Onset ◽  
High Light ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Ascorbate Peroxidases

Photosynthetic light reactions comprise a significant source of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in illuminated leaves. APXs (ascorbate peroxidases) reduce H2O2 to water and play an important role in the antioxidant system of plants. In the present study we addressed the significance of chloroplast APXs in stress tolerance and signalling in Arabidopsis thaliana. To this end, T-DNA (transfer DNA) insertion mutants tapx, sapx and tapx sapx, lacking the tAPX (thylakoid-bound APX), sAPX (stromal APX) or both respectively, were characterized. Photo-oxidative stress during germination led to bleaching of chloroplasts in sapx single-mutant and particularly in the tapx sapx double-mutant plants, whereas the greening process of wild-type and tapx plants was only partially impaired. Mature leaves of tapx sapx double mutants were also susceptible to short-term photo-oxidative stress induced by high light or methyl viologen treatments. After a 2-week acclimation period under high light or under low temperature, none of the mutants exhibited enhanced stress symptoms. Immunoblot analysis revealed that high-light-stress-acclimated tapx sapx double mutants compensated for the absence of tAPX and sAPX by increasing the level of 2-cysteine peroxiredoxin. Furthermore, the absence of tAPX and sAPX induced alterations in the transcriptomic profile of tapx sapx double-mutant plants already under quite optimal growth conditions. We conclude that sAPX is particularly important for photoprotection during the early greening process. In mature leaves, tAPX and sAPX are functionally redundant, and crucial upon sudden onset of oxidative stress. Moreover, chloroplast APXs contribute to chloroplast retrograde signalling pathways upon slight fluctuations in the accumulation of H2O2 in chloroplasts.

scholarly journals Probing natural variation of IRE1 expression and endoplasmic reticulum stress responses in Arabidopsis accessions

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Taiaba Afrin ◽  
Minye Seok ◽  
Brenna C. Terry ◽  
Karolina M. Pajerowska-Mukhtar
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Er Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Natural Variation ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Stress Sensitivity ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Transcript Accumulation ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved

Abstract The environmental effects shape genetic changes in the individuals within plant populations, which in turn contribute to the enhanced genetic diversity of the population as a whole. Thus, individuals within the same species can acquire and accumulate genetic differences in their genomes depending on their local environment and evolutionary history. IRE1 is a universal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress sensor that activates an evolutionarily conserved signalling cascade in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Here, we selected nine different Arabidopsis accessions along with the reference ecotype Columbia-0, based on their geographical origins and differential endogenous IRE1 expression under steady-state conditions to investigate the natural variation of ER stress responses. We cloned and analysed selected upstream regulatory regions of IRE1a and IRE1b, which revealed differential levels of their inducibility. We also subjected these accessions to an array of biotic and abiotic stresses including heat, ER stress-inducing chemical tunicamycin, phytohormone salicylic acid, and pathogen infection. We measured IRE1-mediated splicing of its evolutionarily conserved downstream client as well as transcript accumulation of ER-resident chaperones and co-chaperones. Collectively, our results illustrate the expression polymorphism of a major plant stress receptor and its relationship with molecular and physiological ER stress sensitivity.

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