Puparia Cleaning Techniques for Forensic and Archaeo-Funerary Studies

Diptera puparia may represent both in forensic and archaeo-funerary contexts the majority of the entomological evidence useful to reconstruct the peri and post-mortem events. Puparia identification is quite difficult due to the lack of identification keys and descriptions. In addition, external substances accumulated during the puparia permanence in the environment make the visualization of the few diagnostic characters difficult, resulting in a wrong identification. Six different techniques based on physical and chemical treatments have been tested for the removal of external substances from puparia to make identification at species level feasible. Furthermore, the effects of these methods on successful molecular analyses have also been tested as molecular identification is becoming an important tool to complement morphological identifications. The results of this study indicate that cleaning via warm water/soap, the sonication and treatment with a sodium hydroxide solution are the best methods to achieve a good quality of the samples.

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PENGOLAHAN GONDORUKEM MENJADI BAHAN PENDARIHAN SEBAGAI ADITIF PADA PEMBUATAN KERTAS

JURNAL SELULOSA ◽

10.25269/jsel.v4i01.53 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (01) ◽

Author(s):

Mahammad Khadafi ◽

Ike Rostika ◽

Taufan Hidayat

Keyword(s):

Maleic Anhydride ◽

Organic Acids ◽

Sodium Hydroxide ◽

Steam Distillation ◽

Sodium Hydroxide Solution ◽

Pine Resin ◽

Hydroxide Solution ◽

Carboxyl Tail

Gondorukem (Resina colophium) is produced by steam distillation of pine resin (oleoresin). It is yellow-brown solid containing mainly tricyclic alkyl organic acids (abietat acid and pimarate acid). The two acids have ampliphilic characteristics due to their hydrophobic carboxyl tail and hydrophilic tricyclic molecules. The purpose of this research was to prepare emulsion rosin as a sizing agent. Two types of gondorukem (WW and X grades) were saponified by adding a sodium hydroxide solution at a temperature below 100oC. For improving the quality of saponified rosins, the rosins were fortified by adding some maleic anhydride. Some tests were conducted to measure saponified and acidic numbers of a known rosin grade. The tests show that the acidic and saponified numbers of an X grade rosin were 179.92 and 199.74, respectively. Those of a WW grade were 176.58 and 195.84 for acidic and saponified numbers, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that the X grade gondorukem has a better quality as a rosin sizing agent than the WW grade.Keywords: gondorukem, saponification, sizing agent, fortified rosin ABSTRAK Gondorukem (Resina colophium) adalah hasil olahan destilasi uap dari getah sadapan pada batang pinus (oleoresin). Gondorukem berbentuk padatan berwarna kuning kecoklatan dengan komponen kimia utamanya terdiri dari asam organik alkyl tricyclic tak jenuh yaitu asam abietat dan asam pimarat. Kedua molekul asam ini memiliki sifat amfipatik yaitu mempunyai gugus karboksil yang bersifat hidrofilik dan molekul tricyclic yang hidrofobik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk pembuatan darih rosin emulsi dari gondorukem serbuk sebagai aditif pada pembuatan kertas. Gondorukem dengan kualitas WW dan X dilakukan reaksi saponifikasi menggunakan soda pada suhu di bawah 100oC. Peningkatan kualitas dari rosin tersabunkan yang terbentuk dilakukan dengan reaksi fortifikasi menjadi rosin terfortifikasi dengan penambahan senyawa anhidrida maleat. Parameter uji berupa bilangan penyabunan dan bilangan asam dilakukan untuk mengetahui kualitas darih rosin yang terbentuk. Dari penelitian ini didapatkan bilangan asam dan penyabunan kualitas X adalah 179,92 dan 199,74 sedangkan untuk kualitas WW 176,58 dan 195,84. Dengan hasil pengujian kualitas bahan baku gondorukem X mempunyai kualitas yang lebih baik untuk dijadikan darih rosin pada kertas dibandingkan dengan WW.Kata kunci: gondorukem, saponifikasi, bahan pendarihan, rosin terfortifikasi

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MICROBIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF APPALACHIAN UPLAND PODSOL SOILS: I. EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL TREATMENTS

Canadian Journal of Research ◽

10.1139/cjr35c-008 ◽

1935 ◽

Vol 13c (2) ◽

pp. 115-126 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

P. H. H. Gray ◽

H. J. Atkinson

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Sodium Hydroxide ◽

Microbial Activity ◽

Calcium Oxide ◽

Soil Nitrogen ◽

Soil Microflora ◽

Chemical Treatments ◽

Micro Organisms ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

Field Plots

A study has been made of the effects of fertilizers and limestone, of fallowing, and of deep ploughing, upon certain aspects of microbial activity in representative Appalachian podsol soils at three farms in the Eastern Townships region of Quebec Province. The results show that the evolution of carbon dioxide and numbers of bacteria and actinomyces were not altered by any simple fertilizer applied annually for two years. Limestone, at the rate of six tons per acre, increased the numbers of micro-organisms during the two years of the experiment. Deep ploughing reduced both carbon dioxide and bacterial numbers in soils ordinarily ploughed to a normal depth.Studies have also been made to determine the effects of some other chemical treatments upon the soil microflora. Carbon dioxide, bacterial numbers and nitrification of soil nitrogen were increased in field plots after treatment with calcium oxide, sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide, alone or in combination; the effects lasted through two seasons.

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Compressive Strength of Geopolymer Based on the Fly Ash Variation

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.841.98 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 841 ◽

pp. 98-103 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Antoni ◽

Stephen Wibiatma Wijaya ◽

Djwantoro Hardjito

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Fly Ash ◽

Sodium Hydroxide ◽

Power Plants ◽

Sodium Hydroxide Solution ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

External Factors ◽

Internal Factors ◽

Internal And External Factors ◽

Physical And Chemical

. This study was conducted to determine the factors that may affect the compressive strength of fly ash-based geopolyme, manufactured using fly ash obtained from different power plants. Fly ash obtained from different sources may have very different characteristics that affect the properties of geopolymer product. The source of variations in the geopolymer properties from the view point of the source materials can be classified into internal and external factors. Internal factors include the physical and chemical properties of the fly ash, while external factors associated with mixture proportion of geopolymer and the manufacturing process. From the experimental results, it was found that the size of the fly ash granules, the CaO and MgO content, and the carbon content in fly ash are the internal factors that may affect the compressive strength of geopolymer. On the other hand, the ratio of sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide in the alkaline solution and the molarity of the sodium hydroxide solution are the external factors influencing the compressive strength of geopolymer.

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Preparation Method of Corn Stalk Fiber Material and Its Performance Investigation in Asphalt Concrete

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11154050 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (15) ◽

pp. 4050

Author(s):

Zining Chen ◽

Zhiguo Chen ◽

Junyan Yi ◽

Decheng Feng

Keyword(s):

Sodium Hydroxide ◽

Sodium Hydroxide Solution ◽

Reaction Times ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Fiber Material ◽

Asphalt Binders ◽

Corn Stalk ◽

Hydroxide Solution ◽

Mass Fractions ◽

Physical And Chemical

In this study, a bioresource material, corn stalks, were converted by a combination of physical and chemical methods into a corn stalk fiber material that can be utilized in an asphalt pavement. Firstly, corn stalk fiber was produced with different comminution times, mass fractions of sodium hydroxide solution, reaction times, and reaction temperatures. An orthogonal experimental method was employed to determine the optimal production process. The results show that the optimal comminution time was 3.5 min, and corn stalk should be reacted with a sodium hydroxide solution at 80 °C for 30 min to obtain the best corn stalk fiber product. The mass ratios of corn stalk fibers, sodium hydroxide, and water should be 8:1:200. After an evaluation of the physical and mechanical properties of the corn stalk fibers, asphalt binders, and mixtures, it was concluded that this kind of corn stalk fiber can be a good substitute of pavement fiber.

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