scholarly journals Differences in Mobility and Dispersal Capacity Determine Body Size Clines in Two Common Alpine-Tundra Arthropods

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beckers ◽  
Hein ◽  
Anneser ◽  
Vanselow ◽  
Löffler
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Carabid Beetles ◽  
Alpine Tundra ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Dispersal Capacity ◽  
Spatial Gradients ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Possible Cause

The Arctic is projected to be severely impacted by changes in temperature and precipitation. Species react to these changes by shifts in ranges, phenology, and body size. In ectotherms, the patterns of body size clines and their underlying mechanisms are often hard to untangle. Mountains provide a space-for-time substitute to study these shifts along multiple spatial gradients. As such, mobility and dispersal capacity might conceal reactions with elevation. We test this influence on body size clines by comparing two common arthropods of the alpine tundra. We find that high mobility in the lycosid spider Pardosa palustris blurs elevational effects. Partially low mobility at least during development makes the carabid beetle Amara alpina more susceptible to elevational effects. Specific life-history mechanisms, such as brood care in lycosid spiders and holometabolic development in carabid beetles, are the possible cause.

scholarly journals Release mechanisms of major DAMPs

APOPTOSIS ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 152-162
Author(s):  
Atsushi Murao ◽  
Monowar Aziz ◽  
Haichao Wang ◽  
Max Brenner ◽  
Ping Wang
Keyword(s):  
Rna Binding ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Live Cells ◽  
Membrane Channel ◽  
Membrane Rupture ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Shock Proteins ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Damage Associated Molecular Patterns ◽  
Secretory Lysosomes

AbstractDamage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are endogenous molecules which foment inflammation and are associated with disorders in sepsis and cancer. Thus, therapeutically targeting DAMPs has potential to provide novel and effective treatments. When establishing anti-DAMP strategies, it is important not only to focus on the DAMPs as inflammatory mediators but also to take into account the underlying mechanisms of their release from cells and tissues. DAMPs can be released passively by membrane rupture due to necrosis/necroptosis, although the mechanisms of release appear to differ between the DAMPs. Other types of cell death, such as apoptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis and NETosis, can also contribute to DAMP release. In addition, some DAMPs can be exported actively from live cells by exocytosis of secretory lysosomes or exosomes, ectosomes, and activation of cell membrane channel pores. Here we review the shared and DAMP-specific mechanisms reported in the literature for high mobility group box 1, ATP, extracellular cold-inducible RNA-binding protein, histones, heat shock proteins, extracellular RNAs and cell-free DNA.

scholarly journals HMGB1 orchestrates STING-mediated senescence via TRIM30α modulation in cancer cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Je-Jung Lee ◽  
In Ho Park ◽  
Man Sup Kwak ◽  
Woo Joong Rhee ◽  
Songhee H. Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Mobility ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Signal Transducer ◽  
Therapeutic Concept ◽  
Doxorubicin Treatment ◽  
Tripartite Motif ◽  
Anticancer Mechanism ◽  
Tripartite Motif Protein ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Novel Therapeutic

AbstractAlthough cellular senescence has emerged as a novel therapeutic concept in cancer, its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING) are involved in senescence. However, their interactions in senescence have not been reported. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the relationships between HMGB1 and STING in senescence in cancer and other cells. In mouse melanoma cells and several other cell lines, doxorubicin treatment induced senescence in an HMGB1-dependent manner. These responses were mediated by STING, and this function of STING was negatively regulated by the E3 ligase tripartite motif protein 30α (TRIM30α). We also found that HMGB1 bound to the TRIM30α promoter and then suppressed its expression by inhibiting its transcription, which enhanced STING-induced senescence. This mechanism was further mediated by signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) and p21. Overall, our findings demonstrated that HMGB1 orchestrated STING-STAT6-p21-mediated senescence by regulating TRIM30α as an alternative anticancer mechanism.

Predator release from invertebrate generalists does not explain geometrid moth (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) outbreaks at high altitudes

2013 ◽  
Vol 145 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tino Schott ◽  
Lauri Kapari ◽  
Snorre B. Hagen ◽  
Ole Petter L. Vindstad ◽  
Jane U. Jepsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carabid Beetles ◽  
Birch Forest ◽  
Generalist Predators ◽  
Tree Line ◽  
High Altitudes ◽  
Lower Altitude ◽  
Rove Beetles ◽  
Northern Norway ◽  
Winter Moth ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

AbstractOutbreaks of geometrid defoliators in subarctic birch forest in Fennoscandia often occur at high altitude in a distinct zone along the tree line. At the same time, moth larvae may not have an impact on the forest at lower altitude. Directly adjacent outbreak and nonoutbreak areas offer unique opportunities for studying the underlying mechanisms of outbreaks. Within two altitudinal gradients in coastal northern Norway, we investigated whether altitudinal outbreaks might be caused by release from pupal predation by ground-dwelling invertebrates such as harvestmen (Opiliones), spiders (Araneae), rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae), and other beetles (Coleoptera). We predicted a consistently higher abundance of such generalist predators at low versus high altitudes. Our results did not support this prediction. There was no consistent altitudinal variation in the abundance of predators that could be related to zonal moth outbreaks in the birch forest slopes. In addition, none of the predator groups investigated showed any numerical response to a distinct outbreak of winter moth that took place during the course of the study. Consequently, localised moth outbreaks at the altitudinal tree line in northern Norway cannot be explained by the release from pupal predation by the predator groups examined here.

scholarly journals Projections of Twenty-First-Century Climate Extremes for Alaska via Dynamical Downscaling and Quantile Mapping

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (9) ◽  
pp. 2393-2409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick Lader ◽  
John E. Walsh ◽  
Uma S. Bhatt ◽  
Peter A. Bieniek
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Dynamical Downscaling ◽  
Climate Extremes ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum Temperature ◽  
Quantile Mapping ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Twenty First Century

AbstractClimate change is expected to alter the frequencies and intensities of at least some types of extreme events. Although Alaska is already experiencing an amplified response to climate change, studies of extreme event occurrences have lagged those for other regions. Forced migration due to coastal erosion, failing infrastructure on thawing permafrost, more severe wildfire seasons, altered ocean chemistry, and an ever-shrinking season for snow and ice are among the most devastating effects, many of which are related to extreme climate events. This study uses regional dynamical downscaling with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model to investigate projected twenty-first-century changes of daily maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and precipitation over Alaska. The forcing data used for the downscaling simulations include the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) interim reanalysis (ERA-Interim; 1981–2010), Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Climate Model, version 3 (GFDL CM3), historical (1976–2005), and GFDL CM3 representative concentration pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5; 2006–2100). Observed trends of temperature and sea ice coverage in the Arctic are large, and the present trajectory of global emissions makes a continuation of these trends plausible. The future scenario is bias adjusted using a quantile-mapping procedure. Results indicate an asymmetric warming of climate extremes; namely, cold extremes rise fastest, and the greatest changes occur in winter. Maximum 1- and 5-day precipitation amounts are projected to increase by 53% and 50%, which is larger than the corresponding increases for the contiguous United States. When compared with the historical period, the shifts in temperature and precipitation indicate unprecedented heat and rainfall across Alaska during this century.

scholarly journals Present temperature, precipitation and rain-on-snow climate in Svalbard

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siiri Wickström ◽  
Marius O. Jonassen ◽  
John Cassano ◽  
Timo Vihma ◽  
Jørn Kristiansen
Keyword(s):  
Weather Prediction ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Numerical Weather Prediction Model ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Pressure Center ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Pressure Centre ◽  
Local Variability

<p>Potentially high-impact warm and wet winter conditions have become increasingly common in recent decades in the arctic archipelago of Svalbard. In this study, we document present 2m temperature, precipitation and rain-on-snow (ROS) climate conditions in Svalbard and relate them to different atmospheric circulation (AC) types. For this purpose, we utilise a set of observations together with output from the high resolution numerical weather prediction model AROME-Arctic. We find that 2m median temperatures vary the most across AC types in winter and spring, and the least in summer. Southerly and southwesterly flow is associated with 10th percentile 2m temperatures above freezing in all seasons. In terms of precipitation, we find the highest amounts and intensities with onshore flow over open water. Sea ice appears to play a strong role in the local variability in both 2m temperature and precipitation. ROS is a frequent phenomenon in the study period, in particular below 250 m ASL. In winter, ROS only occurs with AC types from the southerly sector or during the passage of a low pressure centre or trough. Most of these events occur during southwesterly flow, with a low pressure center west of Svalbard.</p><p> </p>

Climate Extremes of the 2019/2020 Winter in Northern Eurasia: Contributions by the Climate Trend and Interannual Variability Related to the Arctic Oscillation

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-16
Author(s):  
V. N. Kryjov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Interannual Variability ◽  
Arctic Oscillation ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Climate Extremes ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Northern Eurasia ◽  
Climate Trend ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
The Arctic Oscillation

The 2019/2020 wintertime (December–March) anomalies of sea level pressure, temperature, and precipitation are analyzed. The contribution of the 40-year linear trend in these parameters associated with global climate change and of the interannual variability associated with the Arctic Oscillation (AO) is assessed. In the 2019/2020 winter, extreme zonal circulation was observed. The mean wintertime AO index was 2.20, which ranked two for the whole observation period (started in the early 20th century) and was outperformed only by the wintertime index of 1988/1989. It is shown that the main contribution to the 2019/2020 wintertime anomalies was provided by the AO. A noticeable contribution of the trend was observed only in the Arctic. Extreme anomalies over Northern Eurasia were mainly associated with the AO rather than the trend. However, the AO-related anomalies, particularly air temperature anomalies, were developing against the background of the trend-induced increased mean level.

scholarly journals Potential Arctic tundra vegetation shifts in response to changing temperature, precipitation and permafrost thaw

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 6229-6245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henk-Jan van der Kolk ◽  
Monique M. P. D. Heijmans ◽  
Jacobus van Huissteden ◽  
Jeroen W. M. Pullens ◽  
Frank Berendse
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Vegetation Shifts ◽  
Permafrost Thaw ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Tundra Vegetation ◽  
Tundra Ecosystem ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract. Over the past decades, vegetation and climate have changed significantly in the Arctic. Deciduous shrub cover is often assumed to expand in tundra landscapes, but more frequent abrupt permafrost thaw resulting in formation of thaw ponds could lead to vegetation shifts towards graminoid-dominated wetland. Which factors drive vegetation changes in the tundra ecosystem are still not sufficiently clear. In this study, the dynamic tundra vegetation model, NUCOM-tundra (NUtrient and COMpetition), was used to evaluate the consequences of climate change scenarios of warming and increasing precipitation for future tundra vegetation change. The model includes three plant functional types (moss, graminoids and shrubs), carbon and nitrogen cycling, water and permafrost dynamics and a simple thaw pond module. Climate scenario simulations were performed for 16 combinations of temperature and precipitation increases in five vegetation types representing a gradient from dry shrub-dominated to moist mixed and wet graminoid-dominated sites. Vegetation composition dynamics in currently mixed vegetation sites were dependent on both temperature and precipitation changes, with warming favouring shrub dominance and increased precipitation favouring graminoid abundance. Climate change simulations based on greenhouse gas emission scenarios in which temperature and precipitation increases were combined showed increases in biomass of both graminoids and shrubs, with graminoids increasing in abundance. The simulations suggest that shrub growth can be limited by very wet soil conditions and low nutrient supply, whereas graminoids have the advantage of being able to grow in a wide range of soil moisture conditions and have access to nutrients in deeper soil layers. Abrupt permafrost thaw initiating thaw pond formation led to complete domination of graminoids. However, due to increased drainage, shrubs could profit from such changes in adjacent areas. Both climate and thaw pond formation simulations suggest that a wetter tundra can be responsible for local shrub decline instead of shrub expansion.

scholarly journals Nonlinear Climate Responses to Increasing CO2 and Anthropogenic Aerosols Simulated by CESM1

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 281-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiechun Deng ◽  
Aiguo Dai ◽  
Haiming Xu
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Nonlinear Effects ◽  
Arctic Sea Ice ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Anthropogenic Aerosols ◽  
Aerosol Loading ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Atmospheric CO2 and anthropogenic aerosols (AA) have increased simultaneously. Because of their opposite radiative effects, these increases may offset each other, which may lead to some nonlinear effects. Here the seasonal and regional characteristics of this nonlinear effect from the CO2 and AA forcings are investigated using the fully coupled Community Earth System Model. Results show that nonlinear effects are small in the global mean of the top-of-the-atmosphere radiative fluxes, surface air temperature, and precipitation. However, significant nonlinear effects exist over the Arctic and other extratropical regions during certain seasons. When both forcings are included, Arctic sea ice in September–November decreases less than the linear combination of the responses to the individual forcings due to a higher sea ice sensitivity to the CO2-induced warming than the sensitivity to the AA-induced cooling. This leads to less Arctic warming in the combined-forcing experiment due to reduced energy release from the Arctic Ocean to the atmosphere. Some nonlinear effects on precipitation in June–August are found over East Asia, with the northward-shifted East Asian summer rain belt to oppose the CO2 effect. In December–February, the aerosol loading over Europe in the combined-forcing experiment is higher than that due to the AA forcing, resulting from CO2-induced circulation changes. The changed aerosol loading results in regional thermal responses due to aerosol direct and indirect effects, weakening the combined changes of temperature and circulation. This study highlights the need to consider nonlinear effects from historical CO2 and AA forcings in seasonal and regional climate attribution analyses.

scholarly journals Air Temperature and Precipitation on the Greenland Ice Sheet

1960 ◽  
Vol 3 (27) ◽  
pp. 558-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marvin Diamond
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Greenland Ice Sheet ◽  
Warming Trend ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Mean Annual Precipitation ◽  
The West ◽  
West Side ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Mean Annual Air Temperature

AbstractMean annual air temperatures and precipitation on the Greenland Ice Sheet, as estimated from snow profile studies and long-term meteorological records at coastal stations, have been used to prepare mean annual air temperature and mean annual precipitation charts for the Greenland Ice Sheet. It is shown that melting of surface snow may occur at elevations of about 1,300 m. in north Greenland and up to 2,700 m. in south Greenland. The warming trend in the Arctic, as indicated by increases in mean annual air temperature, may have occurred to a lesser extent on the ice sheet than at sea-level coastal stations. Annual accumulation of precipitation is two or three times as great at 2,700 m. on the west side of the ice sheet as at the crest. South of lat. 66° N., precipitation may be about twice as great on the east side of the crest as on the west side.

Speleothem record of enhanced hydroclimate during MIS15a in Northeast Greenland

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gina Moseley ◽  
R. Lawrence Edwards ◽  
Christoph Spötl ◽  
Hai Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Region ◽  
Arctic Sea Ice ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Climate History ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Arctic Sea ◽  
History Of ◽  
Forcing Mechanisms ◽  
Essential Knowledge

<p>The Arctic region is predicted to be one of the most sensitive areas of the world to future anthropogenically-forced climate change, the consequences of which will affect vast numbers of people worldwide, for instance through changes to mid-latitude weather systems and rising eustatic sea levels. Recent changes in temperature and precipitation, and those projected for the future, indicate that some of the greatest changes will occur in Northeast Greenland. Essential knowledge on the climate history of this region, which can be used to validate models and understand forcing mechanisms and teleconnections, is however absent. Here, we present a speleothem palaeoclimate record for Northeast Greenland (80 °N) that formed during Marine Isotopes Stage 15a  between 588 ka to 537 ka. The record indicates that at that time, Northeast Greenland was warmer and wetter than at present associated with a reduction in Arctic sea ice, thawing of permafrost in eastern Siberia (55 °N and 60 °N), and elevated warm conditions at Lake El’gygytgyn (67.5 °N), Russia.</p>

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