scholarly journals Problems with the Concept of “Pest” among the Diversity of Pestiferous Thrips

Insects ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Laurence A. Mound ◽  
Zhaohong Wang ◽  
Élison F. B. Lima ◽  
Rita Marullo
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Area ◽  
Economic Problem ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Crop Losses ◽  
Pest Status ◽  
Insect Order ◽  
Thrips Species ◽  
Cultivation Practices ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Species Being

Almost all of the thrips species that are considered pests are members of a single subfamily of Thripidae, the Thripinae, a group that represents less than 30% of the species in the insect Order Thysanoptera. Three of the five major Families of Thysanoptera (Aeolothripidae, Heterothripidae, Melanthripidae) are not known to include any pest species. The Phlaeothripidae that includes more than 50% of the 6300 thrips species listed includes very few that are considered to be pests. Within the Thripidae, the members of the three smaller subfamilies, Panchaetothripinae, Dendrothripinae and Sericothripinae, include remarkably few species that result in serious crop losses. It is only in the subfamily Thripinae, and particularly among species of the Frankliniella genus-group and the Thrips genus-group that the major thrips species are found, including all but one of the vectors of Orthotospovirus infections. It is argued that the concept of pest is a socio-economic problem, with the pest status of any particular species being dependent on geographical area, cultivation practices, and market expectations as much as the intrinsic biology of any thrips species.

scholarly journals Multiple Mammarenaviruses Circulating in Angolan Rodents

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 982
Author(s):  
Jana Těšíková ◽  
Jarmila Krásová ◽  
Joëlle Goüy de Bellocq
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Area ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Virus Diversity ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Biogeographical Regions ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Rodent Community ◽  
High Virus ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Virus Genomes

Rodents are a speciose group of mammals with strong zoonotic potential. Some parts of Africa are still underexplored for the occurrence of rodent-borne pathogens, despite this high potential. Angola is at the convergence of three major biogeographical regions of sub-Saharan Africa, each harbouring a specific rodent community. This rodent-rich area is, therefore, strategic for studying the diversity and evolution of rodent-borne viruses. In this study we examined 290 small mammals, almost all rodents, for the presence of mammarenavirus and hantavirus RNA. While no hantavirus was detected, we found three rodent species positive for distinct mammarenaviruses with a particularly high prevalence in Namaqua rock rats (Micaelamys namaquensis). We characterised four complete virus genomes, which showed typical mammarenavirus organisation. Phylogenetic and genetic distance analyses revealed: (i) the presence of a significantly divergent strain of Luna virus in Angolan representatives of the ubiquitous Natal multimammate mouse (Mastomys natalensis), (ii) a novel Okahandja-related virus associated with the Angolan lineage of Micaelamys namaquensis for which we propose the name Bitu virus (BITV) and (iii) the occurrence of a novel Mobala-like mammarenavirus in the grey-bellied pygmy mouse (Mus triton) for which we propose the name Kwanza virus (KWAV). This high virus diversity in a limited host sample size and in a relatively small geographical area supports the idea that Angola is a hotspot for mammarenavirus diversity.

scholarly journals Reptile smuggling is predicted by trends in the legal exotic pet trade

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Stringham ◽  
Pablo García‐Díaz ◽  
Adam Toomes ◽  
Lewis Mitchell ◽  
Joshua V. Ross ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Lag ◽  
The United States ◽  
Wildlife Trade ◽  
Live Animal ◽  
Pet Trade ◽  
Reptile Species ◽  
The Us ◽  
Disease Risks ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Species Being

Western countries are less frequently implicated in illegal wildlife trade (IWT), contrasted with other transnational consumers, yet substantial evidence suggests that they contribute prominently. Live animal smuggling presents a suite of biosecurity concerns, including invasive species and disease risks. Here, we compared the live alien reptile species smuggled to Australia (75 species) to the legal trade of live reptile species in the United States (US) and constructed a Bayesian regularized model to predict the species most likely to be of greatest future smuggling risk to Australia. Australia has particularly strict import laws barring the entry and keeping of alien reptiles and maintains detailed biosecurity seizure records. Almost all smuggled reptile species were found in the legal US exotic pet market (98.6%), and we observed an average time lag of 4.2 years between a species first appearing in the US market and its subsequent detection in Australia. A species popularity in US pet stores, popularity on international online markets, and the number of years in US import-export records were all positively associated with the probability of species being smuggled to Australia. Our predictive model provides a much-needed early-warning guide for future biosecurity enforcement of the IWT and provides a framework for anticipating future trends in wildlife smuggling.

The spatiality of men who go missing on a night out

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-166
Author(s):  
Geoff Newiss ◽  
Ian Greatbatch
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Search Strategies ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Search Heuristics ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Almost All

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to quantify the risk of fatality for men who are reported missing following a night out. Additionally, the paper aimed to develop search heuristics to inform the development of search strategies, through an examination of the key geographical points involved in these cases. Design/methodology/approach Cases were identified, and data collected, from online media sources supplemented with a request to UK police forces and a search of the UK Missing Persons Unit database. In total, 96 cases which occurred over a five-and-a-half-year period in the UK were included. The study compares the profile of fatalities that result from disappearances occurring in different types of geographical area. Location data were georeferenced allowing Euclidean distances between geographical locations to be generated. Findings In total, 60 per cent of disappearances lasting longer than 48 h resulted in fatality, rising to almost all cases after three days missing. In 89 per cent of cases bodies are recovered from water; 11 per cent on land after the individual died from a fall, hypothermia or a drugs overdose. Practical implications Search strategies can be informed by a consideration of the type of area the person was socialising (high night-time economy through to rural areas) and the geography of subsequent sightings. Originality/value In focusing on the specific circumstances of a disappearance rather than an individual’s personal characteristics, the paper offers an innovative approach to understanding risk (i.e. what is the likelihood of a particular outcome occurring) and the development of heuristics for search strategies in missing person cases.

scholarly journals STRATEGIE INNOVATIVE PER IL CONTROLLO DI ZANZARE, VETTORI DI ORGANISMI PATOGENI

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuliano Gasperi
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Behaviour ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Gene Drive ◽  
West Nile Fever ◽  
Environmentally Safe ◽  
Safe Control ◽  
Human Infections ◽  
Species Being ◽  
Harmful Species

Mosquitoes are the most dangerous insect species being the vectors of the pathogens causing the most widespread diseases as Malaria, Dengue fever, Chikungunya, West Nile fever, Yellow fever, Zika. Several species of the Anopheles, Aedes and Culex are responsable for millions of human infections causing hundreds of thousands of deaths per year. This causes dramatic socio-economic and health consequences, especially in developing countries. Harmful insects are controlled using chemical insecticides which cause insecticide resistance and environmental pollution, due to long term use. In the second half of the 20th century, new insect environmentally safe control stategies were been developed, based on the insect’s reproductive behaviour. Notably, the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) has been successfully applied against some dipteran pest species in several regions of the World. It drived several research efforts to increase our knowledge of the biology of the harmful species. SIT improvements have been also achieved with several molecular biology approaches and transgene technologies such as the innovative RIDL, cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) and gene drive.

Assessing the relative culpability of Simulium (Diptera: Simuliidae) species in recent black fly outbreaks along the middle Orange River, South Africa

2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 505-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.A. Rivers-Moore ◽  
R.W. Palmer ◽  
H.F. Dallas
Keyword(s):  
Control Programme ◽  
Weight Of Evidence ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
Simulium Damnosum ◽  
High Flows ◽  
Fly Control ◽  
Species Being ◽  
Management Issues

Black fly along the Orange River are major pests of livestock and labour-intensive agriculture, causing annual estimated industry losses in excess of US$30 million. The problem is attributed to winter high flows, with the main pest species being Simulium chutteri Lewis, 1965, although Simulium damnosum Theobald, 1903 and Simulium impukane de Meillon, 1936 may also be periodically problematic. During 2011, black fly outbreaks along the middle Orange River were perceived by farmers to have worsened and attributed to S. impukane. Here, we investigate the likelihood of this being the case, using a weight-of-evidence approach incorporating ecohydrological data. Results showed that it is unlikely that the 2011 outbreaks were caused by S. impukane, and more likely that the main outbreak cause remains S. chutteri. Sustained high flows and turbidity levels favour S. chutteri species over the other species of black fly, while flow conditions for a species such as S. impukane were favourable for 1% of the time only. However, during periods of lower flow and lower turbidity, other species of black fly may be favoured and contribute towards periodic outbreaks. We conclude that black fly control should focus on management issues around the control programme.

scholarly journals Taxonomic Checklists as Biodiversity Data: How Series of Checklists can Provide Information on Synonymy, Circumscription Change and Taxonomic Discovery

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaurav Vaidya
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Software Tool ◽  
Biodiversity Data ◽  
Taxonomic Change ◽  
Biodiversity Database ◽  
Taxonomic Changes ◽  
North American Bird ◽  
Species Being

Taxonomic checklists are a fundamental and widely-used product of taxonomy, providing a list of recognized taxa within a taxonomic group in a particular geographical area. Series of taxonomic checklists provide snapshots of recognized taxa over a period of time. Identifying and classifying the changes between these checklists can provide information on rates of name, synonym and circumscription change and can improve aggregation of datasets reconciled to different checklists.To demonstrate this, I used a series of North American bird checklists to test hypotheses about drivers of splitting rates in North America birds. In particular, I asked if splitting was predominantly undoing previous lumping that happened during the heyday of the modern synthesis. I found that bird species have been split at an accelerating rate since the 1980s. While this was partially the result of previously lumped species being resplit, most splits were unrelated to previous lumps and thus represent new discoveries rather than simply the undoing of previous circumscription changes. I also used a series of North American freshwater algal checklists to measure stability over fifteen years, and found that 26% of species names were not shared or synonymized over this period. Rates of synonymization, lumping or splitting of species remained flat, a marked difference from North American birds. Species that were split or lumped (7% of species considered) had significantly higher abundance than other species in the USGS NAWQA dataset, a biodiversity database that uses these checklists as an index. They were associated with 19% of associated observations, showing that a small number of recircumscribed species could significantly affect interpretation of biodiversity data.To facilitate this research, I developed a software tool that could identify and annotate taxonomic changes among a series of checklists, and could use this information to aggregate biodiversity data, which will hopefully facilitate similar research in the future. My dissertation demonstrates the value of taxonomic checklists series to answer specific questions about the drivers of taxonomic change ranging from philosophical and technical changes to characteristics of species themselves such as their abundance.

scholarly journals Economic and Financial Transactions Govern Business Cycles

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Olkhov
Keyword(s):  
Business Cycles ◽  
Economic Problem ◽  
Financial Policy ◽  
Economic Space ◽  
Economic Agents ◽  
Financial Variables ◽  
Credit Cycles ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Macro Variables ◽  
Financial Transactions

Problem/Relevance - This paper presents new description of the business cycles that for decades remain as relevant and important economic problem. Research Objective/Questions - We propose that econometrics can provide sufficient data for assessments of risk ratings for almost all economic agents. We use risk ratings as coordinates of agents and show that the business cycles are consequences of collective change of risk coordinates of agents and their financial variables. Methodology - We aggregate similar financial variables of agents and define macro variables as functions on economic space. Economic and financial transactions between agents are the only tools that change their extensive variables. We aggregate similar transactions between agents with risk coordinates x and y and define macro transactions as functions of x and y. We derive economic equations that describe evolution of macro transactions and hence describe evolution of macro variables. Major Findings - As example we study simple model that describes interactions between Credits transactions from Creditors at x to Borrowers at y and Loan-Repayment transactions that describe refunds from Borrowers at y to Creditors at x. We show that collective motions of Creditors and Borrowers from safer to risky area and back on economic space induce frequencies of macroeconomic Credit cycles. Implications – Our model can improve forecasting of the business cycles and help increase economic sustainability and financial policy-making. That requires development of risk ratings methodologies and corporate accounting procedures that should correspond each other to enable risk assessments of economic agents.

scholarly journals New records of thrips species on mango and natural enemies associated

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidnéia Terezinha Soares de Matos ◽  
Daniel Júnior de Andrade ◽  
Renan Moisés Paneghini Zanata ◽  
Emiliano Brandão de Azevedo ◽  
Élison Fabrício Bezerra Lima
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
New Records ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Mango Tree ◽  
Thrips Species ◽  
First Time

Abstract The mango tree (Mangifera indica L.), native to Asia, is expanding in Brazil. However, research related to phytophagous organisms and natural enemies associated with this fruit are scarce in the country. The aim of this work was to report new species of thrips-pest and natural enemies associated with mango tree inflorescence. The work was carried out in a Tommy Atkins mango orchard located in the municipality of Jardinópolis, São Paulo, Brazil. The arthropods found in malformed inflorescences were collected and identified. Frankliniella gemina Bagnall, Frankliniella distinguenda Bagnall (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Haplothrips gowdeyi (Franklin) (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) thrips-pest species were recorded for the first time associated with inflorescence in mango orchards. The predators were collected in association with the phytophagous thrips.

scholarly journals Essential Oils in Stored Product Insect Pest Control

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orlando Campolo ◽  
Giulia Giunti ◽  
Agatino Russo ◽  
Vincenzo Palmeri ◽  
Lucia Zappalà
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Plant Signaling ◽  
Aromatic Plants ◽  
Insect Order ◽  
Product Protection ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Research Studies

Among botanical extracts used as insecticides, essential oils (EOs) are promising alternatives to chemical insecticides. EOs are synthesized by plants, and they play a key role in plant signaling processes including also attractiveness toward pollinators and beneficial insects. Plant species producing essential oils (over 17,000 species) are called aromatic plants and are distributed worldwide. Our review aims to evaluate research studies published in the last 15 years concerning the use of EOs in stored product protection. More than 50% of the retrieved manuscripts have been published by authors from Eastern countries (Iran, China, India, and Pakistan), investigating different aspects related to insect pest management (exposure route, effect on the target pest, and mode of action). Coleoptera was the most studied insect order (85.41%) followed by Lepidoptera (11.49%), whereas few studies targeted new emerging pests (e.g., Psocoptera). Almost all the trials were carried out under laboratory conditions, while no experiments were conducted under real operating conditions. Future research studies concerning the use of EOs as insecticides should focus on the development of insecticide formulations which could be successfully applied to different production realities.

scholarly journals Checklist of the suborder Terebrantia (Thysanoptera): generic diversity and species composition in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ntirenganya Elie ◽  
Li Yajin ◽  
Xie Yanlan ◽  
Zhou Yanli ◽  
Zhang Hongrui
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Yunnan Province ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
Range Data ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Thrips Species ◽  
Data Gap ◽  
First Time

Thysanoptera is amongst the most predominant orders of insects in different ecological zones with worldwide distribution. Due to their small size, there is a large gap in their distribution and host range data. To the best of our knowledge, there is no investigation on the thrips distribution and their host range in Xishuangbanna. Currently, a total of 566 species in 155 genera are listed in China, of which 313 species represent Terebrantia. In this study, a list of 116 species representing 55 genera within the families Aeolothripidae and Thripidae is provided. Two of these, Dichromomothrips nakahari Moud, 1976 (subfamily Thripinae) and Phibalothrips rugosus Kudo, 1979 (subfamily Panchaetothripinae) are recorded for the first time in China. Thrips species with their host ranges, habits and habitats are provided. Our study aims to contribute to the global biodiversity distribution data-gap of Thysanoptera for conservation purposes, as well as pest species targetting Integrated Pest Management tactics.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document